Kumvetsa Mmene Osunga Nyumba Amasankhidwira: Chitsogozo Chofunika kwa Nzika

M'madongosolo a democracy padziko lonse, nyumba yapamwamba ya nyumba ya malamulo . "Imeneyi) imakonda kutchuka popanga malamulo, kuyang'anira, ndi kuimira. Njira yosankha oimira imasiyana kwambiri m'dziko ndi dziko, koma nthaŵi zambiri, imalinganizidwa kulinganiza zikondwerero za chigawo, kutsimikizira utsogoleri wodziŵa bwino, ndi kupereka cheke pa nyumba yaing'ono. Wotsogolera wokulirayu amafotokoza njira zopangira malamulo, madongosolo osankhidwiratu, ndi njira zopangira kuti mukhale m'dziko la Senati. Kaya ndinu wophunzira wa boma, wopanga voti, kapena wongofuna kudziŵa zandale, kuzindikira mmene oyendetsa ntchito afunikira kuzindikira mmene malamulo amapangidwira ndi mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira.

Mbali ya Nyumba ya Malamulo m’Maufumu Amakono

Asanaloŵe m'njira zosankhira, kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa zimene sena imachita. Mosiyana ndi nyumba yaing'ono, imene imaimira madera ozikidwa pa anthu, senate kaŵirikaŵiri imalinganizidwira kuimira maboma, zigawo, kapena madera mofanana kapena kukondera kumadera aang'ono. Oyang'anira nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mawu aatali kuposa ziŵalo za nyumba yaing'ono, zimene zimakhazikitsa malamulo ndipo zimalola dala kukhazikitsa malamulo. Iwo amatsimikizira mapangano a akuluakulu, raensence, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yotseka kapena kuchotsa mapepala. Ntchito imeneyi imapangitsa maluso ndi kusankhidwa kwa maatomu apamwamba kukhala ofunika kwambiri.

Njira Zothandizira Oyendetsa Ndege

Njira yofala kwambiri yosankhira mamesenti ndiyo kusankha anthu mwachindunji, koma tsatanetsatane wake amasiyanasiyana. Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito njira yoimira anthu, pamene ena amadalira pa madongosolo aakulu kapena osanganizana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri popenda mmene woimira seminate alilidi.

Ma v. Kusankha Kosalunjika

M'chosankha chachindunji, ovota anaponya mavoti mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera kubatizidwa. Izi nzimene zimachitika ku United States, Australia, Brazil, ndi mitundu ina yambiri. Chisankho chosalunjika, kumbali ina, chimaphatikizapo makholeji a zigawo kapena makoleji apadera osankha a senator. Mwachitsanzo, ku India, mamembala ambiri a Rajiya Sabba (nyumba yapamwamba) amasankhidwa ndi misonkhano ya boma ya malamulo, osati ndi anthu onse. Ku Germany, Bundestrat amapangidwa ndi nthumwi zoikidwa ndi boma. Njira iliyonse ili ndi matanthauzo a kuŵerengera ndi kuvomereza.

Kuimira Kwake

Kuimira kwa Proportigal (PR) kumagwiritsiridwanso ntchito kwambiri m'masankho kutsimikizira kuti zipani za anthu ochepa zikhala ndi mipando yosagwirizana ndi mbali yawo ya voti. Nyumba ya malamulo ya Australia imagwiritsira ntchito chisankho chimodzi chosamutsidwa (STV), mtundu wa PR umene umalola ovota kukhala ndi maudindo. Brazil ndi Argentina amagwiritsiranso ntchito mapulogalamu a PR popanga zipinda zawo za boma. PR imafuna kupanga zipinda zambiri ndi kulimbikitsa nyumba zogwirizana.

