Chiyambi: Ntchito ya Mapasi Ogwirizanitsa Ndalama za Kampeni

Political Action Committes (PACs) ndi imodzi ya magalimoto owoneka kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zandale ku United States. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PC amagwirizanitsidwa ndi bungwe, mgwirizano wa antchito, kapena gulu la malonda, non [1] yolumikizidwa ma PACITC [1] Ogwirizana ndi munthu aliyense, chipani, kapena kuchirikiza gulu logwirizana. Kudziimira kumeneku kumawapatsa ufulu waukulu wokweza ndalama kuchokera ku chigawo cha opereka ndalama zosiyanasiyana ndi kuwononga ndalamazo pa makampani, kutsatsatsa malonda, ndi kusonkhanitsa udzu. Kumvetsetsa mmene kwenikweni kuliripiridwira ndi mapangano a PCC — ndi mmene msanganizo wa anthu aang'ono ndi akuluakulu opereka ndalama zawo — nkofunika kaamba ka chisonkhezero cha masankhome awo — ku chivomerezo cha ku America.

Nkhani yoyamba imanena molondola kuti ma PAC osalumikizidwa amakweza ndalama kuchokera kwa onse aŵiri ang'ono ndi aakulu opereka, koma chithunzi nchachikulu kwambiri. Chiwonjezero, zofunikira kudziŵikitsidwa, ndi zosankha zapadera zimasiyana modabwitsa malinga ngati PAC amadalira pa mphatso zochuluka kapena kufufuzidwa kwakukulu. M’zakazi kuchokera ku Bwalo Lapamwamba [[FLT: 0]] Chigamulo cha United[ ndi kukwera kwa PACIP, mzera pakati pa “kaching'onong'ono” ndi“ ndalama zazikulu zothandizira. Kupenda kumeneku kwapita mokulira m'lamulo, opanga ndalama, ndi opereka ndalama ochuluka kwambiri a m'gulu lakwaniritsira ndalama zawo.

Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri komiti ya Nongrad Yogwirizana? Pansi pa lamulo la boma (52 U.S.C. 30101], komiti ya PACI yosagwirizanitsidwa ndi yandale iriyonse yomwe siili komiti ya wobatizidwa, ndipo osati komiti ya chipani chogwirizana, ndipo yosakhazikitsidwa kapena kusungidwa ndi bungwe la ntchito. Imeneyi PaC iyenera kulembetsa ndi Federal Ecotion Commis (FEC) ndi malipo okhazikika. Iwo angalandire zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu, ma PCs ena, ndi — pansi pa mikhalidwe ina — kuchokera ku bungwe la zopereka zachuma (kudziimira pa 76969, PC, i. CC). Mtundu wa anthu opereka nkhani zapadera wapadera: $50,000 pachaka chimodzi chopanda lamulo lamwambo woposa la CC, komano.

Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo: Malire a Zopereka ndi Kuchuluka kwa Mapaipi Apamwamba

Mapacs Osagwirizana ndi Malo a Chikhalidwe ndi Malire a $5,000

PACI C yamwambo yosagwirizanitsidwa (kaŵirikaŵiri “PAC”) imaikidwa pa polekezera yokha. Munthu angapereke $5,000 pachaka ku PAC; PC yopereka ndalama zambiri ingapereke $5,000 pachaka kuphatikizapo K5,000, koma [1] [1] pepala la munthu mmodzi limaletsa wopereka ndalama aliyense kulamulira komiti. Dongosolo limeneli linalengedwa ndi bungwe la Federal Econstation Act (EC) la 1971 ndi la za ndale.

Chifukwa chakuti denga la pertema liri lotsika, ma PAC amwambo ayenera kudalira pa zopereka zambiri zazing'ono ndi zapakati kuti apange zosungira zankhondo. Mwachitsanzo, PAC imene ikufuna kukweza $500,000 pachaka ingafunikire zopereka 50 pa $5,000 — koma opereka oŵerengeka okha amapereka zochuluka. Ochuluka amalandira mphatso zokwana madola 200. FEC amamasulira “opereka ndalama zochepa” kukhala munthu amene ndalama zake zonse zoperekedwa ku komiti m'chaka chimodzi sizipitirira $200. Azimayi ochokera ku Openseach 2022, amasonyeza kuti m'lingo wamwambo wosagwirizana ndi PC analandira pafupifupi 40% kuchokera ku ndalama zake zazing'ono zoperekedwa ($200 kapena zochepera pa 60%) ndi 60% kuchokera ku Opereka ndalama zake zazikulu (200).

