Demendment ya 1450, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1868, ndi imodzi ya mawu owonjezera kwambiri pa Malamulo a ku United States. Imasintha kwambiri kugwirizana kwa boma ndi maboma, mfundo zogwirizana za kulingana, kulinganiza, ndi kukhala ndi unzika m'dzikolo. Ngakhale kuti malembo ake amaŵerenga mawu mazana angapo chabe, kumasulira kwake pa zaka 150 zapitazo kwakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka kuyambira m’kalasi mpaka kuntchito. Kumvetsa mmene Demende la 144 limatetezera ufulu wanu m’madera atatu ameneŵa nkofunika kudziŵa zimene malamulo a sukulu, olemba ntchito, ndi akuluakulu a masankho, ndi pamene zifunsirozo sizikuchitika.

Mbiri Yakale ya Kusintha kwa Zakumwa za M’mbuyo kwa Zamkati kwa Zaka 14

Demetrie ya 14 inalembedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni monga mbali ya Kukonzanso Malamulo. Akatswiri ake aakulu anali mamembala a Nyumba ya Malamulo ya 39 yomwe inafuna kutsimikizira ufulu wa anthu a ku Africa omasulidwa chatsopano pa malamulo a boma, makamaka Malamulo Akuda okhazikitsidwa ku Southern. Msanganizowu uli ndi zigawo zisanu, koma wotchuka kwambiri ndi Chigawo 1, chimene chimaletsa kuchepetsa ufulu kapena kuteteza anthu, kulanda munthu aliyense ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda lamulo, kapena kukana munthu aliyense wotetezeredwa mofanana ndi malamulo; ndi Colletinty yomwe imalamulira kusungitsa ufuluwo kupyolera ku lamulo loyenerera.

Mosasamala kanthu za chinenero chake chachikulu, [Pramende Yachisanu ndi chinayi] inangokhala yokha kwa zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pa kukonzanso. Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira zogaŵira zake, mwachitsanzo mu [FL: 0] Cases-Nyumba (1873] [1] [1] ndi [FLT] [FLT] V. Ferguson [[FL:3] [18696] [18]], kumene Khoti linachirikiza mtundu wa fuko pansi pa [[FLT:] chiphunzitso chofanana . Sichinayamba kuvomereza pakati pa zaka za zana la 6520 kuti kubwerera kwake kukhoza kukhala chiŵiro cha ufulu wa anthu, kuyambira ndi nkhani [FL:]. [FLD] . [FFFFT] , zimene zinatsatira mfundo zake za ufulu wa kumbuyo kwa ku Gamendment Redeletement (F]).

Masiku ano, chikalata cha 14 Demendment n’chachikulube, ndipo chikhoza kukhudzanso mikangano yamakono yonena kuti munthu akuvomereza, LGBTQ+ ufulu wake, ziletso zovota, ndi chilango cha ophunzira.

Ufulu Wanu m’Dzidzo pansi pa Kusintha kwa 14

Chitetezo Chofanana m’Masukulu Ophunzitsa Anthu

Kutetezera kwa Kulinganiza kwa Kusintha kwa Zakunja kwa 14 ndi maziko a maphunziro. Ilo limalamula kuti palibe boma limene “lidzayenera kuperekedwa kwa munthu aliyense m’ulamuliro wake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo.” Pamene ligwiritsidwa ntchito ku sukulu za onse, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti madera a sukulu sangachitire ana za fuko, utundu, thangata, kapena magawo ena otetezeredwa ngati kulibe chikondwerero cha boma chokakamiza ndi njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito zolinganizidwa. Lamulo limeneli linakhazikitsidwa mu Brown v. Komiti ya Maphunziro , kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu kunali kosayenera, kuswa chitetezo cha Claus.

Chiyambire Brown , makhoti agwiritsira ntchito chitetezo chofanana kugonjetsa machitidwe aupapa ochokera ku kulinganiza kwa masukulu ochepera kwambiri kufikira kuchotsa ophunzira okhala ndi kulumala kuchokera ku makalasi aakulu. Posachedwapa, mawu agwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa malamulo a maphunziro a sukulu amene amayambukira ophunzira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga zero-tolerlance amene amatsogolera ku kutsendereza ndi kutha kwa ophunzira a Black ndi Latino. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo osadziŵika bwino monga kuvomereza mpikisano wa m'makoleji adakalipo, lamulo lamakhalidwe apamwamba limatsala: masukulu ayenera kusamalira bwino ophunzira onse ndi kusapereka katundu wozikidwa pa mayeresi kapena ongo.

