Table of Contents
Mmene Ntchito Zopeputsa Zimakhalira ndi Chifukwa Chake Pali Zinthu Zofunika
Kusintha ndi njira yopanga malire a chigawo cha osankhira amene amasankha mmene nzika zimagwirizanitsidwira ku mapangano oimira. Kumachitika zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa U.S. kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu kusonyeze kusintha kwa anthu ndi kutsimikizira kuti voti ya munthu aliyense ili ndi kulemera kofanana. Kusintha malamulo ameneŵa ndiko kuthandizira gulu la ndale, m'''''gulu, kapena gulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupeputsa ndi mbali yovomerezeka ya demokrase yoimira, gerrymermaning imanyoza kuimira kolungama ndipo kwakhala imodzi ya nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri m'masankhoti a ku America.
Maziko a Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Kubwezeretsa Chiyeneretso
Chifuniro cha kujambulanso mizera ya chigawo chimachokera ku lamulo la Konsichushoni la kubala anthu kwa declinity (Artle I, Chigawo 2) ndi lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, chisankho chimodzi" chokhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani zotchuka zonga ] Baker v. Carr[FLD 1:1] (1962) ndi [FLT] Reynolds v. SIMS (1964]). Malamulo ameneŵa anafuna kuti madera a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo akhale ndi anthu ofanana kuteteza midzi yoposa midzi ndi mizinda.
Munthu Mmodzi, Mfundo Yachilamulo Imodzi
Zigamulo zimenezi zisanaperekedwe, mayiko ambiri anasunga madera okhala ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1960, zigawo zina za boma ku California zinali ndi anthu ofika sikisi miliyoni pamene ena anali osafika 15,000. Khoti linalengeza kuti kusagwirizana koteroko kunaphwanya mlingo wa Exctal Protection Claus of the 1450th Amendment. Lerolino, kupeputsa anthu a chigawo chilichonse kuyenera kubwerera ndi maperesenti osachepera kuchokera ku avareji yoyenerera.
Zofunika za Boma ndi Udindo wa Boma
Kuphatikiza pa kulingana kwa anthu, kukonzanso malamulo, kuyenera kugwirizana ndi lamulo la Voting Rights Act ya 1965, limene limaletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha. Chigawo 2 cha Chikalatachi chikufuna kuti mapulani akusanthula asachepetse mphamvu yosankha ya anthu a mafuko ochepa kapena a zinenero. Kuwonjezera apo, zokhazikitsa za malamulo za 14 ndi 15 zimaletsa anthu a fuko losiyana. Maboma ambiri amapatsa ulamuliro wa boma, ngakhale kuti ena amagwiritsira ntchito mabungwe apadera kapena mabungwe ena. Njirayi imasiyana kwambiri ndi boma, kutsogolera ntchito yopanga malamulo ndi machitachita.
Njira Yowongolera
Kubwezeretsa kumachitika m’chigawo chilichonse ndi zigawo zingapo, komanso ndi mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe akomweko. Kachitidweka kamayamba pambuyo poti bungwe la Census Bureau litulutsa tsatanetsatane wa za anthu, amene nthaŵi zambiri amapezeka podzafika March chaka chotsatira kuŵerengerako.
Kufufuza Mabuku ndi Kusintha kwa Anthu
Chiŵerengero cha anthu cha milingo ya m’chigawochi chimapereka ziŵerengero zimene zimasonyeza madera amene akula, kuchepa, kapena kusamuka. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 2020 Census, Texas inalandira mipando iŵiri ya mamepu pamene New York inataika. Maboma ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chimenechi kuwongolera malire a chigawo kotero kuti chigawo chilichonse chikhale ndi anthu ofanana. Kusintha kwa anthu mkati mwa boma kungakhale kodabwitsa: midzi ingakule pamene madera akumidzi akutha, kukakamiza opanga mapu kujambulanso mizere kuti afotokoze masinthidwe.
Njira Yosankha ndi Miyezo
Mayiko ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti athandize anthu kukonza malo oyenera. Zofala kwambiri ndizo kufanana kwa anthu, kuchulukana kwa anthu m’chigawo chimodzi (mbali zonse za chigawo ziyenera kugwirizanitsidwa), ndi kulumikizana (chigawo chimodzi chiyenera kukhala ndi kapangidwe kabwino popanda kutengera zinthu zina). Mayiko ena amafunanso kuti madera azikhala ndi chidwi (anzawo, mafuko, kapena madera a zachuma) ndipo apeŵe kugaŵikana kapena kugaŵikana. Malamulo ameneŵa angawone; mwachitsanzo, chigawo chimodzi sichingatsatire bwino malire a chigawo. Lamulo la malo ofunika kwambiri, ndipo anthu akukhala olingana nthaŵi zonse.
