Table of Contents

Chiyambi: N’chifukwa Chiyani Kumvetsa Ufulu Wanu Wachiŵeniŵeni N’kofunika Masiku Ano?

Ufulu wa nzika umakhala maziko a moyo wa demokalase, kutsimikizira munthu aliyense ufulu wa kutengamo mbali mokwanira m'chitaganya popanda kuwopa tsankhu kapena kuchenjera kwa boma. Komabe ufulu wokha umagwira ntchito pamene nzika zidziŵa zimene zili ndi mmene zingatetezere. M'nyengo ya malamulo osinthasintha, malamulo osungitsa zinthu, ndi mavuto atsopano monga ngati kuyang'anitsitsa kwa pakompyuta ndi kupanga zosankha, kufunika kwa chidziŵitso chomveka bwino, chothandiza sikunakhalepo.

Nkhondo Yaikulu: Mbiri Yakuya ya Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni mu United States

Kumenyera ufulu wa anthu sikunayambe mu 1950 kapena kutha ndi 1964 Civil Rights Act . Ndi gulu la zaka mazana ambiri losonyezedwa ndi kupita patsogolo ndi kubwezerana maganizo. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira kuti ufulu suyenera kuchitika mwa chibadwa [1]

Maziko: Malamulo Okonzanso Zinthu

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Kusintha kwa 13 kwa mu 1865 kunachotsa ukapolo, Demetrimenti ya 14 (1868) inatsimikizira chitetezo chofanana ndi njira yoyenera, ndi Kusintha kwa 15 kwa Demetrimenti (1870) kuletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha. Mwachidziŵikire, kukonza zimenezi kunapatsidwa unzika wokwanira kwa anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo. Kutanthauza kuti, anachotsedwa ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba monga [FLT: 0] v. Ferguson (18966), zimene zinachirikiza “kufanana koma kulingana,” ndi chiwawa ndi lamulo lachiwamba wa Jim Crow, zimene zinatha kutchedwa Black America kwa zaka zana limodzi.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Zipambano Zake

Kuyambira m'ma 1940 mpaka m'ma 1960, ochirikiza udzu , ochirikiza kuikidwa kwa ma maluwa [1] osonkhezeredwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., ndi John Lewis . adagwiritsira ntchito chitsutso chopanda chiwawa, zitokoso za lamulo, ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu kuti athetse kusankhidwa mwalamulo. Zitsanzo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Khoti Lapamwamba linachita chivomerezo chimodzi chakuti tsankho la fuko m'masukulu a anthu onse linaswa Demetrie ya 14, kugwetsa [[FLT:] Plannel .
  • Act ya 1964: Malamulo oletsa tsankho pantchito, m'malo ogona, ndi m'maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Ilo linaletsanso kuvomerezedwa kosalingana kwa malamulo ovomerezeka.
  • Lamulo la Kusankha Ufulu la 1965: Linadutsa pambuyo pa ulendo Selma-to-Montgomery, lamulo limeneli linachotsa mayeso a kulemba ndi zopinga zina za kupulupudza, ndi kufuna kuti boma liyang'anire malamulo a chisankho ndi mbiri ya tsankho.
  • Act ya 1968: Masiku atapita pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Mfumu, ilo linaletsa tsankho m’kugulitsa, kubwereka nyumba, ndi kupezera ndalama nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, chiyambi cha dziko, ndi (pambuyo pake) kugonana, kupunduka, ndi mkhalidwe wa banja.

Kufutukula Malo Ozungulira: Ufulu wa Akazi, Anthu Opunduka, ndi LGBTQ+ America

Makonzedwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe aperekedwa kwa magulu ena ogaŵana malire:

  • Title IX of the Educations (19972): Kusankhana kwa kugonana kozikidwa pa programu iliyonse ya maphunziro kapena ntchito kulandira ndalama za boma, kutsegulira akazi m’maseŵera ndi m'maphunziro.
  • A ku America Okhala ndi Chilema Act (ADA) ya 1990: Iikidwa m'Chilamulo cha Chilolezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu, ADA imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu olumala pantchito, mautumiki a anthu onse, malo ogona a anthu onse, ndi matelefoni.
  • [[FLT : 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015: Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza ukwati wauchiŵalo cha kugonana kukhala choyenera chapadera pansi pa Dementi ya 14. Bostock v. Clayton County [2020]] . ] chinjirizo la ntchito zowonjezereka ku LBTQ+ anthu pa Zigawo VII za ufulu wa Chibadwidwe.

