Table of Contents

Kutsatsa malonda ndi ntchito zaukhondo kumathandiza kuti anthu apeze ndalama zambiri.

Malipiro a kampeni amaimira mbali ina yocholoŵana ndi yotsutsana ya ulamuliro wa demokrase. Njira imene ndawala zimakweza ndi kuwonongera ndalama zimene zingakhudze munthu amene angagwire ntchito, uthenga umene umafikira osankha, ndipo potsirizira pake, amene amasankhidwa. Mtsogoleri wodziŵa bwino ameneyu amafufuza magwero osiyanasiyana a ndawala, malamulo amene amalamulira zopereka zandale, ndi magulu amene amachita mbali zazikulu popanga masankhoti.

Maziko Oyambirira a Kupereka Ndawala

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza anthu kudziwa kumene opita kukafuna kulowa m’zachuma ndiponso zimene angafune pa ndale.

Zopereka za Munthu Aliyense

Munthu angapereke ndalama zokwana madola 3,500 pa chisankho chilichonse ku nyumba ya ku United States kapena ku nyumba ya Senate ya United States pansi pa lamulo la boma lamakono.

Zopereka za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi zimachokera ku ndalama zochepa zoyendetsera nkhondo, ndalama zochepa chabe mpaka ndalama zovomerezeka. Kukwera kwa mapulatifomu opereka ndalama pa Intaneti kwathandiza kuti zikhale zosavuta kwambiri kupempha ndalama zochepa kuchokera kwa anthu ambiri ochirikiza. Kugawidwa kwa ndalama m'makampani kumeneku kwathandiza oyembekezera popanda anthu olemera kuti apange mabokosi ankhondo kudzera m'mitengo ya udzu.

Malire ena opereka amagwira ntchito pa chisankho chirichonse chimene wosankha wa boma amatengamo mbali. Mwachitsanzo, chisankho chachikulu ndi chachisawawa chimalingaliridwa kukhala chisankho chimodzi. Munthu angapereke $3,500 kwa wosankhidwa m'chosankha chachikulu; munthuyo kenaka angapereke ndalama zina $3,500 m'chosankha chachikulu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amaloladi anthu kupereka $7,000 pachiŵerengero chilichonse.

Kampeni zimene anthu amapereka pagulu zimangosonyeza kuti pali anthu ambiri amene amathandiza. Munthu amene akufuna kulowa m’gulu la anthu opereka ndalamazi akhoza kupatsidwa chilolezo chopereka zinthu zochokera ku udzu, pamene munthu amene amadalira anthu ochepa amene amapereka ndalamazi amakayikira kuti akugwirizana ndi ndani.

Makomiti a Zandale (PAC)

Makomiti andale za Action Committee amaimira mabungwe opangidwa kukweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama posankha kapena kugonjetsa. Lamulo la Federal limalola makomiti osiyanasiyana a ndale zadziko (PAC). Federal Ecomment Campaign Act imaletsa makampani ndi maukwati a antchito kupanga zopereka zachindunji kapena zowonongedwa zokhudza masankho a boma. Komabe, mabungwe ameneŵa angachirikize sheya ya "Spageved inter" (SF), yodziŵika monga "kugwirizana ndi PC".

Pamene kuli kwakuti gulu lochirikiza kuchirikiza likhoza kupereka mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera, lingalipire ndalama za boma za PC, imene kenaka imapempha zopereka zaufulu kuchokera kwa antchito, ziŵalo, kapena osunga zikole.

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amadzisamalira okha popanda gulu lochirikiza. PAC ali wodziimira paokha m’zandalama, kutanthauza kuti ayenera kulipirira zowonongedwa zake za ulamuliro kugwiritsira ntchito zopereka zimene amawonjezera. Ngakhale kuti gulu lingachirikize mwandalama PC yosagwirizanitsidwa, zowonongedwa zimenezi zimalingaliridwa kukhala zopereka ku PC ndipo zimagonjera ku malire a dola ndi zofunika zina za Act.

Ma PAC amayang'anizana ndi malire onse aŵiri a zopereka pa zimene angalandire ndi zimene angapereke. Iwo angalandire $5,000 pachaka kwa anthu ndipo angapereke $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse kwa osankhidwa a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amasiyanitsa ma PC amwambo ndi anansi awo otukuka kwambiri, Super PACs, amene amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo osiyana.

Makomiti a Chipani cha ndale zadziko

Zipani za ndale zadziko zimachita mbali yaikulu m'kuchirikiza ndalama kupyolera mwa makomiti awo osiyanasiyana pa mlingo wa dziko, boma, ndi malo a dziko. Munthu angapereke ndalama zokwana $44,300 pakalendala kwa komiti ya chipani chilichonse (m’chitsanzo, DNC/RNC , DSC/NRC , DCC /NRC , DC / NRCCC). Malamulo apamwamba ameneŵa amasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya magulu a anthu ochirikiza zipani zosiyanasiyana ndi kumanga maziko a ndale zadziko.

Makomiti a chipani cha dziko angasungenso maakaunti apadera kaamba ka zifuno zapadera. Munthu angapereke $132,900 pakalendala iriyonse ku cholembedwa chirichonse komiti ya chipani ya dziko imasunga kaamba ka zifuno zotsimikizirika: kulembedwa kwa nyumba, kuŵerengera, ndi (monga kwa DNC/RNC) cholembera cha msonkhano. Maakaunti apadera ameneŵa amalola makampani kukweza ndalama zowonjezereka kaamba ka ntchito zonga kusamalira nyumba za malikulu, kuchirikiza masinthidwe ndi kulembedwa kwa lamulo, ndi kulinganiza misonkhano ya pulezidenti.