Mapale Apamwamba: Palibe Malire Opereka, Malonda Apamwamba

Maseŵerowo anasintha kwambiri pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 2010 cha Khoti Lalikulu chikulamulira. Zosankha zimenezi zimalola makampani ndi maukwati kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamalirira pa zowonongedwa zandale, ndi kubereka ma PACICs otchuka kwambiri — odziŵika monga makomiti a PNGexpenditure . PaCs angakweza ndi kuwononga ndalama zosamalirira kuchokera kwa anthu, mabungwe, ndi mabungwe ena, popereka kuti asagwirizane ndi anthu kapena magulu ena. M'gulu lalikulu la anthu, PPAC, mmodzi kapena 10,000, angapereke ndalama zambiri. Monga momwe ma pulogalamu apamwamba a Practo amachitira.

Kugawanika pakati pa ma PAC ndi ma PC aakulu kwambiri nkofunika. Nkhani yoyamba ya “opereka ndalama zambiri” imabisa zonse ziŵiri, koma malamulo ndi osiyana. Malo a PaC satha kulandira zopereka za makampani zopanda malire; ma PC aakulu. Pamene tilankhula za“ ma PAC , kaŵirikaŵiri timatanthauza mitundu yonse iŵiri, koma ndalamazo n’zosiyana kwambiri.

Mmene Opereka Mapepala Ang’ono Amalipirira Olankhulana

Mapazi: Makalata Osonyeza Malo Oyenera ndi Makalata Olondola

Opereka ndalama zochepa — anthu amene amapereka $200 kapena ochepera pa chaka — ali mwazi wa ma PAC ambiri osagwirizanitsidwa ndi , makamaka awo amene ali ndi chisamaliro chomapita patsogolo kapena chotsimikizirika. Opereka ameneŵa amapangidwa ndi mapulatifomu a manambala monga Act Blue ndi Win Red, amene amatheketsa anthu a PC kuyendetsa malonda ang’onoang’ono zikwi zambiri. Mapepala a manyuzipepala, ndi maprogramu a ma mesethi a [1]toto24one kuchepetsa chopinga cha kutengamo mbali. Oimba mapulogalamu amwalansi amwambo amwambo angatembenuze nzika yoderayo kukhala wopereka chithandizo chobwerezabwereza ka $5.

Syn ddaladonor Translagelation formation . Mu 2016, ndawala ya pulezidenti ya Bernie Sanders inasonyeza mphamvu ya anthu aang'ono opereka zinthu, ndi mphamvu imene inatayikira mu PCs monga Our Revolution ndi The Faice Faice Campaign Committee (PCCC). Mliŵiro wa 2020 unawona njira ya Act Blue , $25 biliyoni m'zopereka, unyinji wa ochepera $200. Pamene kuli kwakuti zambiri za zimene zinatsagana mwachindunji ndi ofunsira, PACs zinapindulanso. Mwachitsanzo, anthu osagwirizana ndi PaC “Mayi ake a United Nations . adakweza 60% kuchokera kwa opereka $202202.

Chifukwa Chake MapeC Ali Ofunika kwa Opereka Magawo Ang’ono

Kulephera ndi Autonomy : Maziko aakulu a opereka aang'ono amatetezera PC kuchokera ku malingaliro a opereka oŵerengeka olemera. Ngati munthu mmodzi woperekayo atuluka, pa PaC kwambiri pa woperekayo amayang'anizana ndi vuto la ndalama. Opereka ndalama, mosiyana, amapereka motsimikizirika, kamtsinde ka mwezi ndi mwezi. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumatheketsa PACIC kulinganiza mikupiti yaitali ya 06 ya kutembenuza ndi kukaniza chitsenderezo cha kuchepetsa uthenga wawo kaamba ka kupenda limodzi.

MaPAC amene amanyadira zikwi makumi a opereka udzu angachirikizidwe. Ichi ndi chiŵiya champhamvu kwambiri chophera. M'mawu apoyera ndi achidule alamulo, APAC ameneŵa amatsutsa kuti amaimira mawu a anthu a ku America atsiku ndi tsiku, osati apamwamba. “wopereka wamng'ono kwambiri” amamasuliranso nkhani zina za anthu ogwirizana ndi mapulogalamu ena ndi kuvomereza PACIC ndi malamulo oletsa kusakaza.

