Mabuku a mbiri ya anthu omvera a m'bungwe la United States ali ngati magwero aumboni ndi ounika kwambiri amene ophunzira, olemba mbiri, ndi ofufuza malamulo. Mawu alamulo ameneŵa ndi zojambula zalembedwa amakopa makambitsirano osakonzedwa, umboni, ndi mikangano zimene zimachitika m’makomiti a United States Congress. Kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsa mmene malamulo amalinganizidwira, mmene boma limachitira ntchito, ndi mmene malamulo a anthu amasinthira m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mabuku ameneŵa amapereka pulogalamu yosayerekezereka m'dongosolo la malamulo.

Kumvana kwa Malamulo ndi Mitundu ya Malamulo

Asanaloŵe m'njira zofufuzira, kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa kuti ndi makutu otani a msonkhano ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana imene amatsatira. Kumvetsera ndiko kuchitika mwalamulo kochitidwa ndi komiti ya gulu kapena makhoti ang'onoang'ono kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso, kusanthula nkhani, kapena kuyang'anira nthambi yaikulu. Zolembazo zimaphatikizapo mawu a mneni, mawu okonzedwa a mboni, zionetsero, ndipo nthaŵi zina zojambula za vidiyo. Magawo anayi akumva aliyense amatumikira chifuno chapadera.

Miyoyo Yotsatira Malamulo

Asayansi amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso ameneŵa kulondola mfundo zimene zinapanga lamulo, kuzindikira magulu achidwi amene anali otchuka, ndi kumvetsetsa zimene zinatsogolera ku kutembenuzidwa komaliza. Makomiti, akuluakulu a boma, akatswiri, ndi olemba milandu amafotokoza malingaliro awo pa lamulo. Ofufuza amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zimenezi kutulukira kuti ndi magulu ati achidwi amene anali otchuka, ndipo amamvetsa kulolera kumene kunatsogolera ku mabaibulo omalizira. Mapepalawa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mbali zazikulu za pepala zimene zinatsutsidwa kwambiri.

Kutchera Makutu Moyang’anitsitsa

Kumva koonekeratu ndi maziko a udindo wa Nyumba ya Malamulo kuyang'anira nthambi yaikulu ndi mabungwe a boma. Iwo amapenda kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo, kupenda maprogramu ogwira ntchito, ndi kupenda kutayidwa kothekera, chinyengo, kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Ofufuza amaphunziro, kuyang’anira ndi kofunika kwambiri poona mmene malamulo akukhudzira. Nthaŵi zambiri amapereka umboni wachindunji kwa akuluakulu a bungwe, oulutsa mawu, ndi ofufuza odziimira paokha, kupereka lingaliro la pansi pa ziyambukiro za malamulo.

Kufufuza Makutu

Kufufuza kwa apolisi kupenda zochitika zakutizakuti, maupandu, kapena mavuto ovuta. Chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri ukulu wawo uli wochepa ndi wokwera, iwo amapanga zolembedwa zatsatanetsatane ndi zochititsa chidwi. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo makutu a Watergate, kumvetsera kwa Iran Contra, kapena Komiti ya 6 ya Chingelezi. Mapepala ndi zosungira vidiyo zimenezi ndizo maziko aakulu a dongosolo lapamwamba, kutengera nkhani zaumwini pansi pa lumbiro.

Kutsimikizira Kumva

Pamene Pulezidenti asankha anthu kukhala akuluakulu apamwamba kapena audindo wachiweruzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imapereka chitsimikizo. Kufufuza kumeneku kumapereka chidziŵitso cha ziyeneretso, malingaliro, ndi mkhalidwe wa afisi. Ofufuza amawagwiritsira ntchito kuphunzira mphamvu za ndale zadziko za kuikidwa ndi kumvetsetsa miyezo yokhudza oweruza a boma, alembi a kabudi, ndi akazembe.

Mmene Mungapezere Nkhani za Makutu za Malamulo

Kufikira mafaelo akumva nkwapafupi lerolino kuposa ndi kale lonse, chifukwa cha makompyuta osungidwa ndi boma ndi ofalitsa amalonda. Komabe, kudziŵa ndandanda yogwiritsira ntchito kwa nthaŵi zosiyanasiyana ndi makompyuta n’kovuta.

