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Chigamulo Chobisika: Mmene Chiweruziro Chimaperekera Mphamvu za Malamulo
Kusungitsa lamulo sikuli kongoyerekezera. Mchitidwe umodzimodziwo . "A] ukukangana, kuswa lamulo, chinyengo chaupandu , chingatsogolere ku zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana zikumadalira pa kumene ndi [[FLT]] [amene amayambitsa mlandu]. Kusankha mfundo ndi ulamuliro. Kuchokera pa kukhala wouma, ulamuliro ndi wosunga zipata zalamulo za dongosolo lonse. Kumapereka ulamuliro pakati pa makhoti mazana ambiri, kumalongosola mmene chilungamo chimaperekedwera. Kwa maloya, eni mabizinesi, ndi nzika wamba, kumvetsetsa, sikunaloŵetsedwa; ndiko kutetezera ndi kuyenera kuyenera kusungidwa kwa lamulo.
Kodi Mlandu N’chiyani?
Pa ulamuliro wake wosavuta, pali mphamvu ya lamulo ya bwalo lamilandu kapena bungwe lalamulo yopanga zosankha ndi kugamula pa anthu, katundu, kapena nkhani pamlingo wolongosoledwa. Liwulo limachokera ku Chilatini juris [1] (lamulo) ndi kuweruza [[FLT]] ndi kugamula [kugamula] [kugamula] [kulamulira]. Khoti lililonse ku United States=federal, boma, , , , [1] Malo a m'malamulo a , malamulo ofala. Pamene khoti likuchita zinthu popanda ulamuliro, malamulo ake n’ngopesesa. Zimenezi n’zofunika kuti likweze pa mbali iliyonse ya kuperekedwa, ngakhale pa nthaŵi yoyamba ya apilo.
Mlandu wa mlandu umakhala pa mizati itatu yotchuka, ndipo uliwonse uyenera kukhutiritsidwa kuti khoti limve mlandu mololedwa:
Kuzengedwa Mlandu Waumwini (Mlandu m’Mapwando)
Ulamuliro wa munthu aliyense ndi mphamvu ya khoti yofuna munthu kapena gulu kuti lidziteteze. Ku United States, mphamvu imeneyi imachepetsedwa ndi Account Claus of the 14neth Amendment. Khoti la boma lingapereke ulamuliro waumwini pa aliyense wokhala m'boma, ikugwira ntchito pamene ilipo, kapena ili ndi "achemwali aang'ono" ndi boma limene silimasokoneza "malingaliro a kuseŵera koyenera ndi chilungamo chokwanira. Lingaliro limeneli linatchuka kwambiri mwa International Shoe. v. Washington . [[FLT:] [1945] [1945]) ndipo likupitiriza kutulukira, makamaka ndi intaneti yogwirizana ndi malonda. Chitsanzo chongogwira ntchito, kuyang'anira malo oyenerera, kuyendetsa zinthu za m'dziko, koma osagwirizana ndi kugulitsa zinthu.
Mlandu wa M’nkhani Zotchedwa Juristicion (Kuzengedwa Mlandu Pakhoti la Mtundu Wake)
Zigamulo za nkhani za m'maboma zimatanthauza ulamuliro wa khoti lakumvetsera milandu ya gulu linalake. Makhoti a Federal, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa wa anthu apamwamba: angangomva nkhani zonena za mlandu wokhudzana ndi lamulo la boma (lokhudza nkhani) kapena nkhani za nzika za mayiko osiyanasiyana zophatikizapo ndalama zokwana madola 75,000 (ulamuliro wa boma). Makhoti, mosiyana ndi makhoti, ndi makhoti a ulamuliro wa anthu onse. Iwo angamve pafupifupi milandu iliyonse kusiyapo imene imakhala yokha m’makhoti a boma (eg., kulephera, kulowa m’dziko). Mfundo za m'boma sizingaletsedwe ngati khoti silina, mlanduwo uyenera kuchotsedwa ngati magulu onse aŵiriwo agwirizana.
