Chiyambi

Chisinthiko cha 14 cha ku United States chimakhala chimodzi cha makonzedwe aakulu ndi kusintha m'mbiri ya zamalamulo ku America. Ratting pa July 9, 1868, mkati mwa kukonzanso kwa chisoko, kukonzanso kumeneku kunasintha mkhalidwe wa kukhala nzika ndi unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma. Malamulo ake amphamvu kwambiri . Kusintha kwake kwa Claus Classias, Programme Claus, ndi Acult Protection Clause , ndi Malamulo otetezera Claus , zinatumikira monga maziko a ufulu wa anthu onse wopitira patsogolo pafupifupi zaka 150 zapitazo. Kuchotsa kugaŵana mafuko ndi maboma kuti asunge kulingana kwa ukwati, chisinthiko cha 1450 chikupitirizabe kulinganiza kwa lamulo ndi chilungamo cha anthu onse a ku America.

Chigamulochi chinakonzedwa kuti chipangitse kuti chikhale chotchuka kwambiri Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) chigamulo, chimene Khoti Lapamwamba linalengeza kuti Aafirika sanali ndipo sakanakhala nzika za U.S. Mwa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa ufulu ndi kukhazikitsa chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo, Aprijiji ya 144th adapanga maziko atsopano amene anawonjezera chitetezo cha Bill of Rights kwa anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za fuko, ndi kuika maziko a anthu ambiri osakhala amtundu uliwonse.

Mbiri Yakale ya Mpumulo wa 14

Kuti timvetse bwino tanthauzo la Kusintha kwa Zam’mbuyo kwa 14 ndi theka, n’kofunika kwambiri kumvetsetsa zochitika za m’mbiri zimene zinayambitsa nkhondo yachibadwidwe ya American Chivil War (1861-1865) inathetsa kukhazikitsa ukapolo kudzera m’Chilamulo cha 133, koma malo a anthu anayi a ku Africa omasulidwa kumene sanatsimikizike kwambiri. Maboma a ku Southern America anakhazikitsa malamulo opondereza amene anatchedwa Malamulo Olada, amene analetsa kwambiri ufulu wa anthu akuda, kuphatikizapo ufulu wawo wa kukhala ndi katundu, kuloŵa m’khoti, kuvomerezana ndi ku khoti, ndi kusamuka mwaufulu.

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1866 chinali kuyesayesa koyamba kwa Congress kuletsa njira zotsendereza zimenezi mwa kulengeza kuti anthu onse obadwa mu United States anali nzika ndipo ali ndi ufulu wotetezeredwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Komabe, nkhaŵa za lamulo ndi mantha akuti Nyumba ya Malamulo yamtsogolo ingathe kusintha chigamulo cha kuloŵetsa malamulo ameneŵa m’Malamulo enieniwo. Mgwirizano wa 1450 unaonekera kukhala wothandiza kwambiri, kutsimikizira kuti chitetezo cha kukhala nzika sichingachotsedwe mosavuta ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo.

Kukonzanso Zinthu ndi Nkhondo Zandale

Kukonzansoko kunaikidwa ndi Joint Committee on Reconstructon, komiti yapadera ya msonkhano yokhazikitsidwa kusamalira mavuto a kutembenuza maboma a Kum’mwera ku Union. Njirayo inali yandale kwambiri, ndi mikangano yokhudza ulamuliro wa boma, ufulu wa maboma, ndi tanthauzo la kufanana. Ma Relicracy Republican anaumirira kukhazikitsa kolimba ufulu wa anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti ma Republican ndi Democrates apakati anafunafuna kusungitsa mlingo wakutiwakuti wa boma likhale ndi ufulu wa dziko.

Chilembo chomaliza cha kukonzako chinaimira kulolera, koma chinakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano alamulo. Kusintha kwake kunafuna chilolezo kuchokera ku magawo atatu m'magawo anayi a maikowo, njira imene inali yodzala ndi mkangano. Mayiko a Kum’mwera anafunikira kukonzanso kukonzanso monga mkhalidwe wa kutumiza ku Union, kuyambitsa mphamvu ya ndale zadziko imene inapanga njira ya Reconstan kwa zaka zambiri zotsatira.