Mawebusaiti a Boma

Choyambirira chodalirika kwambiri ndicho [[FLT: 0]. gov , deti, kapena dzina laumboni la bungwe la U.S. Congress, losungidwa ndi la laibulale ya Congress. Limapereka kumvetsera kuchokera ku 104th Congress (95959666). Ogwiritsa ntchito angafufuze ndi komiti, deti, mutu, kapena dzina la mboni. Malembo olembedwa alipo monga malemba ofufuzidwa, ndi ambiri amaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa zojambula za vidiyo. [[FLT:] Government Accounting Office (POG) [FLT] [3] [3] Webhsitepeji yokha yothandiza kwambiri] (ama.v.vvv) yothandiza kumvetsera m'malemba mabuku akale, kuphatikizapo ndi madeti apakati pa zaka zapakati pa 2020. [FLT]] [F] Couragetions) yothandiza kwambiri kutumiza ndi kutumiza kwa ofufuza zinthu za ku .

Mabuku Ofotokoza Zamalonda

Malaibulale ambiri a yunivesite amavomereza madaleshoni a malonda amene amapereka kusanthula kowonjezereka ndi kufutukula. ProjectQuest Congress ndilo laibulale yokwanira, yopereka malembo ndi yokwanira kaamba ka kumvetsera kuyambira 1789 kupita mtsogolo, limodzi ndi mapepala a komiti, mavolyumu oikidwa, ndi mabukhu a malamulo. Hein Online[ imapatsa “U.S. Congress Bullecries proces project projects projectives projectives , ndi ziwitso zake zokulirapo ndi mayaibulale awo aakulu. Oyeneranso kuyang'aniramo ntchito.

Zosungiramo ndi Nkhokwe

Kaamba ka kumvetsera kumene sikunalembedwe bwino [1] makamaka kuja kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa 20 kukusungidwabe kofunika. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) imasunga zolembera zoyambirira za makomiti, kuphatikizapo zosindikiza ndi zothandizira. Malaibulale ena aakulu a pa yunivesite, monga Yunivesite ya California, Berkeley, kapena Yunivesite ya Texas, amasunga zosonkhanitsidwa zambiri za boma pa microfiche. Ngati kupezeka kwa wailesi ya magetsi kulephera, kutumiza chidziŵitso chapadera cha boma kungapereke malangizo pa lonijala la CDrary kapena maulendo a mwachindunji kubwerera ku mabon.

Njira Zothandiza Pofufuza Pogwiritsira Ntchito Zolembera za Makutu

Kugwiritsira ntchito kogwira mtima kwa zolembedwa za makutu kumafuna njira yadongosolo.

Kufotokoza Funso Lanu la Kufufuza

Kodi mukuphunzira mbiri ya malamulo a lamulo la lamulo lapadera, monga ngati Coonac Air Act ya 1990? Kodi mukupenda mmene gulu lachidwi, monga la American Medical Association, likusonkhezerera njira zaumoyo zongoyerekezera njira zosafufuzira za ziŵalo za komiti ya Democratic ndi Republican mkati mwa kumvetsera? Funso lenileni lidzatsogolera kusankha kwanu makutu ndi mboni ndi kukuthandizani kuzindikira mwamsanga mbali zofunika koposa za pepalalo.

Kufunafuna ndi Mawu Otchedwa Manosi ndi Macheke

Pogwiritsira ntchito Congress.gov kapena pulojekita ya malonda, gwiritsani ntchito mawu ndi chinenero chachibadwa chogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufufuza Fair Honging Act, fufuzani za “Fair Hosting" (phrase), “kuwononga nyumba,” ndi nambala ya kaundula (m., 1359). Gwiritsirani ntchito zotsatsatsa kuti mukhale ndi mawu ochepa ndi komiti (m'jere., Cample Bankling, Hosting, and Urban Affairs), deties . Mapulatifomu ambiri amakulolezani kulinganiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ndalama kapena deti la mboni. Obwereza ndandanda ya mboni; mboni kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma, atsogoleri a za za za zamaphunziro, ndi akatswiri a zamaphunziro, aliyense akuonetsa malingaliro osiyana.

