Kufufuza kokakamiza kumaimira chimodzi cha ziŵiya za makhalidwe ovuta kwambiri m'zipangizo za ndawala zamakono. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kovomerezeka kopangira lingaliro la anthu mwasayansi, kukakamiza kuchitidwa ndi cholinga chomveka cha kugwiritsa ntchito . Kumvetsa mmene makampani alili ofunika kuti aliyense ayesetse kutulukira chidziŵitso chovuta kapena chosokeretsa pochita kafukufuku. Kuitana kapena kufunsa mafunso pa Intaneti sikuyesa kudziŵa zimene wovotayo akuganiza; mmalo mwake, iwo amayesa kukhazikitsa lingaliro kapena kugwirizana ndi pulogalamu imeneyi.

Pamene kuli kwakuti kufufuza kwamwambo kumayesa anthu kupeza chidziŵitso chotsimikizirika, kukakamiza kuli kopanda manyazi kukweza kapena kunyoza. Zili chidule, zimaphatikizapo mafunso angapo, ndipo zimaperekedwa ndi telefoni, mawu, kapena masamu a foni — kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kuvumbula gulu lochirikiza. Chifukwa chakuti iwo samagonjera malamulo apadera ofanana ndi a mkupiti wolengeza m'madera ambiri, kukakamiza kufufuza kukhoza kugwira ntchito m'malo oyera a boma. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kofulumira kwa kufunsira: mbiri yawo, maluso awo, mavoti awo okhoza kugwiritsa ntchito, kachitidwe kawonedwe kawo, mwambo ndi mikangano yalamulo yowazungulira, ndi njira zothandiza kuwadziŵikitsa.

Kodi Kupotoza Anthu N’kutani?

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikuli kupenda konse m'lingaliro la sayansi. Mawuwo anatchuka mu 1990 kulongosola malonda a patelefoni kapena kukambitsirana kwa njira kumene cholinga chachikulu ndicho kukopa, osati kusonkhanitsa utoto. Kukakamiza kungafunse funso longa lakuti, “Kodi mungakhale kapena osathekera kwambiri kuvota kwa Candidate Smith ngati mukudziŵa kuti adaikidwa pa kuswa malamulo a zamalonda? [1] Ngakhale ngati kutsutsako kuli konyenga kapena kochotsedwa ndi mawu apatsogolo, kubwereza mawu a “fashoni” kumakupangitsa kukhala kodalirika.

Makampani ofufuza otsata miyezo yokhwima yoikidwa ndi mabungwe monga ngati American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR .). Iwo akusimba ukulu, mzera wa kuphophonya, mawu ofunsa, ndi kuchirikiza. Kufufuza, ndi kusiyana, pafupifupi kusaulula. Amadziŵikanso ndi ukulu waung'ono — kaŵirikaŵiri “ofesi a" — ndipo samayesa kuyesa kulemera kapena kuwongolera. “mwambo weniweni wa kufunsira" uli lingaliro losinthidwa la munthu amene anayankha foniyo.

Kusiyana Kokulira Pakati pa Kupotoza ndi Kufufuza Kochitidwa Mwalamulo

  • [[FULT:0] Purpose: Kufufuza kwa Malamulo; kukakamiza mapendedwe kusintha malingaliro.
  • Mtengo wokwanira: Kufufuza kotsimikizirika kuli ndi cholinga cha kuimira (kaŵirikaŵiri 1000+); kukakamiza kusanthula kumagwiritsira ntchito magulu aang'ono, osaimira.
  • Kulinganiza kwa mlingo wa kusanthula: Mayeso ovomerezeka amapeŵa kutsogolera kapena kunyamula chilankhulo; kukakamiza mapendedwe kudalira pa ilo.
  • Kusintha: Ofufuza otchuka amavumbula njira ndi ndalama; kukakamiza kufunsira kaŵirikaŵiri sikumadziŵika kapena kugwiritsira ntchito ID yonyenga.
  • Zopezedwa: zosankhidwa zotsimikizirika zimatulutsa matebulo a chidziŵitso; kupotoza kutulutsa voti yosinthidwa.