Kulabadira Malamulo Akuda

Malamulo a Black Code a mu 1865-1866 anathandiza mwachindunji pa Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14 (Malamulo a Zakumapeto). Malamulo ameneŵa anali osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku boma kunka ku boma, koma kaŵirikaŵiri anali kuphatikizapo makonzedwe akuti:

  • Aafirika anazenga malo a eni kapena malo okhala kunja kwa madera odziŵika
  • Anthu akuda atakakamizidwa kugwira ntchito imene inapangitsa kuti anthu a kuderali akhale akapolo
  • Okanidwa Aamereka a mu Afirika kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni m’khoti, kutumikira pa milandu ya ajuli, kapena kuvota m’chisankho
  • Zilango zowopsa zoperekedwa kaamba ka kusamva, zimene zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukakamiza anthu Akuda kugwira ntchito yopanda malipiro

Okonza malo a bungwe la 14 la Amereka analinganiza bwino lomwe kukhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa popanda lamulo. The Exlumence Protection Clause, makamaka, inalinganizidwa kuletsa maboma kukhazikitsa lamulo laupoyera limene linasankha magulu ena kuti alandire chithandizo chosiyana.

Makonzedwe Ofunika a Kukonzanso kwa Zaka 14

M’chikalata cha 14 Demendment muli zigawo zisanu, koma chigawo choyamba chili ndi zigawo zitatu zosonkhezera kwambiri zimene zapanga lamulo lalamulo la America.

Unzika wa Claus

Chigawo cha Cinturity Classia, chopezeka m'Chigawo 1, chimati: "Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi ogonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ali nzika za United States ndi Boma kumene amakhala. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anatsutsa mwachindunji Scott [[FL:0] .Dred Scott [1] ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu waufuko monga lamulo la lamulo lalamulo la American.

Chiganizo chimenechi chamasuliridwa kupatsa chifupifupi aliyense wobadwa ku United States kukhala nzika, mosasamala kanthu za malo a kusamuka kwa makolo awo. Nkhani yotchuka United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1] (1898) inatsimikizira kuti mwana wobadwa ku United States kwa makolo osamukira ku China anali U.S. nzika, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma panthaŵi yoletsedwa kusamukira ku China ndi kukhazikitsa kwachibadwa. Lamulo limeneli la kukhala nzika yaufulu, lodziŵika monga [[FLT:] lili , limakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya lamulo launzika wa Amereka ndipo lakhala lokhala lokambitsirana ndi ndale zadziko zadziko.

Makonzedwe a Claus

Claus wa ku Windows akupereka kuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kuchotsa munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo la lamulo loyenerera. Mawuwa ali ndi mipambo iŵiri yosiyana: njira yoikidwiratu ndi njira yoikidwiratu.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kulinganiza koyenera kumafuna kuti zochita za boma zokhudza ufulu wa munthu aliyense zichitidwe mwa njira zolungama ndi zokhazikitsidwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuzindikira, kumva, Wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho, ndi mpata wopereka umboni. Njira zofunikira za masamu zimagwira ntchito m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo milandu yaupandu, milandu, kuyang'anira, ndi kufotokoza zachiŵeniŵeni.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Mafotokozedwe oyenera ofunikira kwambiri ndi otsutsana kwambiri amene amatetezera ufulu wina wofunika ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati boma litsatira njira zolungama. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenerera kutetezera ufulu wonga kukwatira, kuyenera kwa kulera ana, kuyenera kwa kulera, ndi kuyenera kwa kudzilamulira kwa thupi. Kuyenera kumeneku kwa ATCLER Claus yakhala pakati pa malamulo apadera kuphatikizapo Roe v. Wade [77]] ndi

Kuteteza Claus Molingana

Chitetezo cha Actleal Claus chimapereka lamulo lakuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kugonjera munthu aliyense wokhala m’malo ake kuchinjiriza kofanana kwa malamulo. Mawuwa ndi maziko alamulo la lamulo lotsutsa tsankho ndipo agwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zochitika zosaŵerengeka kutsutsa kuchitiridwa mosalingana chifukwa cha fuko, kugonana, ndi mikhalidwe ina.

Khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsa dongosolo lopendera mfundo zonena kuti Akulinganisa Lingatetezedwe:

  • Kufufuza kwa magetsi kumagwira ntchito ku kusankha zinthu zozikidwa pa fuko, chiyambi cha dziko, ndi ufulu waukulu. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, boma liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kusonyeza kuti njira zake nzogwirizana kwambiri kuti zifikire chikondwerero chimenecho.
  • Kufufuza kwa m'dziko kumagwira ntchito kusanthula magawo ozikidwa pa kugonana ndi kusadziwana. Boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti kuikidwa kwa gulu kumapereka chikondwerero chofunika kwambiri cha boma ndipo kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikondwerero chimenecho.
  • maziko a pulogalamu yopendedwa imagwira ntchito ku magawo ena onse. Boma lifunikira kusonyeza kokha kuti kuikidwa kwake kuli kogwirizana bwino ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma.

Chigwirizano chimenechi chagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’zochitika zoyambira pa kusankhana mafuko kufikira pa kusankhana akazi kufikira pa malamulo a zachuma, kupanga Chitetezo cha Aumetic Claus kukhala chimodzi cha makonzedwe oikidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’Bungwe Lolamulira.

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizanitsa

Chimodzi cha zopereka zamphamvu za 14 za Kusintha kwa Zalamulo la 14 ndicho chiphunzitso choloŵetsedwamo. Mwa Century Procesme, Bwalo Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito pang’onopang’ono makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights ku mabomawo, kuchepetsa kwakukulukulu kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma.

Pambuyo pa Kusintha kwa Zaufulu kwa 14 ndi, Bill of Rights inalingaliridwa kukhala yokha yogaŵiridwa ndi boma la boma. Mlandu wa kawirikawiri Barron v. Baltimore (133] adanena molunjika kuti Bill of Rights sinagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zochita za boma. Malamulo a 14 adasintha mphamvu imeneyi mwa kuletsa maboma kulanda munthu aliyense "moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo.

M'milandu yotsatizana kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, Bwalo Lapamwamba linayamba kumasulira bungwe la Account Process Claus kuti limaphatikizapo makonzedwe a Boma la ufulu wotsutsa maboma. Njirayo inali yapang'onopang'onopang'ono ndi mlandu umodzi, ndi Bwalo lophatikizapo:

  • Mpando woyamba wa kuwonjezera mawu, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, msonkhano, ndi pempho mu Gitlow v . New York (1925) ndi milandu yotsatira
  • Demetriyo Yachinayi imateteza ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri mu [FL:0] Mapp v. Ohio (1961])
  • Mpando wachisanu wa Kusintha (kulimbana ndi kudzivulaza) mu Malloy v. Hogan (1964)
  • Mpando wa Sikisi Wosinthasintha (1963)
  • Mpando wa Kusintha wa Malamulo wa 88 umateteza ku chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo ku Robinson v. California [1] (1962)

Lerolino, pafupifupi chitetezo chonse cha m’Bri la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chaikidwa motsutsana ndi mabomawo, kupanga Mpando Wachibadwidwe wa 14 kukhala chipangizo chachikulu chimene ufulu walamulo aliyense umatsatiridwa pamlingo wa boma ndi malowo.

Chiyambukiro pa Mabungwe Omenyera Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

