Oimira amapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa demokrase, kutumikira monga kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa nzika wamba ndi dongosolo la malamulo. Kaya m'nyumba yalamulo ya dziko, msonkhano wa boma, kapena bungwe lakwawo, akuluakulu osankhidwa ameneŵa amaikizidwa thayo losuliza la kutembenuza anthu kudzakhala koyenera kugwira ntchito. Kumvetsetsa mmene oimira amasankhidwira ndi zimene amachita kamodzi m’maudindo amapatsa nzika zawo mphamvu ya kutengamo mbali m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko, kuchititsa atsogoleri awo kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza mokhutiritsa kaamba ka madera awo.

Mmene Oimira Amadziŵikitsidwira

Njira yosankha woimira ndi ulendo wa mbali zambiri umene umayamba kale anthu asanavote asanayambe kufunsira. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zapadera zimasiyana ndi dziko, boma, kapena chigawo cha boma, madongosolo a democracy ambiri amagawana mbali imodzi yokha imene imasankha amene angayende, mmene akachitidwe mkupiti, ndi mmene mavoti amaŵerengedwera.

Zofunika Kukhala Wokhoza

Munthu asanaikidwe kukhala woloŵa, ayenera kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, wosankhidwa wa Nyumba ya Oimira ayenera kukhala ndi zaka zosachepera 25 zakubadwa, wakhala nzika ya United States kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu ndi ziŵiri, ndi kukhala nzika ya boma limene iwo akufunafuna kuimira. Zaka zofanana ndi zimenezi ndi zofunika za kukhalako zilipo m'malamulo ambiri padziko lonse. Maziko ameneŵa anapangidwa kutsimikizira oyembekezera kukhala ndi mlingo waukulu wa uchikulire, chidziŵitso cha anthu, ndi kugwirizana ndi chitaganya chimene amatumikira.

Mauthenga ndi Kutchula

M'madongosolo ambiri a ndale zadziko, njira ya ku chisankho cha onse inayamba ndi njira yaikulu kapena yochotsera dzina. Zipani zandale kaŵirikaŵiri zimasankha wosankha wawo wosankhidwa kupyolera m'masankho a mkati, kasupuse, kapena misonkhano. Mu United States, primeries zingatseguke (kulola osankhidwa pawekha kapena mtanda wogaŵidwa kutengamo mbali) kapena kutseka (olamulidwa ndi mamembala a chipani cholembetsa). Wopambana wamkuluyo amakhala mkulu wa gululo ndipo amayang'anizana ndi anthu ena a m'masankhoti a onse.

Njira yodziŵira mawu ndiyo kampeni yaing’ono. Olemba nkhani ayenera kusonkhanitsa kusaina, kukweza ndalama, kupanga gulu la antchito odzifunira, ndi kuyala pulatifomu imene imakopa ochirikiza gulu. Mpikisano wa mapulaneti kaŵirikaŵiri umakakamiza oyembekezera kuchotsapo kaimidwe kowonekera bwino ka malingaliro, kamene kangaumbe mmene amalamulira.

Mkupiti Waukulu wa Chisankho

Atangotchulidwa, ndawala yachisawawa ndiyo mbali yowonekera kwambiri. Okhoza kutha miyezi ina mwa kukopa ovota kupyolera m'mabwalo a khomo, misonkhano ya m'tauni, kusatsa malonda, kutsatsa makompyuta a anthu, ndi makambitsirano. Mkupitiwu umasumika pa malo alamulo a wofuna kusankhidwa, khalidwe, chidziŵitso, ndi luso la kuthetsa mavuto a dziko.

Mbali zazikulu za ntchito ya polisi yamakono ndi izi:

  • Kusintha: Ndalama zikutsutsana ndi kusatsa malonda, malipiro a antchito, ulendo, ndi kutulutsa. Malamulo a ndalama zoyendetsera zopereka ndi zowonongedwa za kampeni amalamulira kuletsa ziphuphu ndi kutsimikizira kuwonekera.
  • Zolankhulana ndi anthu: Banki ya telefoni, kutumiza mauthenga, ndi makalata achinsinsi zidakali zogwira ntchito, ngakhale kuti zipangizo za magetsi zachuluka mwa kusatsa malonda kwa makompyuta ndi mameseji.
  • Phunzirani-moumo-Vote (GOTV): M'masabata omalizira, ndawala zimasumika maganizo pa kutsimikizira ochirikiza kuponya mapepala, kaŵirikaŵiri kupereka chithandizo cha zoyendera kapena cha othaŵa ntchito.