Magwero a Mbiri ndi Zitsanzo Zosaiŵalika

Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu akuti “kufufuza kwa nyukiliya” ndi amakono, chizoloŵezi cha kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso ofufuza ndi kukopa chakhala zaka makumi ambiri. Imodzi ya ntchito zakale kwambiri zolembedwa inachitika pa 1996 Republican pulezidenti primerial . Mkupiti wa Pat Buchanan unagwiritsidwa ntchito kukakamiza kufunsira mu Iowa ndi New Hampshire kugwirizanitsa Bob Dole ndi msonkho wowonjezereka. Njirayi inali yothandiza kwambiri kwakuti inatulutsa mtokosokoso kuchokera ku wailesi ndi machitachita a machitachita opikisana, zomwe zinatsogolera ku kufalikira kwa njirayo kwa nthaŵi yoyamba.

Mwinamwake chitsanzo choipitsitsa chimaphatikizapo fuko la 2000 la Republican pakati pa George W. Bush ndi John McCain. Calls adapangidwa kwa ovota ku South Carolina kufunsa kuti, “Kodi mungakhale ndi kuthekera kowonjezereka kwa kuvotera John McCaine ngati mudziŵa kuti iye anali ndi mwana wakuda wa magehe?" Funsolo limene linalembedwa kukhala mphekesera yosatsutsika ponena za mwana wamkazi wolandiridwa wa McCain wa ku Bangladesh. Mkupiti wa McCain pambuyo pake unazindikira kuti kugwirizanitsa ndi mchiriki wa Bush, ngakhale kuti Bush mwiniwashin sulibe chidziŵitso. Nkhaniyo idakali nkhani yolembedwa yokhudza kusakaza kwa munthu mmodzi wotchuka ingachititse mbiri yabwino ya wotchuka.

M'nyengo zaposachedwapa, kukakamiza anthu kufunsira zinthu kwasintha kwambiri kuposa kutumiza foni. Makalata, mafunso a pa Intaneti, ndi Intaneti “zotsatsa malonda a pulogalamu ya nyukiliya” zimagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi. Mkati mwa 2020 Democratic primiaries, ovota m’mayiko ambiri anasimba kuti analandira mayeso ofufuza zinthu zimene monama zinanena kuti Elizabeth Warren sanavomereze lamulo lapadera limene iye analibe. Makalatawake ang’onoang’onowawawa angakhale ovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amachokera kwa bwenzi kapena kwa munthu wosalowerera.

Njira Zopangira Makina

Njira iliyonse imathandiza kuti ubongo wathu uzitha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene timawerenga, ndipo nthawi zambiri sitidziwa.

Chinenero Chovuta Kuchilankhula

Mawu ali ndi mphamvu ya maganizo. Mafunso ofufuza amatchulidwa mosamala kuti adzutse maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, funso lingatanthauze “kuwononga ndalama kwa boma kwamwadzidzidzi” mmalo mwa“kuwononga ndalama za boma” kapena“kupanda chilungamo” mmalo mwa“makobiri. Kusankha maopyuta ndi maina pulogalamu kusanayambe wovotayo ali ndi mpata woganiza. Mawu onga ngati “amnesty,” “mankhwala ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe," ndi“ kuyendetsa mabelu opoto, ndi “ofala pokankhira mavulu chifukwa chakuti amachititsa kachitidwe kapita koyambirira kuchitika.

Kuumba Koipa

Kufufuza kosonkhezera kwambiri kusumika maganizo pa zinthu zoipa. Kufufuza kwa ndale zadziko kumasonyeza kuti chidziŵitso choipa nchosaiŵalika ndipo chimakhala chothekera kwambiri kusonkhezera zosankha za kuvota osati chidziŵitso chabwino — chodziŵika monga kukondera kwa thynegativity. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumene kumafunsa kuti, “Kodi mungakhale ndi kuthekera kochepera kuchirikiza kusoŵa ndalama ngati mukudziŵa kuti watenga ndalama zotsatirira? .” Ndi amene amasankha kuti agwirizane ndi chiphuphu, mosasamala kanthu za umboni weniweni. Makonzedwewo amakakamiza wovotayo kuchirikiza kuvomereza kulakwako, ngakhale ngati akana.