Madongosolo a Mafuko ndi Azaumulungu

Bungwe la Malamulo la United States limagwiritsira ntchito njira yoyamba ya zotsatirira (kumbuyo) kumene wosankhayo akupambana pampandopo, ngakhale ngati sasunga unyinji wa osankhidwa. Izi zingatsogolere ku mkhalidwe umene gulu litenga mipando yambiri yokhala ndi malo ochepa oposa unyinji wa mavoti. Maiko ena amafuna dongosolo la zigawo ziŵiri (kudumpha) kutsimikizira wopambanayo kuti apeza oposa 50% ya voti, monga momwe zimawonedwa ku France kaamba ka masankhoti ake (ngakhale kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ya France yasankhidwa ndi koleji ya boma ya kumaloko, osati mwachindunji ndi anthu onse). Madongosolo apamwamba a anthu a m'magulu aakulu a anthu ayanjana ndipo angatulukire m’zipambano zochepa.

Njira Zolumikizira Udzu

M'maiko onga Japan ndi Mexico, nyumba yapamwamba imasankhidwa mwa kuphatikiza zigawo za mbali imodzi ndi kuimira . Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Mexico ili ndi mipando 96 yosankhidwa m'mabwalo atatu a chakudya (pamene gulu lopanga mavoti ambiri lipeza mipando iŵiri, ndipo wothamangayo amapeza imodzi) ndi mipando 32 yogawiridwa ndi kuimira kwa dziko limodzi.

Mawu Omveka ndi Kubisa: Ndani Angam’chititse Kudzitama?

Malamulo ameneŵa amasonyeza kulolerana kwa m’mbiri ponena za ziyeneretso zoyenera kwa opanga malamulo amene adzagwiritsira ntchito mawu autali ndi kuchirikiza kukhazikika.

Utali wa Maliro

Nthawi zambiri mawu a m’khoti amakhala aatali kuposa mawu amene anthu apanyumba yaing’ono amatchula.

  • United States: [ Zaka 6 (ndi chigawo chimodzi chitatu pa chisankho chaka chirichonse)
  • Australia: Zaka 6 (magawo theka osankhidwa pa zaka zitatu zilizonse)
  • Canada: [[FL:1] yoikidwira moyo kufikira zaka 75 (kuyambira 1965, kupuma pantchito kokakamiza)
  • Brazil: Zaka 8 (ndi masankho ogwedezeka)
  • France: [ zaka 6 (magawo theka a zaka zitatu zilizonse)

Mawu opambanitsa amathandiza kupitirizabe ndi kupeŵa kusinthasintha kwa malamulo.

Zofunika pa Ukalamba

Pafupifupi zaka zochepa chabe zimene akuluakulu a boma amakhala ndi zaka zambiri kuposa anthu a m’nyumba yaing’ono.

  • United States: zaka 30 zakubadwa
  • Australia: zaka 18 zakubadwa (monga za Nyumba)
  • Canada: [[FL:1] zaka 30 zakubadwa (ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi pafupifupi $4,000 ya malo m'chigawocho)
  • Italy: zaka 40 za Nyumba ya Malamulo (zochepetsedwa kufika 25 mu 2021 kusintha kwa malamulo)
  • German: Palibe lamulo la msinkhu wokha, koma kaŵirikaŵiri ziŵalo zimakhala pafupifupi 18

Kukhala Nzika ndi Kukhala Wotchuka

Maiko onse amafuna kuti oimira akhale nzika za dziko limene akuimira. Ambiri amafunanso kuti akhale m'boma kapena m'chigawo chimene akuimira. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a U.S. amalamula kuti woimira boma akhale wokhala m'dziko panthaŵi ya chisankho. Ku Australia, oimira ayenera kukhala nzika za Australia ndi okhala m’dziko limene akuimira. Mayiko ena amafuna kuti pakhale nthaŵi yaitali kuti akhazikike m’mudzimo.

Kusemphana Kumodzi ndi Kusagwirizana

Zikalata zambiri za mademokrase zimene zimalamula kuti anthu azikhala ndi mlandu, anthu olephera, kapena amene ali ndi maofesi ena a boma (monga oweruza kapena antchito a boma) kuti akhale oimira boma. Mwachitsanzo, ku France, bungwe la anesinera silingatumikire panthaŵi imodzi monga chiŵalo cha Msonkhano wa National kapena monga mtumiki. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa mikangano ya chikondwerero ndi kusiyanitsa maulamuliro.