Lamulo Lalikulu Lotetezera Ufulu wa Anthu: Zimene Malamulo Amanena

Kudziŵa chitetezo chachindunji cha lamulo lililonse nkofunika pamene mufunikira kukhazikitsa zoyenera zanu. m’munsimu muli malamulo aakulu a boma, okhala ndi tsatanetsatane wa zimene amabisa ndi kumene amagwiritsira ntchito.

Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 (Titule II, Mutu VI, Mutu VII)

  • Title II: Kuletsa tsankho m'nyumba za onse (malesitilanti, mabwalo a maseŵero, ndi zina zotero) zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena chiyambi cha dziko.
  • I Umutwe VI: Kusankhana mwa programu iliyonse imene imalandira ndalama za boma, kuphatikizapo sukulu, zipatala, ndi madipatimenti a apolisi amene amatenga ndalama za boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] I Umutwe VII: Fribdifs department yozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu wa dziko. Imaphatikizapo ntchito, kuombera, kukweza, malipiro, ndi kuvutitsa ntchito. Mu 2020, khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti “uchiŵalo cha kugonana ndi chinsinsi cha kugonana.

Kulandira Ufulu wa Anthu mu 1965 & Mavuto Ake Amakono

Voting Rights Act (VRA) poyamba inafuna kuti ikhale ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti ipeze chilolezo cha boma (“kusintha”) isanasinthe malamulo ovota. Komabe, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la 2013 mu Shelby County v. Hamer [[FLT: 1] adasiya njira yopangira malamulo ofunikira, kuchotsa chipangizo chachikulu. Chiyambire pamenepo, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo a chivoti, kuchepetsa chivoti, ndi kuchotsa zikalata zovota. [[FLT:] John John akuswa mfundo za Kuyendetsa Gawo Active Active [[FLT:], koma osaperekabe, akapereka chitetezero. Chilungamo china chiyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Kusamalira Nyumba Zabwino za mu 1968

Lamulo limeneli limaletsa tsankho pogulitsa nyumba, popereka ndalama, popereka ndalama, potsatsa malonda okhudzana ndi mtundu, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, dziko limene munthu anachokera, kupunduka, kapena malo a anthu olumala.

Anthu a ku America Odwala Matenda Ofooketsa (ADA) a mu 1990

ADA imayang'anira ntchito (olembedwa ndi olemba ntchito 15+ anthu), mautumiki a boma ndi a kumaloko, malo ogona a anthu onse (masitolo, malesitilanti, mamizimu a zamagetsi), ndi zoyendera. Zimafuna kusintha malamulo ndi zopinga. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba ya anthu onse iyenera kukhala ndi zitsulo za opumira pa njinga; bwana ayenera kupereka womasulira wa chinenero chamanja ngati sangachititse mavuto osafunikira. ADA amatetezeranso kubwezera kuti atsimikizire zoyenera zanu.

Malamulo Owonjezereka Ofunika

  • Tsankho mu Chikalata cha Alork ya 1967: imatetezera antchito a zaka 40 ndi kupitirirapo kuchokera ku tsankho laukalamba m’kulemba ntchito, malipiro, ndi mapindu.
  • Act ya 1978: imaletsa Direct Vict kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa mimba, kubereka, kapena matenda ena ofanana nawo.
  • Chikalata cha Information Nondicrinication Act ya 2008 (GINA): amalemba mabwana ndi kukhazikitsa chithandizo cha thanzi mwa kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha majini posankha zochita.