Makomiti a zipani za ndale zadziko angapereke ndalama mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera, mogonjera ku malire ondandalikidwa pamwambapa. Makomiti a chipani ndi a boma angapange "zowonongedwa zoikidwa molinganiza," zoikizidwa, kuthandiza oimira awo m'masankho onse. Makomiti a gulu la National angapangenso "zowonongetsa zopanda malire" kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa oyembekezera. Njira imeneyi yamitundumitundu yambiri imalola magulu kuchirikiza ofunsirawo mwa zopereka zachindunji, ntchito za projekiti, ndi kulinganiza kwa ufulu wa boma.

Kudzipukuta

Chimodzi cha zosiyana kwambiri ndi malire a zopereka chimaphatikizapo oyembekezera kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zawo. Olemba mameseji angawononge ndalama zawo pa mkupiti wawo popanda malire. Koma ayenera kusimba ndalama zimene amawononga ku FEC. Kudzisangalatsa kwaumwini kopanda malire kumeneku kwathandiza anthu olemera kupanga mpikisano wopikisana popanda kufunikira kumanga madongosolo aakulu operekera zinthu.

Kukhoza kwa kudzikondweretsa kumachititsa zonse ziŵiri mwaŵi ndi nkhaŵa. Kumbali ina, kumalola anthu akunja andale zadziko popanda kukhazikitsa makampani opanga mapangano kupikisana. Kumbali ina, kumabutsa mafunso akuti kaya chuma chiyenera kupereka phindu lalikulu m'kufunafuna ofesi ya boma. Ofuna kubatizidwa ena awononga makumi kapena mamiliyoni mazana a madola awo pa mapangano a ndawala, akumasintha malo a mpikisano.

Ngakhale kuti ofunsirawo angawononge ndalama zawo zopanda malire, mafotokozedwe a "ndalama zaumwini" ali ndi malamulo okhwima. Mwachisawawa, amaphatikizapo katundu amene wofuna kubatizidwa ali ndi ufulu woloŵa ndi kulamulira, komanso ndalama zochokera ku ntchito ndi magwero ena. Komabe, ofunsirawo sangangobwereke ndalama zosaŵerengeka pogwiritsira ntchito ndawala yawo monga ngati wotsimikizira.

Malamulo ndi Malire a Zopereka

Malamulo a zachuma a m’United States amaimira malamulo, malamulo, ndi zigamulo za khoti zocholoŵana zimene zasintha kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi. Malamulo ameneŵa amayesa kulinganiza zinthu zopikisana: kutetezera kulankhula kwaufulu ndi kutengamo mbali m’ndale pamene akuletsa ziphuphu ndi chisonkhezero chosayenerera.

Kampeni ya Chisankho cha Federal ndi Chisinthiko Chake

Lamulo la zachuma loyamba la boma, Tillman Act, linakhazikitsidwa mu 1907. Linaletsa mabanki ndi mabungwe osungidwa mwalamulo kupanga zopereka za boma. Lamulo losintha zinthu limeneli linakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti mabungwe ena ayenera kuletsedwa kusonkhezera mwachindunji masankho a boma ndi chuma chawo.

Kupereka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malire a ndawala za boma kunakhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe la Federal E Communition Campaign ya 1971. Lamulo limeneli latsatanetsatane linapanga dongosolo lamakono la malamulo a ndawala ya ndawala, kukhazikitsa malire a zopereka, kugwiritsa ntchito malire, ndi kuvumbula. Komabe, lamulo lasinthidwa kwambiri ndi masinthidwe ndi zigamulo ndi zigamulo za khoti.

Pa January 30, 1976, Khoti Lalikulu la United States linagamula kuti ndawala yopereka malamulo a ndale inaphwanya lamulo la ufulu wolankhula ndi anthu lokhudza ufulu wolankhulana ndi boma la United States. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasintha kwambiri mfundo za mkupiti wopereka ndalama mwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa zopereka ndi ndalama zimene zikufunika. Khotili linakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa anthu opita ku chiphuphu, koma linachepetsa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu pochita zinthu zina monga kuphwanya malamulo a ufulu wa kulankhula.

Malire a Zochita Zake

Malire a zopereka za Federal amasinthidwa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse kuti anene za kukwera mtengo. Pa January 30, 2025, Federal Ecount Commission (FEC) imatulutsa mayere a kukwera kwa mitengo, kulinganiza malire a zopereka za m'chosankha cha 2025-2026. Masinthidwe anthaŵi zonse ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti zopereka zimasungabe phindu lawo lenileni panthaŵi yake.

Malire amene alipowa amapanga mipambo yotsatizana yozikidwa pa mtundu wa wopereka ndi wolandira:

  • Anthu angapereke ndalama zokwana madola 3,500 pa chisankho chilichonse kwa anthu amene akufuna kulowa m’boma
  • Anthu angapereke ndalama zofika pa $5,000 pachaka ku ma PAC amwambo
  • Anthu angapereke ndalama zokwana madola 4,300 pachaka m’makomiti a zipani za dzikolo
  • Ma PAC otchuka kwambiri angapereke ndalama zokwana madola 5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse cha anthu amene akufuna kulowa m’boma
  • Makomiti a chipani cha dziko angapereke ndalama zochepa kwa oyembekezera kupyolera mwa zopereka zachindunji ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito

Chigamulo cha mu 2014 cha Khoti Lalikulu ku McCutcheon ndi . FEC, sikulinso malire a kuchuluka kwa munthu aliyense amene angapereke kwa onse obatizidwa, PAC ndi makomiti a zipani. Chigamulochi chisanagwirizanitse, anthu anayang'anizana ndi malire onse aŵiri a kulimba kwa malamulo a ndale zadziko. Kuchotsedwa kwa malire a a agogo kulola opereka ndalama zonse zotsala kuchuluka ku chiŵerengero cha oyembekezera ndi makomiti.

Magwero Ovomerezedwa a Zopereka

Malamulo a boma salola makampani ndi mabungwe a antchito kupereka ndalama mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera ("kulimba kwa ndalama") kapena makomiti a zipani za dziko. Chiletso chimenechi, chozikidwa pa Chikalata cha Tillman cha 1907 ndi cholimbitsidwa ndi malamulo otsatira, chimasonyeza nkhaŵa ponena za chiyambukiro choipitsa mphamvu ya zachuma.