[[NTL:0] Cocition : Pamene kuli kwakuti opereka aang'ono amafunikira kuikizira zinthu zamakono ndi ndandanda , mtengo wa m’mphepete wa mphatso yowonjezereka $10 ndi zero. Act Blue imalipira ndalama zochepera (pafupifupi 3.9% pa malonda alionse), koma imeneyo njotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa mtengo wa 93mail shelail , imene ingagule $0 mpaka $1.00 pa thiki yotsalayo. Mu [1] Ndalama yaing'ono ya PNG . Yakhala ndalama yokwera mtengo kwambiri (6,9,5,5,5) ya Kayendedwe kwa ndalama zambiri zosakhala za .

Mavuto a Kudalira Opereka Ndalama Zochepa

Mosasamala kanthu za mapindu ake, kugulitsa ndalama za ndalama kwaing'ono sikuli ngati mankhwala. Dzuwa loperekalo limawonedwa kwambiri ndi anthu odana kwambiri ndi amene ali otomerana, kutanthauza kuti ma PCC angachulukitse kwambiri kukoka maopto. “katundu wa zida zamphamvu kwambiri [1] [kapena kuti "kapena kuti "kayang'ono" amatsogoleranso ku mame ofunsira makalata osatha, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero cha a a alamulitis. Kuwonjezerapo, ndalama zochepera . Zida za [1] Zimakhalapo pa zochitika zazikulu za [1] Koma pamakhala zouma. Zowonjezera zambiri zochepera za PCCS ndi zopereka zochepa zapakati pa $500,000,000 zoyendetsera ndalama.

Mmene Opereka Ndalama Zopereka Anakhalira Aakulu Mosagwirizana

Zopereka Zopanda Malipiro Zokwana madola 5,000

Kwa ma PAC (non̆super) amwambo osagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma PC (Nom76super), opereka ndalama zambiri ndiwo awo amene amapereka ndalama zoposa $200 koma odulidwa pa $5,000 pachaka. Pamene kuli kwakuti, “wopereka wamkulu” ku PC angapereke $1, $2,500, kapena $50,000. Opereka ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ali atsogoleri a malonda, mabwana opuma pantchito, kapena ochirikiza chuma amene amagwirizana ndi nkhani za PAC . Pamene kuokhetsa ndalama zazikulu zikuyerekezeredwabe ndi zopereka zazikulu za PC, anthu ambiri angapereke pamodzi gawo lapadera la ndalama za PC. Kugwirizana kwa 20222. Kuchokera pa 2022% kwa opereka ndalama zoperekedwa kwa anthu osafunikira kwenikweni kwa anthu pafupifupi 55%, ngakhale kuti ali ndi ndalama zochepa zokha.

Kwa ma PC aakulu, malire a zopereka saalipo. Opereka ndalama zambiri angalembe macheke mamiliyoni ambiri. Mu 2020, anthu 100 opereka ndalama zapamwamba zopereka pa PC anapereka pafupifupi $1.2 biliyoni pamodzi — kuti pafupifupi theka la ndalama zonse zapamwamba za PAC. Munthu aliyense payekha amaphatikiza makampani monga Michael Bloomberg, Shelson, ndipo Richard Uihlein anapereka ndalama zoposa madola 100 miliyoni ku ma PC aposachedwapa. Operekawo si anthu olemera okha; iwo amaphatikizaponso makampani, maukwati, ndi “ndalama zopanda phindu zimene zingapeŵere diski yawo yonse.

Chifukwa Chake Opereka Ndalama Amapereka: Chisonkhezero ndi Kupezeka

Anthu ambiri opereka ndalama amasinthasintha. Ena amafuna kuti pakhale lamulo lokhudza anthu. Amafuna kuti pakhale wotsatsa malonda amene amachirikiza malonda a progress progress kapena oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito translation . Ena amaŵerengera: mayeso okwana madola 1 miliyoni a pa C atsegula zitseko ndi akuluakulu a boma amene amapindula ndi ndalamazo. Komanso ena amapereka chifukwa cha zifukwa za maganizo awo, kukhulupirira kwambiri chifukwa cha cholinga. Kaya cholinga chake chikhale chotani, anthu ambiri opereka ndalama amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zambiri pa pulogalamu ya PAC. PaC amene amalandira 80% ya ndalama zake kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi kapena aŵiri, adzagwirizanadi ndi zimene akufuna.