Chikalata Chotchedwa Territorial Juristism (Kufika kwa Ufulu wa Anthu)
Ulamuliro wa boma umafotokoza ziletso za kuthupi zimene malamulo a khoti likhoza kukhala zothandiza. Khoti lalikulu lingapereke chiweruzo chokhudza dziko mkati mwa deralo; khoti la boma lingapereke malamulo ake m'boma lonse; bwalo laboma lolamulira logwira ntchito m’chigawo chake. Mabungwe a lamulo auyang'aniro akugwiranso ntchito motsatira malamulo okhwima: apolisi ochokera ku mzinda wina sangagwire ulamuliro wina popanda chilolezo kapena chigwirizano. Boma la boma limakhala lovuta kwambiri m'madongosolo a boma monga United States, kumene maboma 50 pamodzi ndi boma la boma lililonse lili ndi gawo lalo lokha.
Chifukwa Chake Mlandu Uli M’kukakamiza Mwalamulo
Jurisdict si nthanthi yongopeka . Imasankha malamulo amene amagwira ntchito (maumboni a boma a maiko onse), amene khoti lingamve mkangano, ndi gulu losungitsa lamulo liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro wa kusanthula kapena kumanga. Kulephera kuzindikira mphamvu ya kulamulira kungatsogolere ku kuwononga chuma, kuphonya masiku, kapena ngakhale kutaya kotheratu zoyenera zalamulo.
Kukakamizidwa
M'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, mafunso a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo nkhondo yoyamba. Mtsogoleri ayenera kuloŵera m'bwalo lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro waumwini ponse paŵiri pa woimbidwa mlandu ndi woyang'anira wa anthu pa mlanduwo. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali bungwe lalikulu lokhala ndi bwalo lina, loyama mlandu wa mtsogoleri ayenera kukhazikitsa kuti bungwelo lili ndi kugwirizana kokwanira ndi boma la chigawo cha . Ichi nchifukwa chake mapangano ambiri a bizinesi akuphatikizapo "lice of forum" kapena "avomereza kuyang'anira" chigamulo, kutchula pasadakhale kuti mikangano iliyonse idzaperekedwa m'bwalo la milandu. Popanda chigamulo chotero, kagulu kangakakamizidwe kudzitetezera m'boma lakutali, ndalama zambiri ndi kuwonjezereka.
Kukakamiza Apandu
Kulamulira kwa apandu kuli kokulirapo kodalira madera. Woweruza wa boma angangopereka mlandu ngati mlanduwo unachitika m'malire a bomalo. Ngati upandu upitirira m'mayiko ambiri . Mwachitsanzo, foni yachinyengo yopangidwa ku Texas kwa munthu ku Florida Florida . Maboma aŵiri angakhale ndi mphamvu, koma boma lokha limene lingakhale limene likuchita upandu kapena zotsatira zake zikhoza kuweruza. Boma la boma lingaloŵerepo pamene upandu umaphatikizapo malonda a boma, katundu wa boma, kapena lamulo la boma. Dongo limeneli lingapangitse mipatuko kapena mipata ya , kufunikira madongosolo aungwe ogwirizanitsa zinthu pakati pa mabungwe.
Kuchirikiza Mabizinesi
Kwa mabizinesi, kuzindikira ulamuliro kuli kofunika kutsatiridwa. Kampani imene sitima zopangidwa dziko lonse lapansi iyenera kudziŵa kuti ingaikidwe mlandu m’boma lirilonse kumene zinthu zake zimavulaza. Mofananamo, bwana ndi antchito akutali ayenera kumvetsetsa malamulo a ntchito a boma lirilonse kumene antchitowo amakhala. Umbuli wa nyuzipepala ungapangitse bizinesi ku mlandu m’mabwalo osayembekezeredwa.
Mitundu Yaikulu ya Mlandu wa Malamulo a United States
Kuwonjezera pa mizati itatuyo, makhoti amaika malamulo m’njira zina zambiri zimene zimayambukira osungitsa lamulo:
| Type | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Original Jurisdiction | The court that first hears a case. | Trial courts (district courts, superior courts). |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | The court that reviews decisions of lower courts. | U.S. Courts of Appeals, state supreme courts. |
| Exclusive Jurisdiction | Only one court system can hear the case. | Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy. |
| Concurrent Jurisdiction | Two different court systems have authority. | Diversity cases can be heard in either state or federal court. |
| Diversity Jurisdiction | Federal jurisdiction over cases between citizens of different states. | Suit between a California plaintiff and a New York defendant for $100,000. |
Kugwira ntchito m’khoti lolakwika kungachotse munthu ntchito, kuwonongetsa nthaŵi ndi ndalama.
Mavuto Ovuta Masiku Ano
Chifukwa cha mmene anthu ankakhalira ndi mphamvu zolamulira dziko lonse, anthu ambiri ayamba kudalirana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti ndi malonda a padziko lonse, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto ambiri.