Maiko akunja amaletsedwanso kupereka zopereka kapena zopereka mogwirizana ndi masankho alionse a boma, boma, kapena malo. Chiletso chimenechi chikukhudzanso maboma achilendo, zipani zandale zachilendo, makampani achilendo, ndi anthu achilendo amene sali nzika zachikhalire za United States. Chiletsocho chikufuna kuletsa kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena m’masankho a ku America.

Makampani omanga nyumba za boma amaletsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kupanga zopereka kwa oyembekezera ndi makomiti a boma. Chiletso chimenechi chimaletsa kuwonekera kapena kuwona kwa makonzedwe a malipiro kumene mapangano a boma angapatsidwe kuchokera ku zopereka zandale zadziko mmalo mwa kuyenerera.

Zofunika za Kuika Malo Otetezera

Kunena mokulira, ndawala ziyenera kupereka ndalama zonse ku ndawalayo; zingangolandira ndalama zochepa kuchokera kwa munthu aliyense ndi gulu lirilonse; ndipo zingachirikizidwe mwa njira yosakhala yachindunji kupyolera mwa kugula zinthu paokha. Zofunika zimenezi zimatumikira zifuno zambiri: zimalola ovota kuona amene ali ndawala ya zandalama, kutheketsa kusungitsa zopereka, ndi kupanga mbiri ya anthu imene ingaletse katangale.

Mkupiti wa kupereka lamulo la ndalama pa mlingo wa boma umafuna makomiti ofunsira, makomiti a zipani, ndi ma PCs kukonza malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi osonyeza ndalama zimene amapanga ndi kuziwononga. Mwachitsanzo, makomiti onse opanga makomiti a bungwe la Féderal a PCAC ndi zipani amene amawapatsa zopereka, ndipo ayenera kupereka maina, ntchito, mabwana ndi maadiresi a anthu onse amene amawapatsa ndalama zoposa $200 m’dongosolo la chisankho.

Malipoti ameneŵa amaperekedwa ndi Federal Communition Commission ndipo amaperekedwa kwa anthu onse kudzera pa makompyuta a pa Intaneti. Atolankhani, ofufuza, magulu a anthu ongofuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndi anthu wamba angafufuze kuti adziwe amene akugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo.

Malamulo a Ndalama a Boma ndi A m’Kampeni Yakumeneko

Zopereka kwa oyembekezera kukhala osakhala achigololo, monga ngati aja othamangira bwanamkubwa, loya wamkulu, kapena meya, zimalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko. Malamulo ameneŵa angasiyane kwambiri malinga ndi ulamuliro wina ndi wina, chotero kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa malamulo achindunji amene amagwira ntchito pa zopereka zanu m’boma ndi m’milingo ya kumaloko.

Mayiko ena ali ndi malamulo oletsa kwambiri a ndawala za ndalama ndipo ali ndi malire ochepa ndiponso akufunika kwambiri. Ena ali ndi ziletso zochepa, ndipo amalola zopereka zosamalirika kuchokera kwa anthu osiyanasiyana ndiponso ngakhale makampani. Maboma angapo agwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira anthu pa masankho a boma, kupereka ndalama za boma kuti ayenerere oyembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo ndi ndalama zawo.

Zochitika zaposachedwapa za boma zimasonyeza chisinthiko chopitirizabe m'dongosolo la ndawala ya zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, Massachusetts akhala wokangalika kwambiri kulimbitsa malamulo ake a ndawala, ndi malamulo atsopano osumikidwa pa kuwonekera ndi kuvumbula kaamba ka ndawala za kampani ndi makomiti a ndale zadziko.

Mapale Otchuka ndi Zofufuzira

Ndalama za mkupiti zinasintha kwambiri pamene kunabuka magulu a Super PACs, amene angawonjezere ndi kuwononga ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuti asonkhezere masankho, malinga ngati sapereka mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera kapena kugwirizanitsa ntchito zawo.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mapazi Apamwamba

Bungwe la zigamulo zisanu ndi zinayi la Court of Appeals ya ku United States ya D.C. Court adagamula kuti Kulankhula kwa D.C. Tsopano, kumene kunadalira pa nzika za United kuti zinene kuti Congress sikanatha kuchepetsa zopereka ku mabungwe amene anangopanga ndalama zodziimira paokha, ndiko kuti, ndalama zimene zinali "osafuna" ndi ndawala ya wofunsira. Zigamulo zimenezi zinayambitsa "Kudzipereka kwa opatulidwa" PCs, wodziŵika kwambiri monga "Super Pas"

Super PACs, pansi pa nzika United and Speech Tsopano, angatumize ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera kwa anthu ndi makampani opereka ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo potsatsa malonda a chisankho, malinga ngati Super PAC singagwirizane ndi wofunsira. Malamulo ameneŵa anapanga njira yatsopano ya ndalama za ndale zadziko zimene zimagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi zopereka zamwambo.

Chigamulo cha Commission United ndi Federal Envotion Commission mu 2010 chinati boma silingaletse ndalama zandale zaumwini za mabungwe a antchito, ndi mabungwe ena. Khotilo linalingalira kuti ziletso zimenezi zimaswa chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula. Ngakhale kuti panali mkangano, chigamulo chimenechi chinasintha kwambiri ndawala ya ndawala.

Mmene Mapale Apamwamba Amagwirira Ntchito

Independent-enditure-okha makomiti a ndale zadziko (nthaŵi zina otchedwa "Mbuye wa PCs") angalandire zopereka zosatha, kuphatikizapo kuchokera ku mabungwe a antchito. Kukhoza kumeneku kulandira zopereka zosatha kuchokera ku magwero alionse kusiyapo maiko akunja kumapanga magalimoto amphamvu a PPACs kaamba ka ndalama za ndale zadziko.