Kuyembekezera Ophunzira

Kuposa chitetezo chofanana, Admistment of 14th Procession ya Accolas ichinjiriza ufulu wa ophunzira ndi ufulu wa kuumirira m'masukulu. Procedural ikufuna kuti wophunzira achotsedwe katundu kapena chikondwerero chapadera . Monga kuyenera kupita kusukulu kapena kulandira diploma [1] sukulu iyenera kupereka chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa. M'nkhani yapadera Gos v. Lopez [1] [[FLT:] [19] [7], Khoti Lapamwamba limakhulupirira kuti ophunzira amayang'anizana ndi mayeso a masiku khumi kapena osakwanirapo kuti aperekezedwa.

Mofananamo, ophunzira amene ali ndi vuto lopunduka amalandira chitetezo chowonjezereka pansi pa Lamulo la Maphunziro (IDEA), koma m’chipinda choyenera cha mu 14 Demendment, mukhozabe kuuza wophunzira aliyense amene akuyang’anizana ndi chilango chachikulu.

Pakali pano, amatetezera ufulu waukulu wa ophunzira monga ufulu wa kulankhula, kudziimira paokha, ndi ufulu wathupi . Ngakhale kuti sukulu zili ndi ufulu waukulu wosunga mtendere ndi chisungiko (monga momwe zimadziŵidwa mu [FL:0] Tuker v. Des Moines [[FL:] ndi [FL] New Jersey] ndi [ku] v. T.L.O. [FLT]]), sizingatsutse ufulu wapakati wa Kukonzanso zinthu popanda kulungamitsa. Mwachitsanzo, masukulu sangalange ophunzira pa mawu amene sachititsa kusokonezeka kwenikweni, kapena kuchotsapo khalidwe lokayikira. Zimenezi zimawathandiza kuteteza ku kukwaniritsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi ufulu wa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa ku ufulu.

Malo Amene Alipo: LGBTQ+ Ophunzira ndi Dzina la Dzina la IX

Chitetezo cha Audial Claus chimakhalanso chida chothandiza kwambiri poteteza LGBTQ+ ophunzira ku tsankho. M' Bostock v. Clayton County [[FLT:] (2020]), Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana kapena kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi limapanga tsankho “chifukwa cha" chifukwa cha kuyenera kwa kugonana" pansi pa Dipoti VII ya Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwile cha 1964. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yokhudza ntchito, makhoti aang'ono agwiritsira ntchito mfundo zofananazo pa maphunziro a Zitivoti IX ndi Claus Ex. Sukulu zimene zimaletsa ophunzira kugwiritsira ntchito zimbudzi kapena zipinda zotsekera mogwirizana ndi chizindikiro chawo cha kugonana, kapena kuti ophunzira apereke chilango cha ufulu wawo wakugonana, angayang'anizana ndi mavuto ofanana.

Kuwonjezerapo, kumasulira kwa Biden kwa 2021 kwa mutu wakuti IX kumaletsa poyera tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi thangata, ngakhale kuti maboma ambiri atsutsa lamulo limeneli. Ophunzira amene akuyang'anizana ndi tsankho ayenera kulankhula ndi Dipatimenti ya Education’s Office for Civil Rights ( [CRF] ) kapena kukaonana ndi loya wa boma kuti amvetsetse zoyenera zawo pansi pa 145 Amendment.

Ufulu Wanu pa Ntchito Pansi pa Kupumula kwa 14

Chitetezo Chokwanira kwa Olembedwa Ntchito

Chitetezero cha 14th Amendment chimagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku ntchito ya boma. Kwa antchito a boma . . .Awo ogwira ntchito ku mabungwe a boma, boma, kapena a boma akuletsa olemba ntchito oteteza Claus kupanga zosankha za ntchito, kuombera, kukweza, kulipira, kapena kulanga kozikidwa pa fuko, chiwerewere, chipembedzo, mtundu, kapena magawo ena okayikira. Olemba ntchito a boma ayeneranso kulungamitsa kusankha kulikonse kumene kumachititsa gulu limodzi mosiyana ndi lina, ndi kusamala kwambiri kwa kusankha (mzera, fuko kapena ukazi), thayo lapamwamba la kulungamitsa.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati bungwe la boma limakana woyenerera chifukwa cha fuko lawo lokha, limene lingaswe chitetezo chofanana. Mofananamo, ngati chigawo cha sukulu chimapereka aphunzitsi achikazi kwa aphunzitsi achikazi kaamba ka ntchito yofanana kwambiri popanda chifukwa chopatsirana, lamulolo lingakhale losagwirizana ndi lamulo. Nkhani yotchuka Frontiero v. Richardson [10] adakhulupirira kuti magawo ozikidwa pa kugonana amapendedwa kwambiri pansi pa Chitetezo cha Claus Wofanana, kupangitsa kukhala ovuta kwa olemba ntchito kulungamitsa kusiyanitsa kwa kugonana.