Kumvetsetsa Ufulu Wanu wa Chiŵeniŵeni: Kulongosola, Malire, ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Kowona kwa Dziko

Ufulu wa kuyenera kwa munthu suli wotheratu; ngwolinganizika motsutsana ndi zikondwerero zina monga chisungiko cha anthu onse, chinsinsi, ndi zosoŵa za gulu.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kulankhula

First Amendment imateteza ufulu wanu wolankhula, kulemba, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kuchonderera boma, popanda kutchula mawu onyoza, kuchititsa chiwawa, ziwopsezo zowona, ndi zonyansa. Boma silingakutsutseni malinga ndi malingaliro anu, koma mapulatifomu aumwini (monga makampani a za mayanjano) samangidwa ndi Lamulo Loyamba. M’malo a anthu, kulankhula kungakhale koyenera kugonjera ku “nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira” zimene ziri zokhalira zopanda malire. Mwachitsanzo, simungathe kutsutsa pamsewu wa pakati pa msewu, koma mukhoza kuyang'ana pambali ndi chilolezo.

Kuyenera Kogwirizana mwa Mtendere

Muli ndi ufulu wosonkhana ndi ena kuti anene malingaliro amodzi. Kuyenera kumeneku kumagwira ntchito ku makwalala, mapaki, ndi mabwalo ena a anthu. Maulamuliro angafune chilolezo cha mapwando aakulu koma sangakane chimodzi chifukwa cha uthengawo. Iwo angalamulire khamu kufalikira ngati pali chiwopsezo cha chiwawa chomwe chayandikira, koma ayenera kulola nthaŵi yoti amvere. N’kofunika: Kukayikira kosaganizira kanthu kumafunidwa kufunafuna potsutsa; machekesi osadziŵika bwino a makampani a 'injini ambiri ndi oletsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri n’ngoletsedwa.

Ufulu wa Kutsatira Chipembedzo Chanu (kapena Kuti Palibe)

Kusintha Koyamba kumaletsa boma kukhazikitsa chipembedzo chalamulo kapena kuletsa kuchita maseŵera olimbitsa thupi mwaufulu. Zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti muyenera kupemphera mokakamiza m’masukulu a boma, koma zimatanthauzanso kuti mungathe kuvala zizindikiro zachipembedzo kapena kupuma pa mapwando achipembedzo, malinga ngati sikumavutitsa antchito (pansi pa mutu wakuti VII). Olemba ntchito ayenera kupeza malo okhala oyenera kusiyapo ngati kuchita zimenezo kungawononge ndalama zochepa kwambiri za bizinesiyo.

Ufulu Wotetezedwa Molingana M’Chilamulo

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment chimatsimikizira kuti palibe boma limene “lidzavomereza munthu aliyense m’malo ake kuteteza malamulo mofanana. Ili ndi maziko ovuta a tsankho m'mapolisi, maphunziro, kuvota, ndi ntchito zina za boma. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi makhoti kumadalira pa kugaŵikana: fuko ndi mtundu zimapendedwa kwambiri (zovuta kulungamitsa), kugonana kumapendedwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo msinkhu umakhala ndi maziko oyenera. [FLT: 0] Kupatula [ nkhani: tsankho likhoza kuyambukira munthu wina chifukwa cha kuphatikizana kwawo (m., akazi akuda amayang'anizana ndi tsankho losiyana ndi akazi achizungu kapena akuda).

Ufulu Wolankhulana

Kuyenera kwa kuvota kwatetezeredwa ndi chivoti cha 15 (mzere), cha 19 (sex), cha 24 (six), ndi cha 26 (msonkho wa kuvota), ndi kuwonjezera, limodzi ndi Voting Rights Act . Komabe, malamulo ovotera amasiyana ndi boma. Muli ndi kuyenera kwa wopereka ngati dzina lanu silikupezeka pa mipukutu. Ngati muli munthu wopunduka, malo anu ofunsira ayenera kukhala opezeka kapena mungapemphe kupempha kuchotsedwa. Mayi ena amafuna kuti mukhale ndi chithunzithunzi; ngati mulibe, magulu a anthu osadziŵa ntchito angakuthandizeni kuipeza kwaulere.

