Kuyamba Kutsatira Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo a boma amapanga maziko a kupanga malamulo ku United States, kupanga malamulo amene amayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika . Kuchokera ku ndalama zamaphunziro ndi zoyendera za boma ku malamulo a zaumoyo ndi nyumba za msonkho. Mosiyana ndi bungwe la U.S. Congress, lililonse la maboma 50 limasunga bungwe lake la malamulo, limagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo osiyanasiyana, mapulogalamu, ndi malamulo alamulo. Kumvetsa mmene opanga malamulo amasankhidwira ndi zimene amachitadi nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuloŵa kapena kusonkhezera boma mwachipambano.

Chitsogozo chimenechi chimafotokoza njira yosankhira opanga malamulo a boma, kusiyana kwa nyumba m’mayiko onse, ukulu wa ntchito zawo za malamulo, ndi mmene angachitire m’kaundula wa boma. Pofika mapeto, mudzakhala ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira cha mmene akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa ameneŵa amalinganizirira malamulo a boma pamlingo wa boma ndi chifukwa chake ntchito yawo ikuyendera m’nyengo ya kusintha kwa maboma.

Mmene Olamulira a Boma Amasankhidwira: Njira Yosankhira

Opanga malamulo ambiri amasankhidwa ndi nzika za dziko ladziko la boma.

Zosankha Zachindunji ndi Kuimira Chigawo

Opanga malamulo a boma amaimira chigawo cha boma (kwa chipinda chapamwamba) kapena chigawo cha boma (kwa chipinda chapansi). Magawo amapangidwanso zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa U.S. Kutsimikizira ngati kuti ali ndi anthu ofanana ndi anthu . Ndilo lamulo lamakhalidwe lodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0]] munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi , [[FLT :1]. M'maboma ambiri, sena aliyense amaimira kuimira kuimira koimira kokulira kuposa woimira aliyense, kusonyeza cholinga cha mbiri ya chipinda chapamwamba monga bungwe lochotserapo.

Atsamunda otchuka amalemba mapepala olembedwa ndi ulamuliro wa chisankho, amalipira ndalama (kapena kusonkhanitsa chiŵerengero chofunikira cha zikalata), ndiyeno kupikisana m'chosankha chachikulu ngati ali a chipani chachikulu. M'mayiko ambiri, ma projectries amatsegulidwa kwa osankhidwa onse olembetsedwa, pamene ena amagwiritsira ntchito ma starmeripsities otsekedwa kwa mamembala a chipani. Maboma angapo, onga ngati California ndi Washington, amagwiritsira ntchito “madongosolo aakulu kumene ofunsira onse amawonekera pa gulu limodzi lalikulu, ndi opanga mavoti aŵiri apita patsogolo ku chisankho cha onse mosasamala kanthu za gulu la ogwirizana.

Sankhani yaikulu imachitidwa Lachiwiri loyamba pambuyo pa Lolemba loyamba mu November m'zaka zoŵerengeka. Voter pogamula m'zisankho za boma zingasiyane kwambiri [1] kuyambira 70% m'zaka za chisankho cha pulezidenti mpaka 20% m'mafuko akwawo a zaka. Kutsika kwa kampikisano kungakulitse chisonkhezero cha magulu olinganiza okondwerera ndi ochirikiza chipani.

Kupanga Mkupiti ndi Kupereka Ndalama

Kuthamangira pa nyumba ya malamulo ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna zinthu zambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti mpikisano m’madera aang'ono ungagule ndalama zochepera $500,000, mafuko m'madera aakulu kapena malo ankhondo angapose madola mamiliyoni angapo. Opereka ndalama kupyolera mwa opereka, makomiti a ndale zadziko (PAC), ndipo nthaŵi zina kuchokera ku chuma chawo. Maboma omawonjezereka akhazikitsa maprogramu opereka ndalama kapena ogwirizana ndi anthu ochepa ochepetsa chisonkhezero cha zopereka zazikulu.

Ntchito za kampeni zimaphatikizapo kutumiza khomo ndi khomo, kusatsa malonda, makalata achinsinsi, maholo a tauni, ndi makambitsirano. Kukwera kwa makompyuta a zachikhalidwe cha anthu kwapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa osankha kuwona mwachindunji, komanso kuwonjezera kuukira kopanda pake. Ofuna kubatizidwa ambiri amadalira pa makomiti a akatswiri a ndale zadziko kapena makomiti a zipani kuti apeze chitsogozo chapadera.