Kujambula Mabande
Kujambula mapu kwenikweni kumachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a za malo osiyanasiyana (GIS) amene amalola olemba mapu kusintha malire a chigawo. Apa m'pamene mapepala angayendetse mizere ndi mpanda umodzi kuti asutse anthu masauzande ambiri kuchokera ku chigawo china. M'mayiko amene gulu limodzi limayang'anira nyumba yogawira malamulo, gulu la anthu ambiri limajambula mapu kuti asunge mphamvu yake. M'mayiko ena, mapu angagwirizanitsidwe ntchito mwa kulolera molakwa kapena kutumizidwa ku khoti kuti livomereze ngati nyumba yogawira malamulo yafa.
Kuvomerezedwa ndi Mavuto
Atakonzanso njira yolowera, ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi bungwe la boma kapena bungwe. Ilo limayang'anizana ndi mavuto a zamalamulo pansi pa lamulo la boma kapena boma. Otsutsa angatsutse kuti makonzedwewo amaswa lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe, amapanga lamulo la fuko losiyana, kapena kuti ndi lamulo lopanda lamulo loletsa kukhazikitsa ndi kutsogolera ku mapu a khoti, monga momwe zachitikira m'mayiko angapo pambuyo pa 2020 Centrees. Kachitidweko kamatenga miyezi yambiri ndipo kamakhala kotsutsana kwambiri.
Kudya Majeremusi: Kuipa Kozama
Gerrymandering ndi wakale monga United States . Liwulo linayambika mu 1812 pamene Bridge Gerry Bridge anasaina mapulani opeputsa amene anaphatikizapo chigawo cha salander-make, kuchititsa kujambula kumene kunaphatikiza "Gerry" ndi "sancher". Koma kachitidweko kanali koyambirira; ngakhale m'Republic yoyambirira, andale analamulira madera kufooketsa adani.
Magwero a Mbiri Yakale
Gerrymanindering poyamba linali chiŵiya chotetezera ndi chipambano cha zipani. M'zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 20, kunali kofala kwa makhomagemu a boma kwa "gerrymander" kwa mafuko aang'ono, monga ngati a Irish osamukira kapena Akuda a Amereka, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chawo cha ndale zadziko. Kachitidweko kanakhala kotsogola kwambiri ndi kubwera kwa makompyuta mu 1980, kumene kunalola opanga mapu kukhala osankhidwa ndi tizilombo tosatsa malonda ndi kusankhidwa molondola.
Njira Zogwirira Ntchito: Kudumpha, Kupakira Mapaketi, Kupalasa Mapiko, ndi Kubetcha Anthu
Kudula majeremusi kumagwira ntchito njira zinayi zikuluzikulu:
- [[FLT: 0] Kugaŵa: [[FLT :1] Kufalitsa gulu la ovota m'zigawo zambiri kotero kuti sangapange unyinji wa osankha a Democratic mu mzinda wina. Mwachitsanzo, gulu lapadera la ovota a Democratic mumzinda lingagaŵidwe kukhala zigawo zingapo zimene zimaphatikizaponso madera akumidzi a Republican-leaning, kululuza voti ya Democratic.
- Kusankha: [[FLT: 0] Kugwirizanitsa anthu ambiri a chipani chotsutsanacho m’chigawo chimodzi, mokhutiritsa "kusanthula" mavoti awo mwa kupanga mavoti a chigawocho mowonetsedwa. Zimenezi zimalola gulu lolamulira kupambana madera otsalawo ndi mipando yabwino.
- [[FLT: 0] Kujambulanso chigawo kuti akaukire anthu aŵiri a m'gulu limodzi kuti apikisane, kuchotsa mmodzi wa iwo. Zimenezi zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kufooketsa adani a mkati mwa chipani kapena kuchotsa wotsutsa wotchuka.
- Kuba: [[FT:1] Kusamutsira keyala ya panyumba ya munthu ku chigawo china kuti apange kusanthula kukhala kovuta. Wosankha ayenera kusamukira ku chigawo chatsopano kapena kuyang'anizana ndi vuto lalikulu m'dera lachilendo.