Kuyenera kwa Kulimbana ndi Kufufuza ndi Kupeputsa Kopanda Nzeru

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi chimakutetezani ku apolisi popanda umboni wokwanira kapena chifukwa chomveka. M’mikhalidwe yambiri, simuyenera kuvomereza kufunafuna. Ngati mutakodwa pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto, wapolisiyo angapemphe laisensi ndi kulembetsa, koma mungakane kufunafuna galimoto yanu pokhapo ngati pali chifukwa chothekera (m’mayeso, umboni wooneka wa upandu). Mofananamo, apolisi satha kuloŵa m’nyumba mwanu popanda chilolezo, popanda chifukwa cha zochitika zamwadzidzidzi. Kudziŵa kutsimikiza kuti “Sindikuvomereza kufunafuna. [1]

Mmene Mungachitire ndi Kuyenera Kwanu kwa Chiŵeniŵeni: Chitsogozo Chogwira Ntchito

Nazi njira zimene anthu angatsatire pa nkhani zofala.

Ngati Apolisi Akuletsani

  • Khalani wodekha ndi waulemu. [1] Musathamanga, kukangana, kapena kukaniza, ngakhale ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu ukupotozedwa. Kumenyana ndi wina kungakulitse mlandu wa lamulo.
  • Dziŵani kuyenera kwanu kwa kukhala chete. M'mayiko ambiri, simufunikira kuyankha mafunso kuwonjezera pa kutchula dzina lanu ndi madia .
  • Musavomereze kusanthula. momvekera bwino, “Sindikuvomereza kufufuza. [1] Koma ngati apolisi afufuza, musadodometse; taonani ndi kutokosa pambuyo pake.
  • Kanena za kukumanako. Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kujambula apolisi poyera malinga ngati simudodometsa.

Ngati Muli ndi Tsankho

  • Chilembo chilichonse. Chongani tsiku ndi tsiku la zochitika, kuphatikizapo masiku, nthaŵi, mboni, ndi zolankhulana zilizonse. Sungani makalata ndi mauthenga a m'makalata.
  • Kambani mkati mwenimweni. Tsatirani njira yodandaulira ya abwana anu (kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera mu HR). Ngati kampaniyo sikuchita kanthu, muli ndi chochitika china cholimba kwambiri pambuyo pake.
  • Ikoleyi ili ndi mlandu wa EEOC . Mwachisawawa muli ndi masiku 180 kuchokera ku tsankho kupita ku mafaelo (masiku 300 m'maiko ena). EEOC adzafufuza ndi kutulutsa “kuyenera kwa kusuta pepala, kukulolani kutengera mlandu ku khoti la boma.
  • Khoti loimira ntchito. maloya ambiri a ntchito amapereka kufunsira kwaulere koyamba. Funani chimodzi chapadera m'kuyenera kwa nzika kapena tsankho la ntchito.

Ngati Mwamanidwa Nyumba

  • Akupempha chifukwa cholembedwa. Mailodi ayenera kupereka chifukwa chovomerezeka, chosagamula mlandu chokanira (m’chitsanzo, ngongole, ndalama zosakwanira). Ngati akana kapena kupereka chifukwa chosamveka chonga “kuchenjera kwa mtsogoleri,” chimene chingakayikire.
  • . Mukhoza kutsegula dandaulo pa Intaneti kapena pafoni. HUD idzafufuza ndi kuyesa kugwirizanitsa. Ngati simugwirizana, mlanduwo ungapite ku bungwe logamula milandu.
  • Ntchito ndi gulu la nyumba zabwino. Zosapindulitsa monga National Fair House Alliance zingapereke kuyesa (kupempha koŵirikiza kwa mafuko osiyanasiyana kuwona ngati iwo amachitiridwa mosiyana) ndi chithandizo chalamulo.

Ngati Muli ndi Tsankho

  • [[FLT: 0] Kupempha malo abwino okhala. Kufunsani abwana anu kapena operekera utumiki m'makalata. Mwachitsanzo, funsani jamp, womasulira chinenero cha manja, kapena ndandanda ya ntchito yosinthidwa. Pempholo liyenera kukhala lachindunji ndi logwirizana ndi kupunduka kwanu.
  • File dandaulo ndi DOJ kapena EEOC. Kudalira kuti kaya kuswako kuli pantchito kapena kupezeka kwa anthu, bungwe loyenerera lidzafufuza. ADA imalolanso kuweruza milandu yachinsinsi.
  • Magulu oyenerera kupunduka ogwirizana. Magulu onga Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund (DEDREDFF) angapereke chitsogozo.