Mapangano. Kusankha: Kusintha kwa Zinthu m’Njira Yosankha

Ngakhale kuti chisankho ndicho njira yofala kwambiri, maiko ambiri amasankha kuti aikidwe pa pulogalamu yapadera yapaderayo.

Nyumba za Malamulo Zoikidwa Mokwanira

Nyumba ya malamulo ya Canada ndi chitsanzo chotchuka cha nyumba yapamwamba yoikidwa kotheratu. Oweruza amaikidwa ndi Kazembe wamkulu pa uphungu wa Nduna Yaikulu. Dongosolo limeneli lasulizidwa chifukwa cha kugawana ndi kusakhala ndi mlandu wa demokrase. Komabe, limalolanso kuikidwa kwa anthu odziŵa bwino amene sangafune chisankho. Ku United Kingdom, Nyumba ya Ambuye imaikidwa pang'ono (anzawo a moyo amaikidwa ndi mfumu pa uphungu wa PMS) ndi kukhala ndi chibadwa. Bhutan waikidwanso pa chigawo china cha National Council.

Kuikidwa Mwapadera, Kungowalingalira

Maiko ena amagwirizanitsa kulinganiza ndi masankho kulinganiza kuimira zikondwerero zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku Ireland, Seenad Éirean (Senate) iri ndi mamembala 60: 43 osankhidwa kuchokera ku mabungwe asanu a ntchito (oimira magawo onga a ulimi, ntchito, makampani, ndi zina zotero), 6 osankhidwa ndi omaliza maphunziro a ku yunivesite, ndi 11 osankhidwa ndi Taoissuch (mbusa wa chigawo). Ku South Africa, National Council of Provinces 10 chigawo chimodzi (amene amaimira magawo anayi kuchokera ku zigawo zina 6 kuchokera ku zigawo zina) ndi nthumwi 6 kuchokera ku National Assembly. Mitcherome imeneyi ikufuna kutenga malingaliro osiyanasiyana kuposa ku madera a dziko.

Kusankha Kopanda Malamulo Achigawo Kapena Koleji za Electoral

Madongosolo angapo a boma amagwiritsira ntchito chisankho chosadziŵika kutsimikizira kuti maboma a boma ali ndi mbali yachindunji m'nyumba ya malamulo ya dziko. Indiya Ravya Sabha ali ndi ziŵalo 233 zosankhidwa ndi ziŵalo za mamembala a misonkhano ya boma ya malamulo osankhidwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira imodzi yosankhira. Mamembala 12 otsalawo amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti kaamba ka utumiki wotchuka. Mofananamo, ku Nepal, Msonkhano wa National Gungano umakhala ndi ziŵalo 56 zosankhidwa ndi misonkhano yachigawo ndi msonkhano wa Kathmath Valley, kuphatikizapo 3 yoikidwa ndi Pulezidenti. Bungwe la France limasankhidwa ndi koleji ya a asankhi osankhidwa pafupifupi 150,000 (a, makhomon, ndi ena), kuupanga icho kukhala cha democracy.

Zitsanzo Zoyerekezera: Mmene Mayiko Aakulu Amasankhira Otsogolera

Kufufuza mayiko ena kumasonyeza kuti pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zimenezi ndiponso kuti mbiri yake ndi yosiyana.

United States

Poyambirira, mameya a United States anasankhidwa ndi makampani a boma kutsimikizira kuti maboma akhala ndi ulamuliro pa boma. Seventeenth Amendment (113) inasintha zimenezi kuti itsogolere chisankho chotchuka. Lerolino, boma lililonse limasankha maseneti aŵiri a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi chitatu pa chisankho chilichonse. Malamulo a boma ndi a m'dziko lonse, ndi wosankha wochuluka ndi wosankhayo apambana (unyinji). Malamulo a puligamu amagamula kuti chipani cha anthu chisankhulire, ngakhale kuti ena amagwiritsira ntchito makampani apamwamba-2 kapena magawo apadera. [FLT:] U. . komiti ya masankhoti amasankhidwa ndi malamulo a bungwe lililonse.