Anthu amene amavomereza kuti anthu ayambe kulowa m’fuko la anthu andale, magulu a zikondwerero, ndiponso mabungwe olimbikitsa anthu kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zimenezi koma n’kumatsatirabe uthenga wawo kapena kukana kuvota anthu ena.

Njira ndi Madongosolo Opangira Zinthu

Njira imene mavoti amapotoledwa ndi kuŵerengedwa imasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Dongosolo lofala kwambiri ku United States ndi mademokrase ena ambiri olankhula Chingelezi ndilo woyamba-pambuyo-kumbuyo (FTP) , kumene wosankhayo ndi voti wopambana, ngakhale ngati sapeza unyinji wonse. Zimenezi zimatulutsa maboma ambiri koma zingasiye mbali yaikulu ya mavoti osaperekedwa.

Madongosolo ena akuphatikizapo:

  • Kusankha kokhala ndi chivoti (RCV): Osankha a Voter osankhidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna. Ngati palibe munthu amene alandira mavoti ambiri a chisankho choyamba, wosankhidwa wotsikirapo amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa kufikira wopambana atuluka. Dongosololili limalimbikitsa kugwirizana kowonjezereka ndi kuchepetsa ndawala yoipa.
  • Kusankha: Ngati palibe wosankha afika pakhomo lofunikira (kaŵirikaŵiri 50%), chisankho chachiŵiri chachitidwa pakati pa mamapeto aŵiri apamwamba. Zimenezi zikutsimikizira kuti wopambana wochuluka koma amafutukula kalendala yosankhidwira.
  • Kuimira kwa projectal (PR): yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, PR imapakira mipando yozikidwa pa mlingo wa mavoti amene gulu limalandira m'dziko lonse kapena m'zigawo zazikulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti PR imasonyeza bwino lomwe zosankha, ingachititse maboma kugwirizana ndi kukambitsirana kocholoŵana.

Kusankha pa kampani, voti lingachitidwe pa Tsiku la Chisankho, mwa kuvota koyamba, kapena mwa kutumiza makalata. Kutetezeka kwa Ballot, kupezeka, ndi luso la zopangapanga . Kuphatikizapo makina ovotera ndi mapepala, ndi nkhani zimene anthu amakambirana.

Kukonzanso Malo ndi Majeremanijani

M'madongosolo achigawo chimodzi, kujambula kwa zigaŵenga za magetsi kuli ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kuimira. Njira yotchedwa yothandiza kulinganiza imachitika zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kuti asinthe madera a kusintha kwa anthu. Gulu lamphamvu lingasinthe malire kuti lidziyanje lokha kapena kutsekera makampani. Kusintha kotchedwa kukhoza kudziŵika monga [FLT] gerderning [. Zimenezi zingapange "mipando yotetezereka" kumene chisankho chitukuko chingakhale chotsimikizirika, kuchepetsa chitseko cha mpikisano ndi kujambula kwa onse. Ayina ndi opanga makampani osintha zinthu m'zigawo, koma amapitirizabe kukambirana nkhani yopikisana.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri za chiyambukiro cha kujambula, onani [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center ya kupenda chilungamo cha kufiira [1]

Mbali ya Woimira Boma

Ntchito ya woimira wina ikangosankhidwa, njovuta kwambiri kuposa kungosankha pa ngongole. Iwo ayenera kulinganiza zofunikira zopikisana kwa gulu lawo, anthu awo, magulu a zikondwerero, ndi chikumbumtima chawo.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Ntchito yaikulu ya lamulo la wopanga malamulo ndiyo kupanga mapangano, kutsutsana, ndi kuvota pa malamulo olinganizidwa. M'nyumba ya Oimira a ku United States, zimenezi zimayamba pamene chiŵalo cha lamulo chiyambitsa lamulo. Lamulolo kenaka limaperekedwa ku komiti kaamba ka kufufuza kwatsatanetsatane. Kuweruza kwa Komiti kumalola akatswiri, ochirikiza, kapena otsutsa kupereka umboni. komitiyo ingalembe lamulolo isanavote kuti ilembe ngati ingalipereke ku chipinda chonse.

Ngati chivotedwa, lamulolo lipita ku Khoti kuti akalandire chithandizo chofanana ndi cha Boma kapena ngati alandira chisankho, ayenera kukonzanso. Njira yovuta imeneyi ingatenge miyezi kapena zaka, ndipo ndalama zambiri zimene zakhala zikuperekedwa sizingakhale lamulo.