M’mbiri ya Amereka pafupifupi gulu lililonse lalikulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe lakhala chida chachikulu chalamulo cha 14 ndipo makonzedwe ake asonyezedwa m’milandu yotchuka ya Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu limene laswa malamulo aupandu ndi kukulitsa ukulu wa kulingana.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mwinamwake kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kotchuka kwa Kutetezera Claus kunabwera Brown v. Board of Education , mmene Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kusankhana mafuko m’masukulu a anthu onse kunali kosagwirizana. Khoti linakana "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu Plev v. Ferguson (1896]), kuyang'anira malo a maphunziro osiyana ndi kulephera ndi kuswa chitetezo cha Claus. Chigamulochi chinatumikira monga chothandizira kulinganiza ufulu wa anthu wokulirapo ndi kutsogolera ku malo a anthu ku United States.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu Loval v. Virginia, Bwalo Lapamwamba linaswa malamulo a boma oletsa ukwati wa mafuko, likumati malamulo otero anaswa malamulo onse aŵiri a Kutetezera Claus ndi Act Procesme Claus . Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren analemba kuti "ufulu wa kukwatira, kapena wosakwatira, munthu wa fuko lina amakhala ndi munthu aliyense ndipo sangatsutsidwe ndi Boma. Chigamulochi chinathetsa malamulo otsutsa a kutetezera mapangano a Cedera la Ufulumi Anei.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, mu Reed v. Ret , Khoti Lalikulu linagwiritsira ntchito Supreme Protection Claus kuti liike lamulo losiyanitsa pamaziko a kugonana. Nkhaniyo inaloŵetsapo lamulo la Idaho limene linapatsa amuna chikondi chodzifunira pa akazi poyang'anira magawo. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti lamulo la amuna linaswa chitetezo cha Exct Claus, kukhazikitsa maziko a tsankho lamakono la akazi.

Kulemekeza Kwamakono Kuperekedwa kwa Lamulo la 14

M’zaka za m’ma 2000, malamulo alamulo a boma akupitiriza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani zokhudza kulingana kwa ukwati, ufulu wosankha, ufulu wobereka, ndi kusamukira kudziko lina.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu Khoti linapeza kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli kutetezeredwa ndi Act Claus ndi kuti kukana maukwati a Chitetezo chimodzi kumachititsa kuti anthu asakhale pa banja limodzi. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasonyeza kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa anthu onse pa LGBTQ+ America ndi kusonyeza mphamvu yokhalitsa ya Kusankhana kwa zaka 145.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14

Demendment ya 14th Demetrition yakhala yokulira ku nkhondo zopitirizabe pa ufulu wosankha. Chigawo 2 cha kukonza chimapereka kuti ngati boma limakana kuyenera kwa kuvota kwa mwamuna aliyense pausinkhu wa zaka 21, kuyenera kuchepetsedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti makonzedwe ameneŵa sanagwiritsiridwe ntchito, Kutetezera kwa Komiti ya Claus kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa malamulo a Osankha, kuyendetsa kwa fuko, ndi ziletso zina zosankha zimene zimayambukira kwambiri anthu ochepa. Malamulo onga Shel County v. Raker [FL:] (2013]), zimene zinapeputsa makonzedwe aakulu a Vol Leactive Act of 1965, zayambitsanso mkangano wokhudza ufulu wa ufulu wa kuteteza ufulu wa boma.

Ufulu Wobereka ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Okha

Mchitidwe wa Clausse wa 14th Amendment wakhala wothandiza kwambiri pa malamulo okhudza ufulu wobereka. Rooe v. Wade [177], Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, kozikidwa pa Chigamulo cha Active Process Claus, kuteteza mkazi kuti ateteze chosankha cha kuchotsa mimba. Posachedwapa, mu [[FLT:]] Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi a Health Organization [[FLT:] [202], Bwalo lamilandu la pa [[FLT] [FL:] [FL:] [FLT] [5] [4] [i]] ndi kuti lamulo silimatulutsa kuchotsa mimba, kubwerera kumbuyo kwa mawu. [FT.]

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kubadwa Koyenera

Chigawo cha Comissary Claus ya Geneth Amendment chikukhalabe chigamulo chokhudzana ndi malamulo a anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Anthu ena andale alamula kuti athetse ufulu wa ana a anthu osadziwika, akutsutsa kuti mawu akuti "kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake" amachotsa ana otero. Komabe, mafotokozedwe alamulo, ochirikizidwa ndi United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1] ndi kachitidwe kokhazikitsidwa, amavomereza kuti pafupifupi aliyense wobadwa ku U.S. nthaka ili nzika. Kuyesayesa kulikonse kwa kuchepetsa unduna kukhoza kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu a lamulo pansi pa Demethire la 14.000.

Mavuto ndi Kuvuta

Ngakhale kuti lamulo lachilamulo la ku America linakhazikitsidwa, nkhani ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ya 14 yakhala nkhani yosatha ya mkangano.