Kupenda Mayeso ndi Mboni

Ŵerengani mawu okonzedwa choyamba, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala olinganizidwa ndi atsatanetsatane kuposa umboni wa pakamwa. Ndiyeno gogomezerani pa Q& A chigawo, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimavumbula kusamvana, kusagwirizana, ndi chidziŵitso chosayembekezereka. Samalani mmene ziŵalo za komiti zimachitira mafunso awo; malingaliro awo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zikuonekera. Taonani chidwi chachikulu chimene mboni iliyonse imakhala nacho: woimira makampani, wophunzira, woyang'anira boma, kapena nzika. Mtanda unasankha mawu operekedwa m'kumvetsera ndi magwero ena kuti uone ngati wolondola kapena kukondera.

Kupitira Pamodzi ndi Maziko Ena

Zolembera zakumva siziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito paokha. Yerekezerani umboni ndi mawu a lamulolo monga momwe linadziŵikitsidwira ndi kuchitidwa. Tayang'anani pa lipoti la komiti limene litsagana ndi ndalamazo; kaŵirikaŵiri limafupikitsa zigomeko zimene zamvedwa m'kumvetsera. Fufuzani nkhani zazikulu kuyambira nthaŵiyo kuti mumvetse nkhani za ndale zadziko. Nkhani za m'magazini ndi mabuku angapendenso zonena zofananazo, kupereka kupenda kwachiŵiri kumene kungawonjezere malingaliro anu.

Malangizo Othandiza Kufufuza Bwino ndi Kupeza Mawu Ogwira Mtima

Kugwira ntchito ndi magwero aakulu onga ngati mapepala a msonkhano kumafuna chisamaliro chachisamaliro ku nkhani zapatsogolo ndi njira zoponyera munthu mopambanitsa.

Kusintha Malembo a Akumva

Asanagwiritse ntchito mawu kapena mfundo, khazikitsani mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo a kumvetsera. Kodi zinachitika liti? Kodi zinachitika zotani pa zochitika zazikulu mlungu umenewo ? Kodi ndi zochitika ziti zimene zinachitika sabatalo, chisankho, chochititsa manyazi? Conforional Record [1] (kupezeka pa Congress.gov) zimapereka zokambirana za tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo zingathandize kuchotsa nthaŵi. Lingaliraninso za kukonza komiti ya democratic komiti; komiti ya Democraticma-jority mu 1970s idzakhala ndi kamvekedwe kosiyana kwambiri kuposa komiti ya Republican-jorty mu 2000.

Kudziŵa Bia ndi Malingaliro Osiyanasiyana

Mboni iliyonse ndi chiŵalo cha Congress imadzetsa kukondera. Ofufuza aumboni ayenera kuona zolembedwa za makutu kukhala mikangano, osati zoona. Yang'anani kwa mboni zotsutsana . Komitiyo inaitana wotsutsa wa lamulo loperekedwalo? Ngati sitero, kuzenga mlanduwo kungakhale kothandiza. Tsatirani umboni kapena mboni zimene zinaitanidwa pa mphindi yapitayi; kukhalapo kwawo kaŵirikaŵiri kumapereka mkangano wa ndale zadziko. Gwiritsani mayeso ambiri pa nkhani yofananayo ku nsonga zongopeka ndi kutsimikizira nkhani zogwirizana.

Kutchula Milandu ya Matchalitchi

Kusindikiza koyenera nkofunika kwambiri kuti munthu akhale wokhulupirika m’maphunziro. Makonzedwe amasiyana ndi njira yotsogolera. Makope 7 [Maganizo a FLT:1], mawu omveka amatchulidwa monga:
[[FLT:]] Nthano, Nyumba/Senate, Nyumba ya Mabungwe Nayi. Kumvetsera Mtumbo: Kumvetsera pamaso pa [Dzina]. [FLT: 4. [Mbali:] (Mfulikiti). Ofesi Yoululira . URL
Chitsanzo: U.S.S. Komiti ya ndalama. [20]

[[FLT: 3] MMLA Magazi: Magazine [[FLT: 1]], kakonzedwe ndi: [[FLT :] United States, Congress, House/Senete, Komiti dzina. [[FLT: 3] I mutu wa Kumva [[[FLT:]. Nambala ya msonkhano, deti, deti. Ofesi Yofalitsa, URL. [[FLT:] Mu Manual a Mtundu (makope a ) [17:] [FLT:] ndi Bibliographograph: [2]. [Magalamu a Komiti ya [FLT]

Nthawi zonse muzifufuza nambala yeniyeni ya anthu amene akumva (m’njira ya S.H., Hrg 113-4) kuti mudziwe njira yolondola yolembera makompyuta, ndipo muziikamo nambala ya URL yosonyeza kuti mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti.