Kuli kofunika kudziŵa kuti Kusintha kwa 14 ndi kutha kwa sikumalamulira mwachindunji olemba ntchito aumwini. Kusankha anthu pa ntchito kumalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma monga Thit VII ya Chigamulo cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964, Kusankhana kwa Nyengo mu Lamulo la Ntchito, ndi Aamereka Okhala ndi Vuto Lopatuka. Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za Congress pa Chigawo 5 cha 145 Demendment, chimene chimalola kuti Msonkhano uthetse mfundo za ufulu wa ufulu wa ntchito. Motero, malamulo alamulo a ufulu wa munthu wofanana ndi munthu mmodzi pa lamulo lamakono.

Kusintha kwa Ntchito

A Claus (Aws Procession Claus) a Demendment 14th Amendment amatetezanso antchito a boma amene amakonda ntchito yawo.

Mu Board of Education v. Loudermill [1] (1985), khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti wantchito wapoyera wokhala ndi chikondwerero cha katundu wa ntchito yake ali ndi thayo la “kumvetsera kwa mtundu wakutiwake" asanathe. Kumva sikuyenera kukhala kuzenga mlandu kokwanira, koma kuyenera kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha milandu, malongosoledwe a umboni, ndi mwaŵi wa wa wa wantchito kuuza mbali yawo ya nkhaniyo. Kwa mphunzitsi woyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa, zimenezi zingatatanthauza kulandira chidziŵitso cholembedwa cha kusamvera, kukumana ndi bungwe la sukulu, ndi kupereka mboni kapena kutetezera.

Komanso, anthu amene amagwira ntchito m’boma amakhala ndi mtima wofuna kutchuka ndipo angatsutse zochita za boma zimene zingawononge dzina lawo labwino kapena kuchititsa manyazi anthu ena.

Kulipira Kofanana ndi Kupatulana

Pamene kuli kwakuti Act yolingana Pay Pay ya 1963 ndi Thit VII imayang'anira mwachindunji kupatsidwa tsankhu, Kusintha kwa 14th Rempumendment kungapereke njira ina kwa antchito a boma. Ngati bungwe la boma lilipira amuna ndi akazi mosiyana kaamba ka ntchito zofanana popanda chifukwa choyenerera, lamulolo lingatsutse Sucture Protection Clausse. Mwachitsanzo, mu [[FLT]] mu Washington v. Gunter[F:1] [1901], Khoti Lapamwamba linalola kuti mlandu wa VII ukhale pansi pa mlandu wapamwamba wa kuchepetsa chisembwere, ngakhale kuti ntchitozo sizinafanane. Ngakhale kuti Khoti silina kufikira funso la lamulo, mlanduwo ukusonyeza mmene malamulo otetezera angalimbikire.

Posachedwapa, maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo osonyeza kuonekera kwa zinthu, ndipo boma lachitapo kanthu kulimbana ndi tsankho. Antchito amene akulingalira kuti amapatulana m'chigawo cha boma ayenera kulingalira kukhazikitsa chidandaulo ndi bungwe la Aumedial Accounting Opportounty Commission ([[FL:0]] EOC ) kapena kufunsira loya wantchito ponena za zimene zingachitike ndi Demetrisement.

Kuvutitsidwa ku Ntchito ndi Malo Ovuta

Olembedwa ntchito a boma alinso ndi malamulo otetezera ku kuvutitsidwa kowopsa kapena kofala kumene kumayambitsa mkhalidwe wantchito waudani wozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wotetezereka. Ngati bwana achita chipongwe cha fuko, kuvutitsidwa kwa kugonana, kapena kusekedwa ndi chipembedzo, ndipo womlemba ntchitoyo amalephera kuchitapo kanthu, wantchitoyo angapereke chitetezero chofanana. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999) anagwiritsira ntchito Diom kuvutitsa wophunzira K.

Anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti akuvutitsidwa ndi wolemba ntchito wa boma ayenera kulemba khalidwelo, kudandaula ndi chuma chaumunthu cha bungwelo kapena ntchito yolingana, ndi kulingalira za kukumana ndi ACLU kapena mabungwe ena odzisankhira ufulu wa anthu kaamba ka chitsogozo pa zifunsiro za lamulo zopezeka.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14

Makonzedwe Oyambirira a Kukonza Malamulo Opatsa Maŵa

Chosangalatsa nchakuti, Chigawo choyamba cha 14 cha Amereka chinafotokoza chisankho osati monga choyenera koma monga chilango. Chinapereka kuti ngati boma linakana kuvota munthu aliyense wa ku Africa wokhalamo woposa makumi aŵiri 76one (kusiyapo kukhala ndi phande m’chipanduko kapena upandu wina), kuti kuimira kwa boma m’Congress kukachepetsedwa molingana. Lamulo limeneli linaperekedwa ku maiko a Kum’mwera komwe linachotsa amuna a ku Afirika ngakhale kuti lonjezo la kutetezedwa la chitetezo chofanana. Komabe, silinakakamizidwe, ndipo pambuyo pake Lamulo la 15 Lakuti anthu a mitundu inaletsedwe kusankhidwa pa voti.

Ngakhale kuti amachitira zinthu mosatsatira tsatanetsatane, makhoti agwiritsira ntchito Demendment ya 144th , makamaka Kuteteza Claus . kuti athetse mavoti amene amapondereza kapena kuchepetsa mavoti a magulu ena. Nkhani yapadera ndi Reynolds v. Sims [1964], amene anakhazikitsa “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi . Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti madera a boma ayenera kupangidwa kuti apange kulemera kofanana, kutsutsa makomiti a boma kumene madera akumidzi anali ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri kuposa a m’mizinda koma anasankha oimira amodzi.

Kukhumudwa ndi Zimene Anthu Amakhulupirira

Imodzi ya nkhani zopikisana kwambiri zovota pansi pa 149 Demendment ndiyo kutaya lamulo. Mayiko ambiri amakana kuyenera kwa kuvota anthu ogwidwa ndi maupandu, nthaŵi zina kosatha. Chigawo 2 icho chokha chimaletsa kutengamo mbali m'kupanduka kapena upandu wina, kupereka lingaliro lakuti maboma angaike lamulo loletsa kukhala wolakwa. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti malamulo otero amawononga kwambiri anthu ochepa ndipo amaswa chitetezo chofanana. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza malamulo oletsa kupanduka kwa Fenfrankchirance ku [Flu:0]. Ramirerz .

Chiyambire pamenepo, mkangano wasintha ku mabwalo a boma. Maboma angapo asintha malamulo awo kuti abwezeretse ufulu wovota atamaliza chigamulo kapena ngakhale pamene anali m'ndende. Pakali pano, nkhani ya nthumanzi yokhudza anthu [ imakhalabe yamoyo: ngati lamulo lotsutsa lamulo loletsa kulowa m'dziko linakhazikitsidwa ndi cholinga cha kugamula mlandu, likhoza kuswa chitetezo cha Exal Protection Claine . Makhoti ena alola atsogoleri a chipembedzo kutsutsa malamulo oteretsa mwa kusonyeza mbiri ya tsankho la ufuko m'dongosolo la milandu pamodzi ndi chiyambukiro cha lamulo.

Ziletso ndi Mavuto a Masiku Ano

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Ogwirizana ndi malamulo ameneŵa atsutsa ziletso za kuvota za 14 ndi kutsutsa malamulo oikidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo malamulo a ovota okhwima, kuchotsapo mavoti oyambirira, kuchotsa mapepala ovota, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo ochitira kafukufuku. Ochirikiza malamulo ameneŵa atsutsa kuti amaletsa chinyengo cha wovota; otsutsa amavulaza kwambiri anthu ochepa, okalamba, ndi olandira ndalama zochepa. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza ziletso zina pansi pa Demetrith Amerekation ndi Vong Rights Act, Actal Protection Claus adakali chida chachikulu.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Shelby County v. Homer [1] (2013), khoti linagamula lamulo la Covering Rights Act lomwe linafuna malamulo ena oletsa kusankhana ndi mbiri yakale kuti apange masinthidwe alionse a kuvota. Komabe, khotilo linasiya malamulo oletsa kusanthula pa mlandu pansi pa 1450th Amendment. Maboma amene amakhazikitsa malamulo omveka bwino oimira ufulu wa anthu. Mofanana ndi lamulo la ovota omwe amachotsapo mitundu ya ma ID ofala kwa anthu a ku Africa kuno. Ngakhale zili choncho, likhozabe kutetezera mofanana ndi mlandu.

Kuwonjezerapo, chosankha cha Choyendera dera lachinayi cha 2023 mu NAACP v. Thomas (chochitika cha voti ya South Carolina) anatsimikizira kuti ponse paŵiri za 14 ndi 15 Demendments zimatetezera machitachita a kusanthula. Malamulo a Plaintiff ayenera kusonyeza kuti lamulolo linakhazikitsidwa ndi chifuno cha kumasulira ndi kuti linali ndi chiyambukiro cha kusanthula. Ili ndi chiwiro chachikulu, koma ndi chipambano chochititsa chidwi cha kunsi kwa lamulo la ku North Carolina la kuvota Buss mu 2016 2016.