Mafunso Ochititsa Chidwi

Funso lotsogolera limapereka lingaliro lachinyengo la yankho lofunidwa. Mwachitsanzo: “M'zachuma zamakono zosatsimikizirika, simukuvomereza kuti tifunikira wofunsira amene ali ndi chidziŵitso cha malonda chotsimikizirika, monga Candidete X? . Mapilasi akupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa anthu kutsutsa. Mabaibulo ambiri omveka bwino amagwiritsira ntchito “monga momwe mungadziŵire” kuti mawu oyamba alepherere:“ Monga momwe mungadziŵire, Candite Y amavomereza kukweza misonkho m'mabanja apakati. Kodi zimenezo zikukudetsani nkhaŵa?

Chidziŵitso Chofunika

Kufufuza kochititsa mapepala kumapereka mbali imodzi yokha ya nkhani. Wovota angafunsidwe kuti, “Kodi mumadera nkhaŵa kuti Candidate Z amachirikiza ndalama za ntchito imene inatsutsidwa kaamba ka ndalama zake zapamwamba za ulamuliro?” Popanda kutchula chipambano kapena mapindu aakulu a programuyo. Mwa kulondola mfundo, wovotayo amakakamiza wovota kusanthula lamulo lozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chosakwanira ndi cholakwika.

Kulinganiza Molakwika ndi Kubwereza Zoipa

Kufufuza kwina kumagwiritsa ntchito mafunso amene amabwereza mawu otsutsa kangapo. Ngakhale kuti wovotayo angatsutse poyamba, kungobwerezabwereza chabe kumawonjezera kuwona kwa mawu — chiyambukiro chanzeru chodziŵika monga chiyambukiro chonyenga cha chowonadi. Mkupiti wa mlungu wa kukakamiza chiwombolo ukhoza kufikira wovota kambirimbiri, nthaŵi iriyonse itafunsa kusiyana kwa mawu osokonekerawo, pang’onopang’ono imathetsa kukaikira.

Kupereka Malamulo Apadera

Kufufuza kopotoka kaŵirikaŵiri kumatha ndi funso longa lakuti, “Kodi mungachirikize wofunsira amene amatsutsa kutaya ndalama zanu za msonkho? [1] Palibe wofunsira wina amene watchulidwa, koma funso lakonzedwa kutsogolera wovomerezayo ku boma limene pambuyo pake lidzagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kutumiza mauthenga a ndawala. Zotulukapo za mafunso otero zimafalitsidwa monga umboni wa kuchirikiza kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti funsolo linaperekedwa.

Mmene Ntchito Yopanga Mapulogalamu Inagwirira Ntchito Mwaluso

Makampani ofufuza sangongochita kugwiritsa ntchito mwa apo ndi apo.

Kuwononga ndi Kukonza Agenda

Mwa kudzutsa nkhani yakutiyakuti m'kufufuza kokakamiza, ovota a mkupiti akuganiza za nkhani imeneyo pofufuza. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ndawala ikufuna kuti chitetezo cha dziko chikhale chinthu choyamba, ingachititse anthu kuvota ndi mafunso amene amagwirizanitsa wopikisanayo ndi kufooka. Ngakhale ngati wovotayo sanaganizirepo za nkhaniyo, kufufuzako kumachititsa kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yosafunika.

Mabuku Okhala ndi Malo Osavuta Kuwagwiritsa Ntchito

Ndemanga zamakono zili ndi chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha ovota, kuphatikizapo kulembetsa chipani, kuvota, mbiri ya ogula, ndipo ngakhale zochita za manyuzi. Kufufuza kokakamiza kungachitidwe ku magulu ena a anthu amene angakhoze kusokonezedwa ndi uthenga winawake. Mwachitsanzo, ndawala ingakakamize amayi a m'madera akumidzi kuchirikiza ndalama za sukulu, kapena anthu achikulire pamtengo wa zaumoyo. Mafunsowo amachititsidwa ndi nkhaŵa za gulu lililonse, kuwonjezera chiyambukiro chake.