Kuzengedwa Chilango pa Intaneti ndi Cyberspace
Pamene webusaiti mu Country Adount in Country B, kodi mlanduwo uli ndi mbali iti? Makhoti avutika kukhazikitsa malamulo osasintha. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linalankhula mbali imeneyi mu Nicastro v. McIntre (201) (20: (20), kukhala ndi mmisika wachilendo amene salimbana mwachindunji ndi U.S. msika sungathe kusungedwa m'khoti ya khoti pamaziko a chinthu chimodzi chogulitsidwa ndi munthu wina wodziimira paweruza. Komabe funsolo limakhalabe loto la madzi: pamene malonda ambiri amayenda pa Intaneti, "zoyendera zapamwamba" zikudalira pa ntchito ya U.S.
Upandu wa Magulu Ogaŵana ndi Kulimbana kwa Mitundu Yonse
Upandu umene umadutsa malire a dziko umachititsa ngakhale nkhani zomveka bwino. Cybercrime, uchigaŵenga, ndi kugulitsa anthu sizimalemekeza malamulo a boma. Malamulo a padziko lonse amalola boma kukhazikitsa ulamuliro malinga ndi mfundo ya dziko (kumene upandu ukuchitika), lamulo la dziko (pamene woukira kapena wodwalayo ali mtundu), kapena lamulo lotetezera (pamene upanduwo umasokoneza chitetezo cha boma). Komabe, lamulo loletsa limadalira pa mapangano owonjezera ndi kugwirizana kwa maaunyinyiri. United States, mwachitsanzo, kaŵirikaŵiri imagwiritsira ntchito mapangano alamulo a thandizana (MLAT) kupempha umboni kuchokera ku maiko akunja. Njirayo ingakhale yochedwa ndi yosatsimikizirika, kaŵirikaŵiri yosokoneza kufufuza kwapangitsa.
Zosasangalatsa
Ngakhale pamene ulamuliro ukhalapo, khoti lingakane kumva mlandu pansi pa chiphunzitso cha counting ("chogwirizana ndi "FUM""). Izi zimagwira ntchito pamene khoti lina m'dziko lina lingakhale loyenera kwambiri kuthetsa mkanganowo. Mabungwe ambiri amauza chiphunzitso chimenechi kuti chichotsere ku U.S. khoti ku dziko la kumudzi kwa anthu, kumene ziwonongeko zingakhale zotsika ndi zosakula. Chiphunzitsocho chakhala malo ounikira kwambiri kuti chikhale magetsi, monga momwe amanenera motsutsana ndi makampani akunja kaamba ka kuvulaza kopitirizabe.
Kugwirizana kwa Lamulo la Chigawo
Mu United States, mabungwe osungitsa lamulo ali ndi malire a malo. Kulondola wonyumwira amene athaŵa kudutsa mizera ya boma, mkulu wa asilikali sangathe kumanga m'dziko lina popanda chilolezo kapena ulamuliro wa boma. Uniform Criminal Perlarddition Act Act , yotengedwa ndi maiko ambiri, kutsata njirayo, koma imafunikirabe mapempho ovomerezedwa ndi chilolezo cha chiweruzo. Kumenyana kumeneku kungachedwetsa kugwidwa ndi kuwonedwa kukhala koopsa. Oyang'anira a FBI angakhoze kulowamo pamene upandu ukuswa lamulo la boma, koma zimenezo sizili choncho nthaŵi zonse.
Kufufuza Nkhani: Kuzengedwa Mlandu
United States motsutsana ndi Lopez (1995) – Kulipirira Federal Juriscion
M’nkhani yochititsa chidwi imeneyi, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa Gun-Free School County Act, imene inapanga kukhala mlandu wa boma kukhala ndi mfuti pakati pa mamita 1,000 a sukulu. Khotilo linanena kuti lamulo linaposa ulamuliro wa Congress pansi pa Communist Clause chifukwa chonyamula mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu sikunayambukire kwenikweni malonda a boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikiziranso kuti ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani zaupandu ulibe malire; maboma akusunga thayo lalikulu la milandu wamba ya m’khwalala.