Mavuto a M’nthaŵi Yatsopano pa Ufulu wa Nzika

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zingathandize kuti anthu azikhala maso, pali zinthu zina zimene zayambitsa mavuto ena.

Kutsendereza ndi Malamulo a Chisankho cha Kukhulupirika

Chiyambire 2020, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo ofupikitsa kusanthula koyamba, kukhazikitsa zofunika za wovota, kuchepetsa makalata , ndi kutulutsa mipukutu ya ovota. Njira zimenezi zikuyambukira mosapendeka osankha mitundu, anthu opunduka, ndi anthu otsika opezedwa. Brennan Center ya Justice zikalata zimenezi ndi kupereka chuma kwa ovota.

Kusintha Chilungamo ndi Chiwembu

Nkhani zazikulu za polisi za kusadziletsa zabutsa mikangano yokhudza kutetezera thupi koyenerera (zimene akuluakulu a boma a milandu), kufunika kwa uyang'aniro waumwini, ndi ntchito ya makamera. Zitetezero za Foursement zili pansi pa mavuto chifukwa cha kukwera kwa “noplaknock ". Malamulo ndi kuima kwa malembo. Magulu a anthu a kumanja monga [FLT: 0] ACLU [1] Akukakamizidwa kuti aletse malamulo amene angaletse zigawe, amafunikira kutulamo za chidziŵitso pa kuima, ndi kuwongolera kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi ndi Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu

Chitetezero cha Genear Amendment chinakonzedwa kuti chisafufuze malo osalingalirika. Lerolino, maboma angapeze mafoni ambiri, makompyuta, ndi zipangizo zapamwamba. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo cha kupezera ma cellphone data ( Carmeter v. United States , 2018]). Komabe, chidziŵitso chosungidwa ndi mbali zitatu (monga woperekera ntchito pa intaneti) chingakhale ndi chitetezo chochepa. Nzika ziyenera kudziŵa zoyenera zawo pamene ziima pamalire kapena kupempha mawu achinsinsi, ndi kulingalira kugwiritsira ntchito ziwitso zosungitsa mawu.

Kusiyana Kwake: Mmene Fuko, Mafuko, ndi Magulu Amagaŵanirana

Kuswa ufulu wa anthu sikumachitika kaŵirikaŵiri. Mkazi Wakuda angayang'anizane ndi tsankhu limene silikugwidwa mokwanira ndi fuko lake kapena mwamuna yekha. Makhoti akuzindikira mowonjezereka “kugawa kwa” zimene akunena pansi pa mutu wakuti Theort VII, ngakhale kuti lamulo lidakali kudalira. Kuzindikira kuti zoyenera zanu zimatetezera mbali zonse za umunthu wanu kungakuthandizeni kuwonjezera mlandu wamphamvu pamene tsankhu latsa likuikidwa.

Ziŵiya Zodziŵitsidwa Mowonjezereka ndi Thandizo Lalamulo

Pansipa pali mabungwe akuluakulu a boma amene amapereka chidziŵitso, chithandizo chalamulo, ndiponso mabungwe othandiza anthu kuti apeze ufulu wokhala ndi anthu.

Kumaliza: Ufulu ndi Mchitidwe Wamoyo

Ufulu wa nzika sindiwo mpambo woikidwiratu wa mawu alamulo . Ndizo chizoloŵezi cha moyo chimene mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kuphunzira, kutetezera, ndi kufutukula. Mwakumvetsetsa nkhondo za m'mbiri zimene zikuchitikira kumbuyo kwa ufulu wanu, kudziŵa malamulo otetezera, ndi kukhala ndi makonzedwe omveka a ufuluwo pamene atsutsidwa, mumakhala woposa kukhala wolandira ufulu wa demokrase. Mumakhala wolimbikira kuyang'anira chilungamo cholingana kwa inu ndi kwa ena. Khalani wodziŵa, lankhulani pamene muona chisalungamo, ndipo musapeputse mphamvu ya munthu mmodzi amene amanenetsa kuyenera kwa anthu ambiri.