Kuyesa Mauthenga Otsutsa

Asanayambitse wailesi yakanema kapena wotumiza makalata, ndawala zingayese mauthenga oukira mwa kufunsira kokakamiza. Mwa kuyesa mmene ovota amachitira ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu otsutsa, ndawalayo ingawongoletse chinenerocho kukhala chovulaza kwambiri. “choipacho” chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati — osati kwa anthu — kutsogolera njira yotsatsa malonda. M’lingaliro limeneli, kusonkhezera kufufuza kochititsa kuganiziridwa kumakhala ngati gulu la anthu limenenso limapanga uthengawo.

Kufesa Chisokonezo ndi Mchezo Wolefula

Kufufuza kwina kokakamiza sikunapangidwe kuti musinthe mavoti koma kuchepetsa kutchuka pakati pa ochirikiza ofunsira. Mafunso onga ngati, “Ngati mukudziŵa kuti A adalandira nthumwi zokwanira kuti apatsidwe dzina, kodi mungavotebe m'mawu oyamba?” Mukhoza kuchotsa maziko a wopikisanayo mwa kupangitsa chisankho kukhala chosaphula kanthu kapena chopanda tanthauzo. Njira imeneyi njofala makamaka m'mipikisano yaikulu imene chiŵerengero cha ovota chaching'ono chisankha zotsatira zake.

Kupanga Kusintha kwa Kamangidwe ka Mphero

Makampani angasonkhezere kufunsira kofunsira kumene kumafunsa osankha amene akuganiza kuti adzapambana, mmalo mwa amene angakonde. Zotulukapo zake zimathiridwa mosankhika kwa ofalitsa nkhani monga umboni wa “mchezo” kapena“ kukhutiritsa. Zimenezi zimapanga ulosi wokhutiritsa: ovota amafuna kubwezera wopambana, ndipo zotulukapo zopeka zimawakhutiritsa kuti woloŵa ntchitoyo ndiye wothamanga patsogolo.

Kufunika Koposa kwa Malingaliro a Anthu ndi Zosankha Zawo

Komabe, asayansi andale alemba zinthu zingapo zimene zachititsa kuti anthu afufuze kuti:

  • Kusokonezeka maganizo: Mavolpo kaŵirikaŵiri amaiŵala kumene anamva mawu olakwika koma amasunga malingaliro. “malembedwe a“botolo” amapangitsa magwerowo kuwoneka kukhala auchete, owonjezereka kudalirika.
  • Kutumiza kotsatira: Chidziŵitso chosakondweretsa kuchokera ku kukakamiza kumachititsa kutengeka mtima kumene kumasamutsira kwa wofuna kusankhidwa, ngakhale ngati wovotayo moyenerera amanyalanyaza chidziŵitsocho.
  • Chiyambukiro cha Phindu: mkupita kwa nthaŵi, chisonkhezero chokopa cha uthenga chingawonjezeke pamene chikumbukiro cha magwero chizimiririka. Chopukutira mawu amene amawoneka kukhala okayikitsa panthaŵiyo angamve kukhala oona kwambiri masabata pambuyo pake.
  • Chiyambukiro cha Bandwagon: Pamene atsegula chidziŵitso cha kugwetsa dothi kuti apereke lingaliro la wofuna kuloŵa, ovota angakwere m’madzi kuti agwirizane ndi wopambana wolingaliridwa.

Malinga ndi kufufuza kofalitsidwa mu Journal of Political Marketing , kuyang'anizana ndi funso limodzi lokha la kukakamiza kuipitsa kungasinthe anthu osankhidwa ndi 3 mpaka 5 peresenti pakati pa ovota osasamala. Pachosankha chapafupi, kuti chigawo cha chigawocho chimatsimikizira. Ndiponso, kuwonongeka kumasonyezedwa pakati pa osankha a zandale osadziŵa kwambiri — makamaka omvetsera amene afuna kupeza mauthenga opeputsa.

Kulingalira kwa Makhalidwe ndi Malo Oyera

Malamulo okakamiza ofufuza atsutsana kwambiri. Otsutsa amanena kuti kukakamiza kufufuza nkonyenga mwachibadwa chifukwa chakuti amapotoza cholinga chawo. Wovota amene amayankha “m'poyera” amakhulupirira kuti iwo ali ndi phande m’kufufuza, osati kupotoza. Zimenezi zikuswa lamulo la makhalidwe abwino la kuvomereza kwa chidziŵitso, maziko a zonse ziŵiri kusanthula kovomerezeka ndi kupenda kochitidwa ndi demokrase.