Kulimbana ndi Mafuko a Utundu
Partisan gergermaning imafuna kupindulitsa chipani cha ndale zadziko, pamene kuli kwakuti kuyang'anira kwa mafuko kwa magulu a anthu ang'onoang'ono. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likutsutsa mosalekeza kuti kulinganiza kwa fuko kulibe kulinganiza kwa Summont Protection Claus. M’zochitika zonga . Reno [1993] [1993] ndi [[FLT:] Alabacalaviama Legistic Blassive Claus v. Alabaclate . [FLT:] (20], Bwalo lodetsedwa kwambiri lozikidwa pa fuko. Komabe, Khoti lakhala likuyesayesa kulongosola muyezo la pa gerberman. [Flctive]] mu Reuclation: [5]
Kupima Majeremusi: Kusiyana kwa Zinthu Zothandiza ndi Zida Zina
Kuyesa kulinganiza, asayansi andale zadziko apanga mavoti ofanana ndi mpata wa kuyendetsa zinthu, amene amapima kusiyana pakati pa "osankhidwa" pakati pa zipani (osankha otayika ndi mavoti ochulukitsitsa kwa wopambana). Mpata waluso kwambiri umasonyeza kuti mavoti a gulu limodzi amawonongeka mwa kuswa ndi kupakidwa. Miyezo ina imaphatikizapo mndandanda wa kukondera, kusiyana kwa mawu, ndi kutumiza ndandanda. Ziwitso zimenezi zimathandiza makhoti ndi anthu onse kuona ngati mapu akupendedwa molakwa.
Zotsatirapo za Kupanga Majeremusi
Ngakhale kuti ena amati zimenezi n’zochitika wamba m’ndale, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti zikhoza kuchititsa anthu ambiri kukhala odziletsa, kuchepetsa mpikisano, ndi kuchititsa anthu kukana.
Zotsatirapo Zake Zosavulaza
M’mayiko ambiri, anthu ambiri angapambane mipando yambiri yogwirizana ndi kuvota kwake. Mwachitsanzo, m'chisankho cha 2018 cha Wisconsin State Assembly , Democrat anapambana 53% ya chivoti chonse koma 36% okha ya mipando yokha chifukwa cha kuukira koopsa kwa gerrymanindering. Mipando imeneyi imachepetsa lamulo lakuti masankhoti ayenera kutembenuza mavoti kukhala chizindikiro molondola. Gerrydermand mapu achepetsanso chiŵerengero cha zigawo za mpikisano, kupangitsa mipikisano yambiri kusungidwa ndi masankho 2020, ochepera 10% ya U. Mipando ya nyumba inalingaliridwa kukhala yopikisana, kukana kwa onse aŵiri odziimira.
Kuimira ndi Kujambula
Pamene zigawo zakopeka kuti zikhale zotetezereka kaamba ka chipani chimodzi, andale amayang'anizana ndi ziwopsyezo zambiri kuchokera kwa otsutsa otsogolera a masankho. Izi zimalimbikitsa oyembekezera kupezera a pa chipani chawo malo amodzi mmalo mwa wovota wa wailesi, wothandizira kugaŵana ndi ndale zadziko. Ochepetsa sangakhale osankhidwa chifukwa chakuti amawononga osankhidwa awo oyambirira. Gerrymerder akuchepetsanso kujambula kolongosola: pamene otola ochepa aikidwa m’zigawo zingapo, chisonkhezero chawo chimakhala, ndipo iwo angakhale opanda mphamvu ya kusankha osankhidwa awo m’madera ozungulira. Zimenezi zingapitirize kusiyanitsa kwa anthu.
Kudalirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuchita Chibwenzi
Ofufuza m'madera otchuka kaŵirikaŵiri amaona mavoti awo kukhala osafunika chifukwa chakuti zotsatira zake n’zoikidwiratu. Kulingalira kumeneku kumachepetsa wovota ndi wogwirizana ndi boma. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti nzika za madera otchuka kwambiri sizingalankhule ndi oimira awo, kuchita nawo ndale, kapena kukhulupirira kuti dongosololi ndilo labwino. Pamene anthu aona mapu amene amawoneka ngati zopeka zolinganizidwa kuthandiza andale, amataya chikhulupiriro m'dongosolo la demokrase.
Kuyesa Kusintha Zinthu ndi Njira Zina
Poyankha kuopsa kwa gerrymandering, gulu lomakulakula lochirikiza kusintha. Maboma angapo atengera ntchito zaufulu kapena njira zina zothetsera ntchitoyo, pamene kuli kwakuti zitokoso za lamulo zikupitirizabe kuyesa malire a kujambula mapu kololedwa.