Mlime wa Opaleshoni (1866) – Malire a Kuzengedwa Mlandu ndi Nkhondo
Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, munthu wamba wotchedwa Lambdin Milligan anamangidwa ndi akuluakulu ankhondo ku Indiana ndi kuweruzidwa imfa ndi khoti lankhondo. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti gulu lankhondo silinali ndi ulamuliro chifukwa chakuti makhoti a boma anali otseguka ndi ogwira ntchito. Mlandu wa Milligan unakhazikitsa malire owopsa: ulamuliro wa nkhondo sungathe kuloŵa m'mabwalo a asilikali chifukwa cha kulephera kwa nkhondo. Lamulo limeneli lidakali lofunikabe lerolino m'kutsutsana pa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magulu ankhondo ankhondo auchigaŵenga likukayikira.
Microsoft Corp. v. United States (2016 - Digital Data and Territorial Pream
Chitsanzo chamakono chinaphatikizapo chikalata cha boma la United States chofunafuna ma email osungidwa pa alangizi a Microsoft ku Ireland. Boma linatsutsa kuti Chikalata Chosungira Kulankhulana Chimachipatsa mphamvu pa mfundo iliyonse yolamuliridwa ndi Microsoft, mosasamala kanthu za malo. Microsoft inatsutsa kuti chilolezocho sichinali ndi chiyambukiro chapadera. Khoti lachiŵiri la Gawo la Gawo la Apilo la Microsofts, lofuna kuti pakhale chidziŵitso chosungidwa kumaiko ena chikasokoneza mfundo yotsutsana ndi kuwonjezera kutsata kwa owonjezera. Mlandulo wa CLOUD ya 2018, inachitira chithunzi mmene kuyang'anira ntchito pa makompyuta kuimabe Microsofts, chigawo cha U.S.
Zotsatirapo Zokanira Kuzengedwa Mlandu
Kaya ndinu katswiri wa zamalamulo, mwini bizinesi, kapena munthu woyang’anizana ndi nkhani ya lamulo, naŵa masitepe otsimikizirika osamalira ngozi za madera onse:
- Kuŵerenga mosamalitsa mavesi-kusankha. Mapangano ambiri amatchula kuti mikangano iyenera kutsutsidwa m'chigawo china kapena khoti. Ngati musaina popanda kuŵerenga, mungachotse ufulu wanu kusumira mlandu m’boma lanu.
- Ganizirani ulamuliro waumwini musanalembe suti. Fufuzani ngati woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi kugwirizana kokwanira ndi boma lanu. Ngati ayi, mungafunikire kulemba mapepala kwinakwake kapena kudalira pa malamulo a zida.
- Khonsati lokhala ndi maloya woyang'anizana ndi nkhani zambiri zotsutsa. Ngati mlandu wanu uphatikizapo zikondwerero kapena zochitika m'maiko ambiri, njira ya kulamulira ikhoza kupanga kapena kulepheretsa chipambano chanu.
- Khalani wodziŵitsidwa za kusintha kwa makompyuta. Malamulo atsopano monga CLOUD Act ndi lamulo lokhudza nkhani zachinsinsi zingayambukire zoyenera zanu ndi kukhoza kwanu kupeza umboni wa pakompyuta.
- Tsatirani malire a lamulo. Ngati mumangidwa m'boma lapafupi, kumbukirani kuti apolisi angafunikire kuloŵetsamo mkhalidwe umene upanduwo unachitika. Tsimikizirani kupempha loya mwamsanga.
Kumaliza: Mlandu Umene Uli maziko a Lamulo
Chilango si mwambo chabe wa kukhazikitsa malamulo; ndi mapulani amene amapatsa mphamvu pakati pa makhoti, apolisi, ndi maboma. Chimatsimikizira kuti ulamuliro walamulo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m’malamulo kuti usungitse chilungamo, kutsimikizirika, ndi ulemu ku ulamuliro. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ulamuliro sukhala wokhazikika. Pamene tekinoloji, malonda, ndi upandu ukukhala wopanda malire, makhoti ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo nthaŵi zonse. Kumvetsetsa mmene ulamuliro wa malamulo umathandizira aliyense kuyendetsa bwino njirayo mwachipambano, kutetezera, kutetezera limodzi, kapena kungomvetsetsa malamulo amene akugwira ntchito.
Kaamba ka phunziro lowonjezereka, onani [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza kwa Legal Information Institute kwa jini yolamulira , , kutsogolera kwa chilungamo ku ulamuliro wa anthu, ndi [FLT , ndi [FLT :] , tsatanetsatane wa kuloŵa pa ulamuliro wa munthu mwini.