Ndiponso, kukakamiza anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo mabodza enieni kapena kupotoza zinthu. Ngakhale ngati kunena kwake kuli kowona, kujambula kosasankha nkwachinyengo. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kokakamiza kungafunse kuti, “Kodi mungavomere X wa Chikondi ngati mukudziŵa kuti iye amavotera kuti sagwirizana ndi ndalama za asilikali? [1] popanda kutchula kuti votiyo inali mbali ya chikalata chachikulu chimene wofunsirayo amatsutsa pazifukwa zina.

Kumbali ina, ochirikiza ena amatsutsa kuti kukakamiza kufunsira kuli mtundu wa mawu andale otetezeredwa ndi First Amendment. Amatsutsa kuti ofuna kuvomereza ali ndi ufulu wolankhulana ndi ovota zinthu zoipa, ndipo ngati chidziŵitsocho chiri cholondola, njira yoperekera siyenera kuikidwa. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi imalephera kufotokoza za chinyengo cha “machenjera a dokowe". Ngati mkupiti wolipiridwa chifukwa cha kulira kopeka kumene kunanenedwa momvekera bwino kuti “Ichi n’chitsutso chotsutsa Candite Y, ovotawo angadziŵe kuti akutsa malondawo. Chinyengocho chimanama.

Mabungwe ofufuza monga AAPOR aima nji yolimba potsutsa kukakamiza anthu kufufuza. Malamulo awo a makhalidwe amanena momveka bwino kuti ofufuza sayenera “kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso kufalitsa nkhani zabodza kapena zosocheretsa. Mabungwe ambiri a boma ayesanso kukakamiza anthu kusanthula, koma apambana.

Malo a Malamulo: Zimene Zaloledwa ndi Zimene Sizikuloledwa

Ku United States, kukakamiza kuchitidwa kwa mayeso sikunalamuliridwe kwenikweni pa mlingo wa boma. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ili ndi malamulo okhudza ma robocall ndi mauthenga olembedwa kale, koma iwo salankhula mwachindunji za mafunso okakamiza. Komabe, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene afuna kukakamiza ofunsira kudziŵa gulu lochirikiza ndi kunena momvekera bwino kuti chiitanocho chikuchitidwa kaamba ka chigawo. Maboma ena amaletsanso kugwiritsira ntchito kwa masankhoti a mafunso ofufuza m’masiku angapo chisankho chisanakwane.

Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la Michigan limafuna kuti munthu aliyense wochititsa kufunsira ayenera kuulula dzina ndi keyala ya gulu lopereka telefoni. Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungatulutse faindi. Florida, Ohio, ndi North Carolina ali ndi malamulo ofanana. Komabe, kukakamiza kuli kosagwirizana, ndipo kukakamiza kochuluka kumachitidwa ndi makampani a chigawo kapena makomiti a ndale zadziko omwe ali ovuta kulondola.

Ku Canada, Act ya Chisankho cha Canada imaletsa munthu aliyense kupanga mwadala ndemanga yonama ponena za wobatizidwa, kuphatikizapo kupyolera m'kufufuza. Kufufuza kochititsa mavoti kumene kuli ndi mawu onama kapena osocheretsa kungatsogolere ku milandu. Masankho angapo a m'chigawo aona kukakamiza kusanthula, ngakhale kuti maganizo ngosapezeka. Ku United Kingdom, kugwiritsira ntchito kupotoza kumalingaliridwa kukhala kuswa kwa miyezo ya UK Polling Council, koma bungwelo liribe mphamvu ya lamulo.