Australia

Nyumba ya malamulo ya Australia iri ndi ziŵalo 76: 12 kuchokera ku iriyonse ya maiko asanu ndi limodzi (osankhidwa kaamba ka mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, theka la zaka 3 zirizonse) ndi 2 kuchokera ku magawo a dziko lapansi (a zaka zitatu). Zisankho zigwiritsira ntchito dongosolo loimira (voti yopatsiratu) m'boma lililonse. Mavoter angavote “pamwamba pa mzera” kaamba ka gulu (kuvomereza lamulo lake losankhidwa) kapena“ kukwera pamzera” ndi oyenerera onse. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti magulu aang'ono angapereke chithunzi. Australian Commotion amatsogozedwa ndi Australian .

Canada

Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Canada iri ndi mamembala 105 oikidwa ndi Bwanamkubwa pa uphungu wa Nduna Yaikulu. Malamulo amafuna kuti oimira mamembala a kutsogolo aimire madera anayi (Ontario, Quebec, zigawo za Maritime, madera a Kumadzulo) limodzi ndi limodzi, kuphatikizapo magawo 24 a Newfoundland ndi Labrador, magawo, ndi British Columbia. Mapangano kaŵirikaŵiri amasuliridwa kukhala ochirikiza. Mu 2016, boma linakhazikitsa bungwe lodziimira lokhala ndi mapangano oyenerera, koma chosankha chomaliziracho chimakhala ndi Nduna yaikulu.

United Kingdom

Nyumba ya Ambuye si nyumba yapamwamba koma imagwira ntchito monga nyumba yapamwamba. Ziŵalo zambiri ndi mabwenzi a moyo oikidwa ndi mfumu pa uphungu wa PMS, ndi mabwenzi 92 oloŵa nyumba ndi mabishopu 26 a Tchalitchi cha England. Nyumba ya Lords Reform Act 2014 inalola mamembala kusiya ntchito kapena kusiya ntchito. Palibe masankho enieni, koma Nyumba ya Lords Placens Commission Commission Consenses nomines.

Germany

Bundesrat si bungwe la boma la boma lopangidwa ndi mamembala a maboma. Boma lililonse limavota monga gulu, limodzi ndi chiŵerengero cha mavoti otengedwa ndi anthu (3 mpaka 6 ovota pa boma). Ziŵalo zimaikidwa ndi boma ndipo zimatumikira ndi chisangalalo chake. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mawu alamulo omveka bwino m’lamulo.

Brazil

Bungwe la Federal la Brazil lili ndi mamembala 81, atatu paboma limodzi ndi Federal District, osankhidwa kaamba ka malamulo a zaka 8 ndi masankho osawoneka bwino. Dongosololo limagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri m'chigawo chilichonse kaamba ka mpando uliwonse. Chisankho nchachindunji ndi cha mpikisano.

Mapindu ndi Zopinga za Njira Zosankha Zosiyanasiyana

Palibe dongosolo la kusankha lolondola. lirilonse lili ndi malonda m’chiyang’aniro, kuŵerengera mlandu, ukatswiri, ndi kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko.

Kusankha Anthu Otchuka

[[FLT: 0] Malo otchuka: [[FLT :1] Ufulu wa democracy, kuŵerengera mwachindunji kwa ovota, chitokoso cha nzika yotchuka.
Malo apadera: [[[FLT:]] Oyembekezera kulowa m'zipatale, angalamuliridwe ndi makina a partic, sangaimire mokwanira zikondwerero za anthu ochepa kapena madera aang'ono.

Kusankha Kosalunjika

Malo apamwamba: [[FLT :1] Makampani opanga mademokrase kuchokera ku zitsenderezo za populist, amalola kusankha mowonjezereka, angatsimikizire boma/maboma apadera kukhala ndi liwu.
Mapulogalamu a democracy: Osavuta kuipitsa, okhoterera ku chiphuphu ndi maluso apambuyo, nzika zimadzimva zolekana ndi zosankhidwa.