Ntchito ya Komiti

Makomiti ndiwo kumene ntchito yeniyeni ya kulinganiza imachitikira. Oimira amagaŵiridwa kuimirira makomiti osamalira madera onga ngati maprogramu, ulimi, chitetezo, maphunziro, kapena nkhani zachilendo. Kupyolera mwa makomiti, mamembala a ukatswiri, mayeso kuti afufuze ntchito za nthambi zazikulu, ndi kulinganiza malamulo zisanafike pansi.

Kuyang’anira komiti yamphamvu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu Ovutika ndi Zochita

Imodzi ya njira zowonekera kwambiri zothandizira anthu ndiyo mautumiki, otchedwa kabokosi . Pamene nzika ilimbana ndi bungwe la boma . monga ngati phindu la Social Security lochedwa, pasipoti yosaperekedwa, kapena zimene woimira wantchito anganeneze kuti athane ndi kuchotsa njirayo. Ofesi ya antchito yoyendetsa boureaucratic tepi ndi kulankhula mwachindunji ndi makampani oimira anthu pa ma orgon.

Ntchito yosamalira anthu njofunika nthaŵi yambiri koma imakulitsa ubwino waukulu. Oimira amene amalabadira mofulumira zosoŵa za oimira ali othekera kwambiri kusankhidwanso, pamene osankha amamva kugwirizana kwawo kwaumwini ndi ofesi ya woimirayo.

Kuimira ndi Kuphunzitsa

Pambali pa mlandu, nthumwi zimatchula nkhaŵa za chigawo chawo m'nkhani za lamulo ndi mavoti. Ayenera kulingalira mmene ndalama zidzayambukirira ntchito za kumaloko, sukulu, ziŵiya zapamwamba, ndi malo okhala.

Kuphunzira kumatanthauzanso kusungitsa macharks [[FLT:] kapena [[FLT :2] motsogozedwa ndi ndalama zowonongedwa (imene kale inkadziŵika monga ntchito zosamalira nyama ya nkhumba) m'maprojekiti monga kukonza magalimoto aakulu, kufufuza kumapatsa ndalama, kapena kuwonjezera zankhondo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ndalama zotero zingawongolere chuma cha chigawo.

Kuyang’anira Nthambi Yotsogolera

Malamulo si kukhazikitsa mabungwe okha; iwo amayang'ananso mphamvu ya mkulu. Oimira amatumikira pa makomiti amene amafufuza mabungwe a boma, makampani ofunsa mafunso, ndi zikalata za akhampani. Kuyang'anira kumavumbula zinyalala, chinyengo, ndi kulephera kwa malamulo . Mphamvu ya kachikwama . Kulamulira pa bajeti / kuyang'anira ndalama, monga momwe oimira angatsutse ndalama zothandizira maprogramu amene amatsutsa.

Webusaiti ya .gov imapereka ndalama zothandizira pa malamulo amakono ndi milandu ya komiti kwa anthu ofuna kulondola ntchito za woimira.

Pambuyo pa Malamulo: Chitaganya ndi Uyang’aniro

Moyo wa woimira sungangoloŵeretsedwa m'zipinda za komiti ndi m'chipinda. Ayenera kukhala m'chigawo chawo, ooneka ndi ofikirika kwa anthu amene akutumikira. Iyi [makhalidwe a] "ku] a tauni [1] Imaphatikizapo misonkhano yanthaŵi zonse, zochitika za kumaloko, maulendo a sukulu, ndi misonkhano ya nyuzipepala. Kupangana koteroko kumathandiza oimira kusiyanitsa malingaliro a anthu ndi kulankhulana mwachindunji.

Kuchirikiza Zochita za Kumaloko

Oimira kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga ochirikiza kutukuka kwa chuma m'chigawo. Iwo amagwira ntchito kukopa ndalama za maprogramu a kuphunzitsa ntchito, kuchirikiza maulalo ndi ntchito zomangira kampani, ndi kuchirikiza chithandizo cha ngozi pambuyo pa ngozi zachilengedwe. Nthaŵi zambiri, iwo amagwirizanitsa ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma m'madera onse a m'magulu kuti apeze ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, woimira limodzi ndi woimira limodzi ndi woperekera ndalama kuti alandire chithandizo chachikulu cha zoyendera chimene chimathandiza madera onse aŵiriwo.