Mmene Mungadziŵire ndi Kulabadira Popusitsa

Kwa ovota, aphunzitsi, ndi ophunzira, kuphunzira kudziŵa mapendedwe okakamiza kuli luso losuliza la kupenda nkhani zofalitsidwa. Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zingathandize kusiyanitsa kukakamiza kupenda kochitidwa pa kufufuza koyenera:

  • Kufufuza kwachidule kwambiri: Kufufuza kwa Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi mafunso 10 mpaka 30 ndipo kumatenga mphindi zingapo. Kufufuza kokakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi 1 kapena 3.
  • Chinenero chomveka: Ngati mafunso agwiritsira ntchito mawu onga “opotoka,”“ onyansa,” kapena “opanda Amereka, alidi chisankho chokakamiza.
  • Palibe mawu oyamba kapena kuvumbula: Mtsogoleri weniweni adzadziŵikitsa kampani yofufuza, wochirikiza (kaŵirikaŵiri monga “projekiti yofufuza ya yunivesite” kapena“ kulimba kwa malingaliro a anthu ), ndi mmene chidziŵitso chidzagwiritsidwira ntchito. Kufufuza kokakamiza sikumachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri.
  • Kope limodzi lokha kapena wosankha: Ngati mafunsowo asumika pa wofunsira mmodzi kapena lamulo ndipo samafunsa ponena za nkhani zina, mwachiwonekere iri kusanthula kokakamiza.
  • Kapangidwe ka mafunso kochititsa chidwi: [[FT:1] Ngati funsolo likuwoneka kukhala likungopereka yankho lapadera (“Kodi mukuvomereza kuti tifunikira kuleka kuwononga kwa Candidate A?”), mukukankhira.
  • Palibe mafunso otsatira: Kufufuza kwa Malamulo kufunsa zotsatira ndi kukumba mozama (mlongo, “Kodi umamvanji motero?”. Kukakamiza kujambula kokha inde /no yankho ndi kupita.
  • [[FLT: 0] Wosafuna ndi wosadziŵika: Ngati mulandira telefoni kuchokera ku nambala yosadziŵika, woimba foniyo sangapereke dzina lenileni la gulu, ndipo foniyo imakhala ngati kugulitsa malonda, kumaliza kukambitsirana.

Zimene Mungachite Ngati Mutsatira Mfundo Zosonkhezera Anthu

Ngati muzindikira kufunsira kokakamiza, mukhoza kumangosankha. Mukhoza kupempha woitanayo kuti adziŵe amene akulandira telefoniyo; ngati akana kapena kupereka yankho losadziŵika bwino, ndi mbendera yofiira. Mukhozanso kupereka foni kwa mkulu wa boma kapena Federal Trade Commission ngati foniyo yalembedwa kale ndi yosafunsidwa. Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito zitsanzo zenizeni za kukakamiza mapepala m’kalasi kuti aphunzitse ophunzira kuona njirazo. Cholingacho si kupeŵeratu mayeso — mayeso ovomerezeka ndi oyenerera — koma kuchita motsutsana ndi mafashoni.

Kumaliza: Mbali ya Kuphunzira ndi Kuŵerenga Zoulutsidwa m’Demokrase

Kufufuza kokakamiza kuli mbali yopitirizabe ya ndawala zamakono chifukwa chakuti zimagwira ntchito. Zimagwiritsira ntchito chidaliro chimene osankha amaika m'kufufuza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zotsalira zamaganizo kusonkhezera malingaliro popanda kuyambitsa zitetezero zimene mkupiti ukadakhala. M'nyengo imene nkhani zosocheretsedwa zimadutsa momasuka m’njira zambiri, kumvetsetsa kukakamiza kusanthula kuli kofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kalelonse.

Anthu amene atha kuzindikira kufunsira kokakamiza amakhala okonzeka bwino kuti asatengeke ndi zimenezi. Iwo angafunse kaye malowo, ndi kufunsa kaye asanapange chiweruzo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa makhalidwe a kusanthula kwa ndale zadziko, Pew Research Center ya kufufuza kwa makhalidwe imapereka chidule chomvekera bwino. mpambo wa malamulo a makhalidwe [ ulinso chothandizira chothandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa zimene ofufuza alamulo akulonjeza kupeŵedwa. Mwa kukhalabe odziŵa, kuvota kungatetezere kupanga kwawo chosankha — ndi umphumphu wa dongosolo la democracy — kuchokera ku mtundu wa ndawala imeneyi ya ndawala.