Ma PUC ayenera kulembetsa ndi Federal Enfation Commission ndi kupanga malipoti odziŵitsa opereka ndi ndalama zimene afunikira.

Chiyeneretso cha kudziimira paokha nchofunika kwambiri. Anthu, zipani za ndale, makampani, makampani, maukwati ndi mabungwe ena angawononge ndalama zosaŵerengeka pa kusatsa malonda amene amatchula makamaka oyembekezera kusankhidwa malinga ngati akhalabe omasuka ku ndawala za ndale zadziko (zokhala zogwirizana ndi ndalama za kampani). Ngati kampani yapamwamba ya PACIC igwirizanitsa ntchito zake ndi ndawala yake, ndalama zake zingachitidwe monga zopereka zotsalira pamalire anthaŵi zonse.

M’njira yozoloŵereka, mukhoza kukhala mzera pakati pa kugwirizana ndi kudziimira pawokha. Nthaŵi zambiri apamwamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi antchito akale a mpikisano kapena anzawo apamtima a ofunsira. Iwo angagwiritsire ntchito alangizi amodzimodziwo, kugwiritsira ntchito mauthenga ofanana, ndipo ngakhale kugaŵana chidziŵitso chapadera kupyolera m'njira zimene zilipo. FEC yakhala yoyesayesa kulongosola ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a mgwirizano m'malo ameneŵa.

Mmene Mapailo Apamwamba Amakhudzira Anthu

Ma PAC atchuka kwambiri m’masankho a ku America, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa zimene amachitira oyembekezera kudzakhala pulezidenti ndi mpikisano wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndalama zowonongedwa kwambiri zingafike pa madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri. Kuwononga kumeneku kumasumika pa kusatsa malonda kwa pa wailesi ndi pa wailesi, ngakhale kuti ma Super PaC amasunganso makalata olunjika, kufufuza kotsutsana, ndi ntchito zina za mkupiti.

Otsutsa amanena kuti Super PAC imachepetsa malire a zopereka ndi kulola anthu olemera ndi makampani kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chosapeŵeka pa masankho.

Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa kwambiri kwakhala kodabwitsa. Ndalama zowonongedwa pamipikisano ya boma zawonjezeka kuchokera pa ndalama zochepa kwambiri chaka cha 2010 chisanafike kufika pa madola mabiliyoni m’zigawo za masankho posachedwapa. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa kunja kwasintha ndawala zamphamvu, ndipo nthaŵi zina oyembekezera kuwonongedwawo apeza kuti apambana ndi Super PaCs kapena kutsutsa.

Mitundu Ina ya Magulu Ogwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama

Gulu 577 kapena gulu la anthu 577 ndi mtundu wa gulu lochotsa msonkho la ku America lotchedwa pambuyo pa "Kukonza 527" la bungwe la U.S. Lealin Invenueve Code . Mwa luso, pafupifupi makomiti onse a ndale zadziko, kuphatikizapo boma, ndi bungwe losankha, makomiti a ndale zadziko, "Super PaCs", ndi magulu a ndale zadziko ali "27" . Komabe, m’zochitika zofala mawuwo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha ku mabungwe amene salamulidwa ndi boma kapena malamulo a ndawala chifukwa sachita "achirikizira moumiriza mwalamulo" kusankhiritsa kapena kugonjetsa gulu la oonera kapena gulu.

Pamene zikugwira ntchito m'lamulo, palibe malire apamwamba pa zopereka za ma 527 ndipo palibe ziletso kwa amene angapereke. Palibe malire oikiziridwa pa mabungwe ameneŵa. Komabe, ayenera kulembetsa ndi IRS, kuvumbula poyera opereka awo ndi malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi a zopereka ndi zowonongedwa.

Magulu a zaumoyo, amene amalamulidwa ndi Chigawo 501(c)(4) cha malamulo a msonkho wa boma, amafotokozedwa monga "mabungwe kapena mabungwe osalinganizidwa kuti apeze phindu koma ogwirira ntchito yokha kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa anthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa safunikira kuvumbula opereka. Kusoŵa kwa kuvumbula kumeneku kwapanga 501(c)(4) magalimoto otsutsana ndi ndalama zandale, amene amatchulidwa kuti "bizinesi ya ndalama".

501(c) Mabungwe angaloŵetse m'ntchito zandale malinga ngati si chifuno chawo chachikulu. Akhoza kufalitsa kusatsa kumene kumatchula oyembekezera, kuthandiza ku Super PACs, ndi kusonkhanitsa zoyesayesa za wovota. Chifukwa chakuti safunikira kuvumbula opereka awo, amapereka njira kwa anthu ndi mabungwe kusonkhezera masankho mosadziŵika.

Kupanga Mapepala a Anthu Onse

Pamene kuli kwakuti ndalama zambiri zochirikizira mkupiti zimachokera ku magwero aumwini, dongosolo la zandalama la boma ndi la boma lomwe lilipo kuti lipereke ndalama za boma kuti opita kukachita umishonale ayenerere.

Kukopa Anthu pa Pulezidenti

Ngakhale kuti ndalama zambiri zowonongedwa pa kampeni zimaperekedwa mwachinsinsi (mwa anthu opereka ndalama zimene amagwira ntchito m’maindasitale apamwamba), ndalama za anthu zimaperekedwa kwa pulezidenti wa United States panthaŵi zonse ziŵiri za primente ndi masankho a onse. Zofunika kuti munthu akhale woyenerera kukhala woyenerera ku boma, ndipo amene amalandira ndalama za boma kaŵirikaŵiri amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ndalama.

Kupereka ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ya pulezidenti ku boma kunakhazikitsidwa m’ma 1970 pochitapo kanthu pa nkhani ya manyazi a ku Watergate.

Ngakhale kuti munthu angapereke ndalama zofikira pamlingo waukulu kwa wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wolandira ndalama zoperekedwa poyera, unyinji wokha wa $250 wa chopereka cha munthu aliyense ndi umene umaŵerengedwa kwa boma logwirizana. Dongosolo lofananali limalimbikitsa oyembekezera kusonkhanitsa ndalama kuchokera kwa opereka aang'ono mwa kupereka ndalama za boma zoyenderana pa ndalama zokwana madola 250 za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi.