Mavuto Amene Anthu Ambiri Amakumana Nawo Ndiponso Zimene Angachite

Kuthandizana ndi malekodi a nkhani za anthu omvetsera kumakhala ndi mavuto apadera, kuyambira pa nkhani zambirimbiri mpaka pa chinenero chapadera chimene Nyumba ya Malamulo imagwiritsa ntchito.

Mavolyumu ndi Makina

Kumvetsera limodzi kungayendetse masamba mazana ambiri, ndipo mutu waukulu wa malamulo ungaphatikizepo makutu ambiri. Kulamulira zimenezi, gwiritsirani ntchito ntchito kufunafuna mkati mwa PDF kapena wailesi kulumpha ku mawu apadera. Werengani lipoti la komiti choyamba kugamula kuti ndi ati amene akumva bwino kwambiri. Kuti amvetsetseni kuti mapepala akale angafufuzidwe monga zithunzi, kupangitsa kuti mawu alembedwe mwa kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha OCR chokha. Mkhalidwe wa OCR ukhale wosiyana; mapepala ena kuchokera m'ma 1960 ndi poyamba penipeni, mukhoza kukhala ndi zolakwa. M’nkhani zotero, gwiritsani ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito kupeka kufunafuna chigawo chimene mufuna.

Kumvetsa Chinenero cha Komiti ndi Zochita

Makalata a Congress amadzaza ndi mawu olembedwa procedal gon: “kuvomereza kogwirizana,”“ kujambula,” “kujambula. . Musanayambe, pendani mawu a matanthauzo a masamu (laibulale ya Congress ili ndi chinthu chothandiza). Ndiponso phunzirani misonkhano ya maina: kumvetsera kungatchedwe “kumvetsera H.R. 1234,” koma nambala ingasinthe mkati mwa ntchitoyo. Pofufuza, gwiritsani ntchito nambala ndi maina otchuka. Ngati kumvetsera kuli mbali ya mawu olembedwa ndi dzina la munthu, kufufuza ndi dzina la ilo. Don’t' samanyalanyaza zokometsera, zimene nthaŵi zambiri zimaphatikizapo maphunziro, ndi malipo.

Kupenda Nkhani: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zolembera za Kumva Kuphunzira za Environmental Protection Agency Yachiyambi

Kuchitira chitsanzo kachitidweko, talingalirani ntchito yofufuza yoyerekezera yopangidwa kwa Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mu 1970. Wofufuza angayambe mwa kufufuza [[FLT: 0] Conv. Gov kaamba ka “Environmental Protection Agency quency . ndi“1970. Kufufuzaku kumabweza nkhani zingapo kuchokera ku Boma Loonal Committee on Public Works ndi House Committee on Governments. Kuŵerenga mawu okonzedwa a mboni zazikulu monga William Ruckshaus (woyamba woyang’anira EPA) ndi Wolamulira John Dingwell akuvumbula mavuto a za ndale ndi a ndale zadziko kutumiza kwa chiwonkhoswe cha kumbuyo kwa boma. Chikalata choyambirira cha United States chikhozanso kulongosola za kulongosola za kulongosola kwa kayendetseguka koyambirira kwa bungwe la United States (P.)

Kumaliza

Mabuku a mbiri ya anthu ofufuza zamaphunziro ndi amtengo wapatali, akupereka umboni wosatsutsika wa mmene boma la United States limachitira zinthu, kugamula, ndi kuyang'anira. Ngati ndinu wophunzira womaliza maphunziro kulemba mfundo za zaumoyo, kufufuza zamanyazi a pamadzi, kapena kuyang'anira nkhani zandale, mabodzawa amapereka mphamvu ndi ulamuliro zimene zimagwirizana ndi njira zina zochepa zopezera zinthu. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, kupenda, ndi kutchula mabodza akumva, ndi kumvetsetsa kulephera kwawo . Kugwiritsa ntchito nthaŵi yanu yophunzira luso limeneli kumathandiza pa ntchito iliyonse imene imakhudza boma ndi ntchito yapadziko lonse la America.