Kukonzekera

[[FLT: 0] Malo oonekera: [[FLT :1] angabweretse akatswiri ndi atsogoleri amene sakufuna udindo, amapereka bata ndi kupitirizabe, amapeŵa mtengo wa chisankho.
Malo: Kusoŵa kuŵerengera, kuthekera kwa kuvomereza, kuchepetsa uchifumu wotchuka.

Madongosolo a Majeretarian System

Protopic projective (monga Australia) ingachititse kuimira kosiyanasiyana koma ingachititse kutseguka kwa maluwa ngati pali mbali zambiri zofunikira kupanga madongosolo ambiri. Majoritarianism [ (monga U.S.]) kupanga opambana owonekera bwino koma angasiye mbali zazikulu za anthu popanda kuimira mu seta.

Mkupiti, Kutukula Mafano, ndi Mbali ya Mapwando Andale

M'maiko amene amasankhidwa, njira imayamba kale kwambiri tsiku la chisankho lisanafike. Magulu andale amachita mbali yaikulu posankha anthu ofuna kulowa m’gulu, kukweza ndalama, ndi kutumiza ovota. M'madongosolo a olemba (ofala ku PR), atsogoleri a zipani amasankha dongosolo la ofunsira, kuwapatsa mphamvu zambiri. M'madongosolo a zigawo otsegulidwa kapena a m’chigawo chimodzi, oyembekezera kuyambitsa mavoti aumwini. Mabungwe, ndi zipani zovomereza kukhazikitsa munda wa ofunsira. Anthu amene amafuna kukhala otsogolera ntchito nthaŵi zambiri amafunika kumanga maseneti pakati pa chipani, kukweza ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zamphamvu. Kumvetsetsa magulu achangu nkofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene opanga makampani amasankhidwa, monga gulu la anthu likhoza kukhala ofunika kwambiri kuposa gulu la anthu onse m’ka gawolo.

Kusintha kwa Posachedwapa ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Mayiko ambiri akhala akutsutsana kapena kusintha zinthu pa njira zawo zosankhira. Canada analingalira kuti kusankha mamembala a boma koma analephera kukwaniritsa malamulo. United Kingdom yakambirana Nyumba yosankhidwa ya Ambuye koma sinachitepo kanthu. Ku United States, amalamula kuti achotse kapena asinthe nyumba ya malamulo chifukwa cha mphamvu ya maboma aang'ono. Ena amafuna kuti zigawo zambiri kapena mavoti a m'zigawo a boma apange masankhoti opikisana ndi oimira. Kumvetsa mikangano imeneyi kumathandiza nzika za dziko lawo kuona ngati malamulo a dziko lawo asintha.

Chifukwa Chake Nzika Ziyenera Kusamala Mmene Ocheretsa Amasankhidwira

Njira imene oimira boma amasankhidwa imayambukira mwachindunji malamulo, kulinganiza mphamvu pakati pa nthambi, ndi kukhoza kwa nzika kuŵerengera boma lawo. Pamene njira zosankha zikhala zopeka kapena zolamuliridwa ndi ndalama, kudalira anthu kumawonongeka. Pamene akukhala ophatikizidwa ndi ooneka bwino, nzika zimakhala zothekera kwambiri kutengamo mbali ndi kudzimva kukhala zoimiridwa. Ngati dziko lanu limagwiritsira ntchito masankho achindulo, masankho, kapena kuikidwa, kupitirizabe kudziŵa za malamulo ndi zotulukapo zawo kuli mbali yaikulu ya unziri wa democracy. Mwa kuzindikira mmene oimira a sansi amasankhidwira, mungapange zosankha zabwino pa bokosi la bolot ndi ochirikiza zowongolera zimene zimalamulira.

Nkhani iyi inalembedwa monga chopereka chophunzitsa. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chalamulo chonena za malamulo a chisankho a dziko lanu, funsani bungwe lanu la voti kapena uminisitala wa chilungamo. Mapangano a kunja amapereka mawu owonjezereka; anali olondola panthaŵi yofalitsidwa.