Kuthandiza chipani chachikulu (Republican kapena Democratic) mkupiti wa chisankho chautsogoleri wa boma sikuloledwa ngati wosankhayo asankha kulandira ndalama za chisankho cha onse. Opereka ndalama za chisankho cha boma amalandira ndalama za chisankho cha onse ndi chivomerezo cha chikalata chopereka ndalama ndi kusapereka ndalama zaumwini zowonjezereka pa ndawalayo.

Komabe, dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka ndalama za pulezidenti lakhala losagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'nyengo zaposachedwapa za masankho, akuluakulu a chipani atsutsa ndalama za boma ponse paŵiri m'malamulo ndi masankho a onse, akumasankha kukweza ndalama zaumwini zosamalirira mmalo mwa kulandira ndalama zimene zimabwera ndi ndalama za anthu. Madongosolo a ndalama zapamwamba za za za zamalonda sanayendere limodzi ndi mtengo weniweni wa ndawala zamakono za mapresidenti, zikumapangitsa kukhala kosasangalatsa kwa ofuna kupikisana.

Boma ndi Programu Yothandiza Anthu

Maboma ndi mizinda ingapo agwiritsira ntchito njira zawozawo za kupezera ndalama boma ndi masankho a kumaloko.

Kugwirizanitsa madongosolo a ndalama, mofanana ndi dongosolo la pulezidenti la boma, kumapereka ndalama zofanana kaamba ka zopereka zazing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, New York City, imapereka mamenti 8 kufika ku 1, kaamba ka madola 100 oyamba operekedwa ndi nzika za mzindawo, kutembenuzira chopereka cha $250 kukhala $2,250 m'zopereka zonse za ndawala.

Makampani osankha audongo amapereka ndalama zothandizira ofunikira kuchepetsa ndalama zawo zoikizira ndalama. Arizona, Connecticut, ndi Maine agwiritsira ntchito masankho oyera a maofesi a boma. Okhoza kuvomereza ayenera kusonyeza kuthekera mwa kusonkhanitsa unyinji wa zopereka zaung’ono zoyeneretsedwa, zimene pambuyo pake amalandira ndalama za boma ndi kuvomereza kusapereka ndalama zina zaumwini.

Ochirikiza mfundo imeneyi amanena kuti ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma zimachepetsa chisonkhezero cha olemera opereka ndalama, zimalola oyembekezera kukhala opanda chuma chaumwini kapena mayanjano achuma kupikisana, ndipo zimamasula akuluakulu osankhidwa ku kusungitsa ndalama nthaŵi zonse.

Ntchito ya Ogulitsa ndi Opereka Ndalama

Ngakhale kuti munthu aliyense payekha amachepetsa unyinji wa ndalama zimene munthu aliyense angapereke kwa wobatizidwa, onyamula mitolo amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’ndalama za ndawala mwa kusonkhanitsa zopereka kwa anthu ambiri ndi kuzipereka pamodzi ku ndawala.

Munthu amene ali ndi makampani ambiri opanga zinthu zapamwamba amapempha ndalama kuchokera kwa anzake, achibale, anzake, kapena anthu amene amagwira nawo ntchito.

Kampeni imalemekeza kwambiri anthu onyamula katundu chifukwa chakuti akupereka ndalama ndi umboni wa chithandizo m’madera ena kapena m'mafakitale. Munthu amene amagulitsa ndalama zokwana madola 1000,000 kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a zaumisiri amasonyeza kuti ndalama ndi mphamvu zake zili m’chigawo chimenecho. Kampeni nthaŵi zambiri zimapanga mapulogalamu ozindikira kapena mipata yapadera ya opereka ndalama zambiri.

Malamulo a Federal amafuna makampani a pulezidenti ndi atsogoleri a P.C. Kuvumbula chidziŵitso chonena za olandira alendo amene amasunga ndalama. Pamene wolandira wolembetsa wa boma aika mitolo yoposa ndalama zina zapadera m’zopereka, ndawalayo iyenera kusimba za wolandira alendo ndi ndalama zonse pamodzi. Chifuniro chimenechi chikufuna kuwonjezera mphamvu ya olandira alendo pa mkupiti.

Komabe, onyamula mitolo ambiri sali olembetsa ndipo chotero samadzutsa zofunika za kuvumbula. anthu achuma, akuluakulu a makampani, ndi ena amene amasonkhanitsa zopereka kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala osawoneka m’zolembedwa za ndawala za boma, ngakhale kuti iwo angakhale ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa ndawala ndi okonzekera.

Kampeni Yogwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama ndi Mmene Amazigwiritsira Ntchito

Kuti timvetse bwino ndalama za chigawo cha ndawala, tifunika kuyang’ana kumene ndalama zimachokera, komanso mmene makampani amakono amawonongera ndalamazo.

Kusatsa malonda ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani

Kutsatsa malonda pa TV pa nthawi imene anthu ambiri amatsatsa malonda pa TV, kumakhala kowononga ndalama zambiri.

Kusatsa malonda pa Intaneti kwayamba kukhala kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pa nkhani zotsatsa malonda pa Intaneti, kutsatsa malonda a pa Intaneti, ndiponso kutsatsa malonda pa Intaneti.

Kutsatsa malonda pa wailesi, kutumiza mauthenga panja, kutsatsa malonda panja, ndiponso kutsatsa malonda pabwalo la nyumba, kumakhala ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.

Ogwira Ntchito ndi Ofunsira

Ndawala zochitira mpikisano zimalembapo antchito ambiri kapena ngakhale mazana ambiri, kuphatikizapo oyang’anira ndawala, olinganiza magawo, oyendetsa nkhani, opereka ndalama, ndi antchito auyang’aniro.