Upandu wa kutchedwa quid proproququo wachepetsedwa chifukwa makomiti odziimira okha sangathe kugwirizanitsa ndi oyembekezera. Komabe, muyezo wa pakati pa “opereka ochuluka" ndi chiphuphu chenicheni ngwopanda umboni. Khoti Lalikulu mu Mccheon v. FEC [FLT] [FLT] [1] (kugwetsa malire a zopereka zoperekedwa zowonjezereka, kupatsa mphamvu anthu ambiri kufalitsa mamiliyoni ambiri ku PCs. Otsutsa zimenezi amapanga njira imene zikondwerero zachuma zingagonjetse kukambitsirana kwa ndalensi, kumira m’mawu a anthu aang'ono opereka ndalama.

Kuyera Malo ndi Malo Osungiramo Malo

FEC imafuna kuti ma PC ndi ma PALIS atchule dzina, ma keyala, mabwana, ndi ntchito ya wopereka aliyense amene amapereka zoposa $200 m'chaka chimodzi. Mabuku ameneŵa amaikidwa poyera pa Intaneti, kulola atolankhani ndi ofufuza kujambula kutuluka kwa ndalama. Komabe, pali njira yaikulu: zopereka zoikidwa kudzera mu “ndalama zachinsinsi” mabungwe monga 501 (c) (4) magulu a anthu kapena LLC. Woperekayo angapereke kwa 501(c)(4), amene amaperekera ndalama zochuluka ku PC — koma chizindikiritso choyamba sichingavumbulidwe. Zimenezi zakula kwambiri kuyambira [F: 0] [5] [5]

Kuyerekezera Mathithi Opereka Madzi: Madoko akuluakulu

Aspect Small Donors (<$200) Large Donors (>$200, up to $5,000 for traditional) Mega‑Donors (>$5,000, super PAC only)
Contribution Limit No per‑donor limit; aggregate counts toward $200 threshold $5,000/year per PAC (traditional); unlimited (super PAC) Unlimited
Number of Donors Thousands or tens of thousands Dozens to hundreds Fewer than 100 often make up majority of funds
Steadiness of Revenue Recurring, but seasonal Lumpy, dependent on donor relationships Concentrated, can be pulled at any time
PAC Autonomy High — diffuse donor base reduces pressure Moderate — a few large donors can steer strategy Very low — one or two donors can dictate direction
Transparency Full disclosure (name, address, employer) for gifts >$200 Full disclosure for traditional PACs; sometimes hidden via dark money in super PACs Often hidden via LLCs or 501(c)(4) conduits

Tsambalo limasonyeza kuvuta kwakukulu: Opereka ndalama zochepa amapereka mphamvu ya demokrase, pamene ma mega àstings aakulu ndi ma megagédon (mametadono) akupereka mphamvu yaikulu. Ambiri amene sanalumikizane ndi ma PC amadalira pa msanganizo wosanganiza, koma kulinganizikako kumaumba zonse kuchokera pa nkhani zimene amaika patsogolo kufikira kwa okonzekera kuichirikiza.

Zofunika Zothandiza Mabuku Omwe Ali Ogwirizana

Mmene Msonkhezero wa Katundu Umakhudzira Ntchito Zachinyengo

PACI yochirikizidwa kwambiri ndi anthu aang'ono opereka ndalama zothandizira kuchirikiza populist kapena kusintha zinthu zina monga ndawala yokhudzana ndi malonda, kuteteza anthu, chilungamo cha malo okhala — chifukwa chakuti zimenezi ndizo nkhani zimene zimayenderana ndi zipinda za pa Intaneti za ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu osagwirizana ndi PC “ Democracy PAC [1] (agwirizana ndi biliyoni yokhayokha George Soros, koma amajambulanso anthu ambiri opereka ndalama) amagogomezera kutha kwa gerrymander ndi kufalitsa ufulu wosankha. Mosiyana ndi, PC wovomerezedwa ndi mabungwe aakulu opereka msonkho, kaŵirikaŵiri kulengeza m'zigawo ngati mapulotesitanti.