Ntchito Zodziimira Payekha Zobwezeretsa
Mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo California, Arizona, ndi Michigan, asintha ulamuliro kuchokera ku mabungwe opanga malamulo ndi kuntchito za mabungwe odziimira okha kapena za bipartisan . Mabungwe ameneŵa amapangidwa kuti atetezedwe ku mphamvu ya gulu, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ziwalo zosankhidwa kupyolera m'njira yotsimikizira kulinganizika kapena kusapatula. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti mapu ojambula a bungwelo amayenerera, opikisana kwambiri, ndi osachitidwa ndi opangidwa ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, California Citizens Redificieting Commission adapanga mapu amene atsogolera ku mafuko opikisana ndi kuimira bwino kwa anthu okondwerera.
Masamu ndi Malamulo
Luso la zopangapanga lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuletsa gerrymaninger komanso kutheketsa. Ofufuza apanga ma algoritime amene amapanga masauzande zikwi zambiri a anthu a ku madera ena, mapu achigawo ogwirizana ndi njira zosaloŵera za anthu monga kulingana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zida zonga "kusintha mafilimu" zimalola nzika kujambula mapu awo ndi kuwayerekezera ndi mapu a boma. Maboma ena, monga Colorado, tsopano amafuna kuti mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana alingalire za mamepu owonjezera opangidwa ndi njira zogwiritsa ntchito. Cholinga chake ndicho kuchepetsa tsankho ndi kutsimikizira kuti malire asonyeze kuti anthu afunikira phindu landale osati phindu la zandale.
Mavuto a M’malamulo ndi Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu
Chiyambire [[FLT :0] . . . . . makhoti ena akhala malo oyamba a makhoti oletsa kuyendetsa zinthu. Makhoti aakulu angapo, kuphatikizapo aja a ku Pennsylvania, North Carolina, ndi Ohio, adagonjetsa magule a magerrymerder pansi pa malamulo a boma. Maboma ena akhazikitsa kusintha kokhala ndi masinthidwe mwa njira zopitira. Pamlingo wa boma, malamulo monga ngati a Leature People Act aphatikizapo malamulo a maulamuliro a anthu ndi miyezo yoyenerera, koma adayang'anizana ndi zopinga za ndale. Mtsogolo mwa kukonzanso zinthu mwachidziŵikire ndi kuphatikizana kwa mkhalidwe, kumasulira kwalamulo, ndi udzu.
Tsogolo la Kukonzanso Malo: Al ndi Zochita
Pamene mphamvu ya pulogalamu iwonjezereka, kuthekera kwa kujambula kwenikweni kwa gerrymaninger. Luntha ndi maphunziro a makina zingapende masamu aakulu a anthu ovota, kugwirizana kwa gulu, ndi khalidwe lakale kujambula mapu oyenera. Zimenezi zikupanga mpikisano wa zida zamakono pakati pa mapu ndi okonzanso. Komabe, Al ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuzindikira kujambula mwa kusiyanitsa mapu osankhidwa ndi kuwayerekezera ndi kulinganiza. Vuto lalikulu ndi kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu a zalamulo ndi a makhalidwe abwino omwe amagwirizanitsa zida zamakono za mamepu ya "pilope a ndege" osati kuyendetsa. Akatswiri ena amachirikiza muyezo wa " mapu a ndege" amene amagwiritsira ntchito kuonekera kwa pulogalamu ndi mfundo zapo kutsimikizira kuti mizere itumikire chikondwerero chapo.
Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Kukonzanso Magawo ndi Kusintha Demokrase Kuli Kofunika
Kusintha ndi njira yaikulu yotsimikizira kuti kuimira anthu kukuyendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwa anthu. Pamene kuchitidwa moonekeratu ndi mosakondera, kumalimbitsa demokrase mwa kupatsa nzika iliyonse mawu ofanana. Kusiyanitsa, kuipitsa njira imeneyo, kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya gulu ndi kuchepetsa kuyang'anira kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa. Zotsatira zake zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya ulamuliro: kuchokera ku malamulo operekedwa kwa nzika zoikiziridwa m'malo awo. Kumvetsetsa mmene kupeputsa ntchito ndi chifukwa chake gerrymander kuyenera kutetezera umphumphu wa chisankho ndi lamulo la munthu mmodzi, kuvota mmodzi. Monga masinthidwe ndi mapangano alamulo, kumenyana kwa kuimira chilungamo kudzakhala kovuta m'chigawo chapakati cha dziko la Amerekani.
Kuti muŵerenge, fufuzaninso Center ya Brennan , ntchito yosintha malo [1], , Ligue ya Akazi ofiira a Voters performations , ndi [FLT] U.S. Centrounication’s proging data