Akatswiri a zandale apamwamba amalimbikitsa anthu kulipira ndalama zambiri, ndipo akatswiri a zandale angagwire ntchito mwachangu.

Kukumana kwa Ntchito za M’munda ndi Zolankhulana ndi Mavote

Magulu ankhondo amawononga ndalama zambiri m’ntchito za m’munda zolinganizidwa kudziŵikitsa ochirikiza, kukopa ovota osasamala, ndi kutsimikizira ochirikiza kuti apite kukavota. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ndalama zowonongedwa kaamba ka malo a ofesi, mabanki a telefoni, makompyuta opanga oonera, zopangira zinthu, ndi antchito a m’munda.

Kampeni zamakono zimadalira pa mfundo zapamwamba kuti zipezetse ntchito. Amagula kapena kubwereka mafaelo okhala ndi chidziŵitso chonena za ovota olembetsedwa, kenaka kuwonjezera chidziŵitso chimenechi ndi chidziŵitso cha ogula, zotsatirapo zofufuza, ndi kuyerekezera. Makampani a makompyuta ameneŵa amafunika kuikiza ndalama zambiri koma amalola kuti mchitidwe wa zamalondawo ugwire ntchito bwino.

Zochitika Ndiponso Ulendo

Kusintha kwa mapwando a zamalonda ndi osinthana mawu kumafuna malo ochitirako marendi, kutengera ndalama za zoyendera, malo ogona, ndi chakudya.

Zochitika za ndalama ndizo mbali yapadera, chifukwa zimapanga ndalama komanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Masheya ogulitsa ndalama kwambiri pa malesitilanti kapena m'nyumba za anthu, madresiti a ndalama zoperekera ndalama, ndi mikupiti ya pa Intaneti yopereka ndalama, zonsezo zimafuna kulinganiza, kupha, ndi kutsata.

Kugwirizana ndi Malamulo

Mkupiti uyenera kuikizira ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo a ndawala, kuphatikizapo olemba ndalama, osunga dongosolo loyenera la zandalama, ndi olemba malipoti ofunikira.

Kukhudza Ndalama m’Ndale

Kodi anthu olemera amene amapereka ndalama zawo pa chisankho amakayikira zoti munthu angapeze udindo kapena kusankhidwa ndi ndani?

Kodi Ndalama Zimasankha Zosankha?

Unansi pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi chipambano cha ganyu ngwovuta. Mwachisawawa, wofuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri amapata kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa ayi, koma chigwirizano chimenechi sichimatsimikizira kwenikweni. Oyembekezera kukhala ndi ubwino wina, monga ngati kuŵerengeredwa, kudziŵika dzina, kapena mikhalidwe yabwino ya ndale zadziko, imene imawathandiza kukweza ndalama ndi kupambana masankho.

Ndalama zimaoneka kukhala zofunika kwambiri popereka mlingo wapamwamba wa mpikisano. Ofuna ndalama amafunikira zipangizo zokwanira zoperekera uthenga wawo kwa ovota, ndipo awo amene ali olephera kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi kupikisana. Komabe, kupyola pa ndandanda ina, ndalama zowonjezereka zimasonyeza kuchepa kwa zobwezera. Wofuna kugula ndalama zokwana madola 5 miliyoni angakhale ndi phindu lalikulu kuposa munthu amene amawononga $1 miliyoni, koma wochita malonda amene amawononga $20 miliyoni sangakhale ndi phindu lokwanira la munthu amene amawononga $15 miliyoni.

Kugwira bwino ntchito za kampeni kumadalira pa zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo njira za kampeni, zandale, makhalidwe a oyembekezera kulowa, ndi zochitika zina. Ndalama n’zofunika koma sizingakwanire kuti zikhale zosankhidwa bwino.

Kuthandiza Anthu Opereka Zopereka

2022 Ofufuza anapeza kuti mabiliyoni akugwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka chuma chawo chaumwini ndi cha makampani amene amalamulira "kulephera mawu a ovota okhazikika". Zopeza zimenezi zikugwirizana ndi lipoti la 2015 kuchokera kwa ofufuza a pa yunivesite ya Northwestern University amene anapeza kuti 82% ya U.S. adapanga ndalama ku zipani za ndale zadziko kapena oyembekezera kulowa kapena ndi mmodzi wa atatu a iwo "kupinga" zopereka kuchokera kwa ena, olandira ndalama za ndale zadziko, kapena onse aŵiri.

Akuluakulu a boma amene amalandira chithandizocho amawononga nthaŵi yaikulu kukonza zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndiponso kucheza ndi anthu amene amapereka mphatsozo.

Komabe, pali kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu ndi mtundu wa kupatsa. Ofufuza ena amati kwenikweni opereka amachirikiza oyembekezera kubatizidwa amene akugwirizana kale ndi malingaliro awo, mmalo mwa kusintha malo a oyembekezera. Unansi pakati pa zopereka ndi malamulo ngwakuvuta kusiyanitsa pa zinthu zina, monga malingaliro, kukonda, ndi malo a zipani.

Zolepheretsa Kutenga Nawo Mbali m’Zandale

Ofuna kulowa m’gulu la anthu opita kunkhondo kapena amene alibe chuma kapena amene angapeze ndalama zothandizira anthu olemera amene akufuna kulowa m’dzikolo, angaletsedwe kuthamangira ku ofesi.

Ngati anthu asankha kuti anthu apereke ndalama zawo pa chisankho cholemera osati posankha anthu, anthu angayambe kukayikira demokalase ndipo mwina sangakhale ndi mbali pa kuvota kapena mitundu ina ya pangano la boma.

Kukakamiza ndi Kuyang’anira

Federal Ecomfition Commission (FEC) imakhazikitsa Federal E Communition Act ya 1971 (FACA). FECA imachepetsa ndalama zimene anthu ndi mabungwe andale angapereke kwa wofuna kulowa mu ofesi ya boma. FEC ndi bungwe lodziimira lokha lokhala ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma la ndawala.