Kulankhulana Komasuka

Oimira amakono amasunga njira zolankhulana zolimba: manyuzipepala, maakaunti a makampani, mawebusaiti alamulo, ndi mamaofesi a chigawo chakwawo. Iwo amakhala ndi maholo a tauni kapena magawo a Q&A kuti afikire anthu amene sangathe kupezekapo. Kuyankha makalata ndi ma email . Nthaŵi zambiri amapatsidwa kwa antchito . Kulankhulana bwino kumatsimikizira kuti nzika zimvedwa, ngakhale pamene sizigwirizana ndi voti ya woimira.

Kugwirizana ndi Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa

Oimira amakumana nthaŵi zonse ndi mayanjano a zamalonda, magulu amalonda, mabungwe a antchito, ndi makampani osapindulitsa. Magulu ameneŵa amafuna kusonkhezera mavoti a wopanga malamulo ndi kugawana ukatswiri pa nkhani zovuta zonga kulipira ndalama za zaumoyo, malamulo a zanyengo, kapena malamulo a zachuma. Unansi wolimba ndi magulu achifuniro ukhoza kupereka chidziŵitso chalamulo, koma oimira ayenera kuchenjera ndi chisonkhezero chosayenerera kwa otsata ogwirizana bwino.

Creferal Management Foundation imapereka maphunziro akuya a njira zabwino zopitira kutsogolo kwa mathayo ambiri ameneŵa.

Mmene Oimira Ena Amasiyanirana ndi Andale

Mawu akuti “oimira ” angatanthauze zinthu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe ka boma. M'nyumba ya United States, mamembala amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a zaka ziŵiri ndipo amayembekezeredwa kukhala olabadira kwambiri zosoŵa zawo za chigawo. M'nyumba ya United Kingdom’s House of Commons, Mamembala a Palamente amatumikira zaka zisanu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chilango champhamvu kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mabungwe a malamulo. M'malamulo, oimira kwenikweni amatumikira monga atumiki kapena atumiki a mthunzi, kuphimba malire pakati pa malamulo ndi ntchito zaudindo.

Ku Bundestag ya ku Germany, theka la mamembala amasankhidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku chigawo chimodzi, ndipo theka la anthu amaimira gulu limodzi, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la zidutswa zimene zimagwirizanitsa ubale wa kumaloko ndi kulingana kwa mtundu. Mofananamo, ku Lok Sabha, mamembala ambiri amasankhidwa ku zigawo, koma mamembala osungidwa alipo kaamba ka magulu a anthu ndi mafuko olinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuimira anthu ochepa.

Kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza kufotokoza mmene woimira mmodzi alilidi ndi chisonkhezero. M'boma lamitundu yambiri, oimira angafunikire kulolera molakwa; m'dongosolo lamphamvu, kupanduka kwa munthu payekha nkosachitika. Kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro lapadziko lonse pa madongosolo osankhira, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] IDEA Electoral System Design Medicial .

Chifukwa Chake Tiyenera Kumvetsa Nkhaniyi

Chisankho ndi ntchito ya nthumwi zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku . Kuyambira pa mtundu wa misewu ndi maphunziro a boma mpaka pa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Pamene nzika zidziŵa mmene oimira amasankhidwira ndi zimene amachita, zingawayenerere bwino osankhidwa, kuwachititsa kukhala ndi mlandu pakati pa masankho, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’kachitidwe ka lamulo mwa kutumiza kapena kupereka umboni pa mlandu.

Ndiponso, voti yodziŵa bwino ndiyo chitetezo chabwino kwambiri choletsa ulamuliro waumphaŵi. Kumvetsetsa zopinga za kuyendetsa, ndalama za chigawo, ndi zinthu zazikulu zimavumbula chifukwa chake mawu ena amakula pamene ena salankhula. Nzika zogwirizana ndi anthu zikhoza kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumachititsa makampani opanga masinthidwe oyenerera, opanga makampani opanga mayeso, osankha a mpikisano, kapena ochirikiza ndawala.

Woimira aliyense anali nzika yaumwini imene inasankha kuthamanga. Ulendo wawo kuchokera kwa wosankhidwa kupita ku malamulo umasonyeza zolinga za demokrase za kudzisankhira yekha. Mwakuzindikira zonse za dongosolo losankha ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito yopanga malamulo, ovota angapange zosankha zamaphunziro ndi kukhala ogwirizana okangalika m'kuumba mtsogolo mwawo. Pamene timvetsetsa kwambiri dongosolo, ndi mmene limagwirira ntchito kwa aliyense.