Kulira kopekedwa kotsatsa malonda kumasiyananso: Small pronoor yoyendetsa PPAC kaŵirikaŵiri imagwiritsira ntchito zikhumbo za malingaliro, kuwopa “gulu lina,” ndi changu. Ma proneor oyendetsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogola, kutsatsa malonda ozikidwa pa pepala limene limapeŵa kupsa ndi kuteteza mlingo wa wopereka mphatsoyo. Komabe, kumeneku ndiko kukopa kwa onse — opereka mphatso zachikwanekwane, mofanana ndi makompyuta achte, amagulitsa mokulira m'makedzana a kujambula zinthu zamakono m'malo mwa kutsatsatsa malonda anthaŵi yochepa kwambiri.

Zopereka Zopereka Zothandiza: Luso la Kufunsa

Non ­ CC iyenera kulinganiza njira yawo yoperekera malembo. Kwa opereka aang'ono, mfungulo ndizo kulinganiza : kuyesa mizere ya mutu, kugaŵa mindandanda mwa kupatsa, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malembo a ausinkhu wachiŵiri . Ma PACIPU ambiri amaperekanso zosankha mobwerezabwereza (“kuipanga mwezi ndi mwezi” kukonza bwino kutuluka kwa ndalama. Kwa operekawo, njira yake njaifupi: nkhope yowoneka ndi kuyang'ana, ndi akatswiri a zamwambo, ndi zochitika za pa Intaneti. PaCs kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga“ makhoti a "malamulo kapena malo opereka ndalama zoloŵera mwachindunji kwa ma progning.

Njira imodzi yatsopano ndi “m'mapale otchuka, , amene amasunga zonse ziŵiri PC (yokhala ndi malire aakulu) ndi paC yaikulu (yopanda malire). Zimenezi zimalola komiti kupempha zopereka zazing'ono za pulogalamu yapamwambayo pamene ikufunanso kukhala ndi mamegadonino a pa PC. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo [[FLT:] Club ya Growth Act ndi [FLT:] Maitary PC . Hybrid PACs angasangalale ndi mapindu opindulitsa a udzu pamene akulandirabechekerera mayeso asanu ndi anayi.

Kuona Bwino, Kutsekereza, ndi Kutsutsana kwa Democratic Administ

Kufuna Kuthetsa Vutoli

Kufufuza kwa anthu kwasonyeza kuchirikiza mwamphamvu kuti opereka onse andale zadziko — kuphatikizapo awo a PCS — adziŵike mokwanira. Chikalata cha DISCLOSE, choyambitsidwa mobwerezabwereza m'Congress, chingakakamize kuvumbula ma PAC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda zapamwamba zopereka zopereka ndalama zoposa $10,000. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kuulula kungaziziritse kumasuka kulankhula ndi kuletsa operekawo amene atengamo mbali, makamaka pankhani zotsutsana. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kwambiri kuulula malamulo, malinga ngati iwo saali olemetsa kwambiri.

Ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa ndi opereka ndalama aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza kuwonekera kwa kuwonekera monga nsonga yogulitsa. Amafalitsa operekawo ndandanda yaufulu, akumanena kuti kuwala kwa dzuŵa ndiko mankhwala opha tizilombo. Mosiyana ndi, ma PC aakulu odalira pa opereka a kampani yaikulu ochepa kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi kuvumbulidwa, kuwopa kubwezera kwa ogula kapena osunga.

Ndalama Zakuda ndi Kuchepa kwa Kukhulupirirana

Kukwera kwa ndalama zamdima — kuwonongedwa kwa ndale zadziko ndi zinthu zosavumbula operekawo — kumatsutsa mfundo zonse za ulamuliro wa FEC. Mu 2022, Special PC ,“ Mtundu umodzi” (wogwirizana ndi bungwe la Comptant Leadership Fund) kuchotsapo mitu ya anthu kuchokera ku chidutswa cha 501 (c). Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti anthu adziwe kuti ndi ndanidi amene ali ndi malonda a PACI. FEC yakhala itafafanizidwa ndi zigamu za gulu la operekera malamulo ovomerezeka, kusiya dongosolo la zinthu m'dzikolo.

Kwa ang'onoang'ono olandira ndalama zothandizira pa ma PAC, mpata wa kuonekeratu ndi wovuta. Sangabise mosavuta maziko awo a ndalama, pamene kuli kwakuti ma phydonor ster Cas angapereke. Zimenezi zimafuna kusintha zinthu, kuphatikizapo kugula magulu onse owononga ndalama zoposa $10,000 pa kusatsa malonda awo andale kuti aulule anthu awo apamwamba.