Kukhulupirira Ulemu Kutsutsana ndi Malamulo Ochirikiza Moyo

Pansi pa lingaliro limeneli, Cult Protection Claus adakhala ndi cholinga chothetsera tsankho la Aafirika ndi lamoyo la kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo akufikira ku Demendment ya 14. Oyambirira akutsutsa kuti kusinthako kuyenera kutembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu la malemba ake panthaŵi ya kujambula. Pamutu umenewu, Cult Protection Claus adafuna kuthetsa tsankho la fuko la Aafirika koma sakufuna kuwonjezera ku mitundu ina ya tsankho, monga yonga ija yozikidwa pa kugonana kapena mkhalidwe wa kugonana. Malamulo, mosiyana ndi, amatsutsa kuti malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a kukonzanso mitundu yatsopano ya kusalingana ndi kupanda chilungamo. Nkhani imeneyi ili ndi mfundo zazikulu za mmene makhoti amachitira kuthamangitsa nkhani za masiku ano.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira ndi Chitetezo Chofanana

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Supreme Protection Claus kuvomereza maprogramu kunali kotsutsana kwambiri. Majereti a University of California v. Bakke (188), Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kugaŵidwa kwa mafuko m'mayunivesite kunali kosagwirizana koma kuti fuko lingalingaliridwe monga chinthu chimodzi pakati pa ambiri. Posachedwapa, m'malingaliro a Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [1] [FLT:] (2]), Bwalo linagamula maprogramu a Harvard ndi Yunivesite ya North Carolina, likumasunga kuti kutetezera kwa mafuko. Chigamuchi chigamuchi cha chigamu chachikulu cha kulingana ndi kulingana kwa mbiri yakale. Chigamulochigamulochi cha kutsutsana ndi kusiyanitsa kwa kusiyanitsa kwa mbiri yakale.

Kukonzanso Zachuma ndi Kukonzanso kwa Zaka 14

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsa ntchito Accolas kuswa malamulo a zachuma, kuphatikizapo malamulo a malipiro ochepa ndi malamulo a ola, m’nyengo yodziŵika monga Lochner [1]. Khotilo pambuyo pake linasiya njira imeneyi mu 1930 ndi 1940, kutengera kaimidwe koyenera pa malamulo a zachuma. Komabe, otsutsa ena amatsutsa kuti zosankha za Khoti posachedwapa zikuteteza ufulu wa katundu ndi ufulu wa zachuma pansi pa Khirisiti Claus angapereke chizindikiro cha kudzutsidwa kwa [[FLT:]] .

Kumaliza

Mgwirizano wa 14 wa Kusintha zinthu udakalibe wamphamvu m’kulimbana kopitirizabe kwa kulingana ndi chilungamo mu United States. Makonzedwe ake amatetezera ufulu wa nzika zonse ndi kutumikira monga maziko a kupititsa patsogolo kwa mtsogolo kwa ufulu wa anthu. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake pa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni kufikira ku kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake m’mikangano yamakono yonena za ufulu wosankha, kulingana kwa ukwati, ndi ufulu wa kubala, Kukonzanso Malamulo kwa 14 kwatsimikizira kukhala chimodzi cha ziŵiya zokhoza kusintha ndi zamphamvu koposa m’dongosolo la malamulo a ku America.

Pamene dzikolo likupitiriza kuyang'anizana ndi nkhani zovuta za chikhalidwe, mosakaikira Demetriyo ya 14 idzachita mbali yaikulu m'kukonza malamulo. Kaya kupyolera mwa kutsimikizira kwa kutetezera Claus kolingana kwa malamulo, Chitetezero cha Tsimando la Claus, kapena Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Claus, chija cha Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu, chimapereka maziko a malamulo othetsera mavuto atsopano pamene akuchirikiza lamulo loti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wotetezera malamulo ofanana. Mpambo wa 1450 suli chabe cholembedwa cha mbiri yakale; ndi chikalata chamoyo chimene chikupitiriza kulongosola zimene chimatanthauza kukhala munthu wa ku America ndi zimene chimatanthauza kuti chikhale chofanana ndi lamulolo.