Kutulutsa Maselo Okongola ndi Mazira

Nkhani ina yaikulu ya ufulu wovota pansi pa 144th Amendment ndiyo kululuza kochititsidwa ndi kuchepetsa fuko. Pamene nyumba za malamulo za boma zimapanga mizera ya chigawo kuti zisunge kapena kufalitsa ovota a fuko lina kuti achepetse mphamvu zawo zandale, zimene zimaswa Kutetezera kwa Claus. Shhaw v. Reno (1993), Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti madera oyandikana ndi fuko monga “mbali ya predinantinant" ndi kuti sangafotokozedwe pa zifukwa zosaimira 769.

Partisan gerrymanidering (yozikidwa pa chipani cha ndale mmalo mwa fuko) njovuta kwambiri kutsutsa pansi pa 144th Amendment. Richukn v. Common Creast (2011]), Bwalo lamilandu linanena kuti zinenezo zonena kuti si zoyenerera chifukwa chakuti palibe miyezo yoyenera kuyang'aniridwa kaamba ka makhoti. Komabe, gulu la fuko la anthu likukhalabe nkhani yamoyo, ndipo magulu a ndale amapitirizabe kubweretsa milandu pansi pa Chitetezo cha Exmoble Classias pamene mapu apangidwa ndi cholinga chautsamunda wa fuko.

Kukakamiza ndi Zoletsa za Lamulo la 14

Demetrition ya 14 si kudzipha; imafuna kusungitsa lamulo kupyolera mwa Congress (Kupereka 5) ndi makhoti. Nyumba yamilandu yapereka lamulo lalikulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe la 1964, Loganiza za Ufulu wa Anthu, ndi Fair Hobsley Act ya 1965, ndi Chikalata cha Fair Hosle Act (Pansi pa Chigawo 5. Makhoti, amamasuliranso kukonza pamene anthu kapena magulu achita mlandu woswa ufulu wa anthu.

Komabe, pali malire. Choyamba, kusinthako kumagwira ntchito za boma, osati khalidwe laumwini (mwakusiyana ndi khoti Lapamwamba, monga pamene bungwe lachinsinsi likugwira ntchito kwa anthu). Chachiŵiri, muyezo wa kupenda umasiyana: kupenda kosamalitsa kwa mitundu, kupenda kwapakati kaamba ka ukazi, ndi maziko a mbali zina. Achitatu, opatula ayenera kutsimikizira mwadala, osati kungowononga, pansi pa Chitetezo cha Clauslee. Pomalizira, Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina lachepetsa malire a mphamvu yogwirizanitsa anthu, monga mu [FLT: 0] . Mgwirizano wa Boerne v. Flores .[FFOLT:] (1997), umene unakhulupirira kuti “kalongalawumba 5 .

Mosasamala kanthu za kulephera kumeneku, Kusintha kwa 14th Amendment kudakali magwero amphamvu a ufulu. Kwakhala kukupemphedwa kusungitsa ulingana muukwati ( "Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015), kutetezera kuyenera kwa makolo kulamulira ana awo, ndi kutsimikizira kuthekera kwa kuletsa kuchotsa mimba ndi kuchotsa mimba [1] [1] Kuphatikizapo zachotsedwa ndi Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [20]], imene inakhulupirira kuti kuchotsa mimba sikutetezera kuyenera.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment si chikalata chosasintha; tanthauzo lake limasintha monga chitaganya ndi oweruza amayang’anizana ndi mavuto atsopano. M'maphunziro, chimatsimikizira kuthekera ndi njira yoyenera kwa ophunzira ndipo chimatetezera ku chilango chauchiŵembu. Kuntchito, chimatetezera antchito a boma ku kuchitiridwa molakwa ndi malamulo aupotuko. Posankha, chimachirikiza lamulo la munthu mmodzi, kuvota mmodzi ndipo chimapereka chitetezo ku ku kugaŵana kwa fuko.

Kaya ndinu wophunzira amene akuyang’anizana ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito, mphunzitsi akulingalira za kudandaula kwa tsankhu, kapena wovota wosokonezeka ndi malamulo atsopano a chisankho, podziŵa kuti chitetezo cha 144 Demendment chikukupatsani mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa zoyenera zanu ndi kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Ndilo lamulo lolinganitsa America (ndipo likulembedwabe tsiku ndi tsiku.)