Zovuta za Demokrase: Kulinganiza Kutengamo Mbali ndi Mphamvu

Demokrase Yaing’ono: Chiyembekezo Kapena Hype?

Ochirikiza ndalama zaing'ono za ndalama amanena kuti zingachepetse chisonkhezero choipa cha ndalama zambiri. Chitsanzo nthaŵi zina chimatchedwa “dongosolo la kampani [1]. Programu zonga dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka pulezidenti (ngakhale kwakukulukulu yathanzi) ndi maprogramu a oyendetsa ndege m'magawo onga Maine ndi Connecticut amasonyeza kuti kamwana kakang'ono kangatengemo mbali. Pamlingo wa boma, “Emigrower Citizens Act [1] kangawonjezere ndalama zoyendera limodzi ndi ndalama za anthu — koma sikunapita.

Otsutsa amati kutumiza mauthenga pa Intaneti si chinthu choyera ayi. Kukhoza kupindulitsa kwambiri anthu olemera amene amapereka macheke “ang’onoang’ono ambiri kuchokera kwa anzawo ndi anzawo. Ndiponso, ma projekiti aang’ono a pa Intaneti amene amayang’anira zipata, angawapatse mphamvu anthu amene amada nkhawa ndi mphamvu ya Silicon Valley.

Kutengeka Maganizo ndi Kuthandiza Anthu Ambiri

Chiyambire CIZILENS BON , ma PAC akhala galimoto yaikulu kwa anthu olemera ndi makampani kuti apereke chisonkhezero. M'chosankha cha pulezidenti cha 2020, opereka 100 anapereka ndalama zambiri monga 3.8 miliyoni opereka mphatso ataphatikizana. Kuchuluka kumeneku kwa mphamvu kumabutsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri onena za kuimira kofanana. Munthu wina akakhoza kupereka $50 miliyoni ku PC, zimene woperekayo angaike patsogolo zingaphimbe malingaliro a zikwi zambiri za anthu opereka ndalama zochepa. Khoti Lapamwambalo — kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndiko kulankhula — kumatanthauza kuti olemera ali ndi mawu owonjezera.

Nonngavecs yomwe imayesa kulinganiza onse aŵiri opereka mphatso aang'ono ndi aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri imayang'anizana ndi mkangano wa mkati. Bungwelo linganene kuti: Kodi tiyenera kulinganiza uthenga wathu kuti tikope kampani yaing’onoyo, kapena kukhalabe mogwirizana ndi chipinda chathu chaching’ono? Kupsinjika kumeneku kumawoneka m’mabungwe onga ngati Andandanda a EMILY kapena National Rifle’s Political Victory Fund (onse osagwirizana ndi ma PC), amene amayendera chingwe champhamvu pakati pa kukhulupirika ndi bungwe la Udzu.

Kumaliza: Kupitiriza Kupereka Chithandizo cha PaC

Ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa ndi . Makampani awo a ndalama sagwirizana ndi njira zawo, njira zawo, ndi mphamvu zawo. Opereka ndalama zochepa amapereka ufulu wa demokrase, ndalama zokhazikika, ndi ufulu wodzilamulira — koma angafunikire kutsa makompyuta osasinthasintha ndi kusonkhezera anthu kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopotoka. Opereka ndalama zambiri amapereka mphamvu zamphamvu kuti apange mpikisano waukulu ndi kupanga makambitsirano a dziko lonse — koma pamtengo wothekera ndi wokhudza kuonekera bwino kwa dziko lonse la PaC angapereke mphamvu ya chisankho, kukweza mlingo wa Plutocracy.

Nkhani yoyamba inagogomezera bwino kwambiri mitsinje iŵiri ya ndalama imeneyi, koma malo amakono ali odziŵika bwino kwambiri. Kusintha kwa malamulo, kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zakuda zakhala ndi malire pakati pa ndalama zochepa ndi zazikulu zothandizira anthu. Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kukwera njira za ndale kapena kusintha. Pamene kayendedwe ka ndalama ku America ka zinthu kakufika, ma PC osagwirizana ndi 76 adzapitirizabe kuzoloŵera, ndipo mkangano wa ndalama zimene zimayendetsa ndale zathu udzakula kwambiri.

[[FLT :] kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani [[FLT: 1] FEC yosonyeza PACI; OpenSETS database ya PAC[[FLT:] kaamba ka zopereka za mbiri yakale; ndi Center ya Brenan Center ya kusanthula kwa progacy .