Bungwe Losankha la Federal

FEC iri ndi oimira asanu ndi mmodzi oikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, okhala ndi oimira ochepera atatu a gulu limodzi la ndale zadziko. Makonzedwe a bipartishan ameneŵa ali olinganizidwira kutsimikizira chilungamo koma atsogoleranso ku kutsendereza, popeza kuti machitidwe aakulu a kusungitsa amafunikira mavoti anayi.

Udindo wa FEC umaphatikizapo kupereka malamulo omasulira lamulo la zandalama, kupereka chitsogozo kwa makampani ndi makomiti, kupenda malipoti oulula, ndi kupenda kuswa malamulo. Malinga ndi Federal Evolution Commission (FEC), kuswa kwakukulu kwa Federal Econstruction Campaign Act (FACA) kutulukapo chilango cha boma, koma mwadala kuswa malamulo ena a FECA kungatsogolere ku kundende. FEC ili ndi ulamuliro wa boma lokha ndipo ingaloze kuswa lamulo lachiŵembu ku U.S. Department of Justice.

FEC imasunga pulogalamu yodziŵira za ndalama, kulola nzika, atolankhani, ndi ofufuza kufufuza amene akukonza za ndalama ndiponso mmene ndalama zikuwonongedwera.

Mavuto Okakamizika

FEC yakhala ikutsutsidwa chifukwa cha kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma. Bungweli lakhala likutsekerezedwa m’magulu oletsa anthu, likulephera kufikira mavoti anayi ofunikira kulondola kufufuza kapena kupereka zilango. Nthaŵi zina opereka ndalama ku bungwelo asiya lamulo loletsa kuchita malonda a boma.

Kucholoŵana kwa malamulo a ndawala ndi kupangidwa kwa makampani a ndale zadziko m’kupeza njira zopezera njira zopitira ku zitsenderezo zopitirizabe. mitundu yatsopano ya ndalama zowonongedwa ndi dongosolo ya ndale zadziko imayesa mopitirizabe malire a malamulo omwe alipo.

Kukakamizidwa ndi Boma

Mabungwewa amasiyana kwambiri pa zinthu monga chuma, ulamuliro, ndiponso makampani ena a boma.

Zochitika zaposachedwapa za boma zimasonyeza kupitirizabe kusamala za kusungitsa ndi kuonekera kwa. Maboma akusumika maganizo kwambiri pa zofunika zodziŵitsidwa, makamaka pa zowonongedwa zaumwini ndi mkupiti wa kampani, kutsimikizira ovota kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chonena za amene akuchirikiza ntchito ya ndale zadziko.

Kusintha ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Ndalama za ndale za mpikisano zidakali imodzi ya nkhani zokangana kwambiri m’ndale za ku America, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yonena za mmene tingalinganizire ufulu wa kulankhula, kufanana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kuletsa ziphuphu.

Kusintha Koyembekezeredwa

Various reform proposals have been advanced to address concerns about money in politics. These include:

  • Malire a ndalama zoperekedwa: Kuchepetsa ndalama zimene anthu ndi mabungwe angapereke ku makampani ndi makomiti
  • Kuvumbula kotsimikizirika: Kuvumbula momvekera ndi kwapanthaŵi yake za ndalama za ndale zadziko, kuphatikizapo ndi Super PACs ndi magulu a mdima a ndalama
  • Kufutukuka kwa ndalama za kampani: Kukonza kapena kufutukuka kwa madongosolo a zachuma a anthu onse kuti achepetse kudalira kwa opereka aumwini
  • Kukonzanso: Kusintha Konsichushoni kulola malamulo owonjezereka a kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugwetsa zosankha monga nzika United
  • Wopereka wofanana ndi: Kupereka ndalama zofanana ndi boma kaamba ka zopereka zazing'ono kukulitsa mawu a nzika wamba
  • Kugwirizana kwa ndalama zimene makampani andale amawononga: Makampani ofunsira kuvumbula ndalama zawo zandale zadziko kwa oloŵa m'malo

Njira zothetsera mavuto zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za ndale ndi ndalama za boma zikhoza kuperekedwa, kuika malire oyenera pa ndalama ndi maboma olimbikitsa ndiponso madera ochirikiza masankho.

Kukangana ndi Kutsutsa Kusintha

Ochirikiza malamulo a zachuma okhwima kwambiri amanena kuti kuwonongera ndalama ndalama mosalekeza kwa anthu olemera ndi mabungwe kumachititsa demokrase kuipitsa, kumalepheretsa anthu wamba kulankhula, ndipo kumapanga dongosolo limene akuluakulu osankhidwa amavomereza kwambiri opereka zinthu kuposa ovota.

Otsutsa malamulo okhwima amanena kuti ndawala yogwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi njira ya kampeni yotetezedwa ndi First Amendment, ndi kuti malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuchepetsa anthu kukhala ndi phande m’nkhani zandale.

Mkangano umenewu umasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu m’nthanthi ya democracy pakati pa ufulu ndi kufanana, pakati pa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kutsimikizira kudalira kwa onse. Anthu osiyanasiyana amalingalira miyezo imeneyi mosiyana, kuchititsa kusagwirizana kosalekeza ponena za mbali yoyenera ya ndalama m’ndale zadziko.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Ndalama za Mkupiti

Kupenda mmene mayiko ena amayendetsera ndalama za mkupiti kumapereka nkhani zothandiza ndiponso zitsanzo zofunikira kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Mwachitsanzo, boma la United Kingdom limaika malire pa nkhani ya ndalama zimene anthu opita kunkhondo ndi zipani zawo angagwiritse ntchito pa nthawi ya ndawala.

Maiko ena amaletsa kapena kuletsa kwambiri kusatsa malonda kwa ndale zadziko kolipiridwa pa wailesi ndi wailesi, m’malo mwake kupereka nthaŵi yaufulu ya mphepo kwa mapwando ndi opita ku mapwando.

Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za boma n’zofala kwambiri ndipo n’zopatsa kwambiri m’mayiko ena monga Germany ndi Sweden. Mayiko monga a Sweden amapereka ndalama zambiri kwa anthu andale chifukwa cha zimene asankha, kuchepetsa kudalira kwa zipani pa anthu opereka zinthu paokha.

Zitsanzo zapadziko lonse zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera ndalama za ndawala n’zotheka ndi kuti dongosolo la America limapereka zosankha za mmene lingakhalire ndi makhalidwe opikisana.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Nzika

Kuzindikira ndalama za ndawala za ndawala kumapatsa mphamvu nzika za ndale kuti zichite zinthu mwachipambano, kaya monga ovota, opereka, kapena ochirikiza kusintha.

Kufufuza Chidziŵitso cha Ndalama za Mkupiti

Nzika zingapeze chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane chonena za ndawala kupyolera m'zinthu zingapo. Federal Enchommotion Commission imasunga pulogalamu yofufuzidwa pa FEC.gov [1] kumene ogwiritsira ntchito angayang'ane zopereka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi oyembekezera a boma, zipani, ndi makomiti. Malowo amalola kufufuza kwa wopereka, wopereka, komiti, kapena malo.

Mabungwe monga Opensecrets.org (lolamulidwa ndi Center for Responsive Polities) amasonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula mfundo za ndawala za ndawala, kupangitsa kumvetsetsa njira za kupatsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Malo ameneŵa amapereka maubwenzi ndi malongosoledwe aubwenzi amene angathandize nzika kuzindikira amene akuchirikiza ndawala za ndalama ndi zimene zingafune kuimira.

Maboma ambiri amasankha makampani osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito makampani oonera kapena mabungwe a malamulo.

Kusankha Mwanzeru Zinthu

Kampeni ya zachuma ingadziŵitse zigamulo za voti m’njira zingapo. Kusanthula ndalama zimene wobatizidwa angapereke kudziŵitse zimene zingawakondweretse ndi malamulo amene angachirikize. Wofuna kubatizidwa wochirikizidwa kwambiri ndi maindasitale ena angakhale wothekera kwambiri kuchirikiza malamulo a makampaniwo.

Komabe, chidziŵitso cha ndawala cha ndawala chiyenera kulingaliridwa mogwirizana ndi zifukwa zina, kuphatikizapo malo otchulidwa a ofuna kuvota, mafaelo, ziyeneretso, ndi makhalidwe. Opereka ndalama ndi mbali imodzi ya chidziŵitso pakati pa ambiri amene ovota ayenera kulingalira.

Kupereka Nawo Ndalama

Anthu amene asankha kupereka ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito ya ndawala ayenera kumvetsa malamulo oyendetsera zopereka.

Anthu ochepa angapereke zinthu zothandiza, makamaka m’mafuko a m’deralo kapena kudzera m’mapulogalamu ang’onoang’ono. Ngakhale zopereka zochepa, ngati zigawidwa kwa anthu ambiri, zingathandize kwambiri pa ntchito.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Kusintha Zinthu

Anthu amene amafunitsitsa kuti ndalama zikhale zothandiza pa nkhani ya ndale angalimbikitse anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana.

Mabungwe angapo amasumika maganizo pa kukonzanso kwa ndawala, kuphatikizapo Campaign Legal Center , Common Created , Public Citizen , ndi Ise Ise One. Magulu ameneŵa amafufuza, kuchirikiza masinthidwe a malamulo, ndi kulimbikitsa kusungitsa ndi kulimbitsa malamulo a ndawala.

Pa chigawo cha boma ndi chakumaloko, nzika zingachirikize njira za kukonzanso ndalama za projekiti, zimene zapitirira m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Ma Grassroot asintha bwino zinthu kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa ndalama zoperekedwa, kuulula, ndi kukhazikitsa njira za za zandalama za anthu.

Kumaliza

Ndalama za mpikisano zimaimira mbali ina yocholoŵana ndi yofunika kwambiri ya demokrase yamakono. Njira imene ndawalazo zimachirikizidwa imayambukira amene angagwire ntchito, mauthenga amene amafikira ovota, ndipo potsirizira pake, amene amalamulira ndi malamulo amene amapangidwa. Kumvetsetsa magwero a ndalama za ndawala, malamulo amene amalamulira zopereka ndi ndalama, ndi opanga masankho osiyanasiyana ochirikiza ndalama za oloŵa m’mapangano nkofunika kuti munthu akhale nzika yodziŵa bwino.

Njira yamakonoyi ikusonyeza zimene anthu angasankhe pa nkhani yolimbana ndi mfundo zapamwamba monga ufulu wolankhula ndi wandale, kupewa ziphuphu, ndiponso kukwaniritsa ufulu wandale.

Kodi pangafunike kuikirapo maganizo pa nkhani ya ndalama zimene anthu angagwiritse ntchito posankha anthu kuti asankhe anthu amene akufuna kulowa nawo m’ndale?

Monga nzika, tingadzifunse mafunso ameneŵa mwa kudzifufuza tokha za ndalama za mkupiti, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso chomwe chilipo popanga zosankha zovota, kutenga nawo mbali m’zochitika za ndale zadziko monga opereka kapena odzifunira ngati tisankha, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha zinthu zimene tikukhulupirira kuti zidzawongolera dongosolo la ndale. Ntchito ya ndalama m’ndale idzapitiriza kusintha, kupangidwa, masinthidwe a zasayansi, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene ndawala zimachirikizidwira, tingatengemo mbali yabwinopo kuti chisinthiko cha demokrase ndi dongosolo la ndale zadziko loimira.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za malamulo a ndawala ya boma ndi kufikitsa chidziŵitso cha ndalama, chezerani webusaiti ya FLT:0 . Kufufuza ndalama m'ndale ndi kupenda njira za ndawala, kufufuza ziŵiya pa . . . Kudziŵitsa za zoyesayesa za polisi za kusintha, chezerani Campaign Legal Center .