Utali wa Nthaŵi ndi Malire

Boma limapereka mawu a zaka zinayi, pamene oimira boma akutumikira mawu a zaka ziŵiri. Komabe, pali ena osiyana: mayiko ena (m’mzera, Alabama, Arkansas , Louisiana) ali ndi oimira a m'boma otumikira zaka zinayi, koma ena (m., Arizona, Connecticut, Florida) ali ndi malamulo a zaka ziŵiri kwa opanga malamulo onse. Maboma 15 amaika malire [[FLT: 0]] pa malamulo a boma, kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha zaka zotsalira zimene angatumikire. Mwachitsanzo, Michigan amaimira ku matanthauzo atatu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi (zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi) ndi oimira zaka zinayi (8). Malamulo atsutsa, ndi kutsutsa ntchito ya nzikazo, pamene amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezera, pamene amatsutsa ndi kuwonjezera ofufuza.

Zosankha Zapadera

Ngati wopanga malamulo achotsa, kufa, kapena kuchotsedwa pa udindo, chisankho chapadera chimachitidwa kudzaza malo. Kazembe wa boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa deti la chisankho chapadera, chimene chiyenera kuchitika mkati mwa ndandanda ya nthaŵi ina yofotokozedwa ndi lamulo la boma. M'maiko ena, bwanamkubwa angakhazikitse kulowa m'malo a m'malo kufikira chisankho chitakhala. Nthaŵi zambiri masankho apadera amawona kutsika ndipo amakhala owopsa kuposa masankhoti anthaŵi zonse.

Malamulo: Malamulo a Bagendal v.

Boma lililonse kusiya Nebraska likuchita nyumba ya malamulo ya Nebraska , yomwe imatchedwa Nebraska Legaslature , inakhazikitsidwa mu 1934 pansi pa utsogoleri wa Sainter George Norris. Mamembala ake 49 amatchedwa “Nyumba ya Oimira, Msonkhano, kapena Nyumba ya Nthumwi. Nyumba ya Nebraska imatchedwa“unbaar (m’modzi wokha wokachamba) , ndipo imagwira ntchito zina zosakhala zapaudindo.

Bidaralism inabadwa kwambiri kuchokera ku dongosolo la nyumba ya malamulo ya Briteni ndi kuchirikizidwa ndi malamulo a U.S. mfundo njakuti zipinda ziŵiri zimapereka kulinganiza kokulira, nyumba yapamwamba ikumatumikira monga kuyang'anira pa zojambula zothekera kwambiri za nyumba yaing'onoyo kapena zosankha za mwamsanga. M’kulondola, zipinda ziŵiri ziyenera kugwirizana pa mpangidwe wofanana wa lamulo kaamba ka kutumizidwa kwa kazembe. Makomiti a Msonkhano amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa nyumba ndi mabaibulo a Seneta.

Mayiko ena ali ndi mayina apadera. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yaing’ono ya New York ndi ya Boma; nyumba yaing’ono ya California ndi Msonkhano Wadziko; nyumba yaing’ono ya New Jersey ndi Msonkhano Waukulu. M’maiko ambiri, chipinda chapamwamba chimangotchedwa Nyumba ya Malamulo, koma m’nyumba zoŵerengeka (monga South Carolina ndi Mississippi) imatchedwa mwalamulo kuti Nyumba ya Boma.

Malo ndi Udindo wa Malamulo a Boma

Opanga malamulo a boma amavala zipewa zambiri: wopanga malamulo, wopenda bajeti, wochirikiza, chiŵalo cha komiti, woimira chipani, ndipo nthaŵi zina ngakhale oulutsa nkhani. Ntchito yawo yaikulu ya lamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasamalira zosoŵa za boma lawo / chilamuliro chachikulu chimene chimakhudza pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu osachotsedwa ndi lamulo la boma.

Kupanga Malamulo: Mmene Bbil Ball Ingakhalire Lamulo la Boma

Ntchito yosintha lingaliro kukhala lamulo lodziŵika imatsatira njira yotsatiridwa, ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kuchokera ku boma kupita ku boma. Wopanga malamulo amavomereza lamulo, limene limaperekedwa m’chipinda chawo ndi kugawiridwa ku komiti yokhala ndi ulamuliro pa nkhaniyi. Makomiti ali kumene ntchito yaikulu ya malamulo imachitika. Amasunga zigamulo zapoyera, kukambirana, ndi kuvota kuti kaya lamulolo lipite ku chipinda chokwanira. Ngati lamulo lipita ku komiti, lipita pansi pa chipindachokapo, indendmentment, ndi voti yomaliza. Ikangovomerezedwa, imapita ku chipinda china, kumene njirayo imabwerezedwa. Ngati maselo onse aŵiriwo atsa mabaibulo ofanana, lamulolo amatumizidwa kwa kazembe wa kusainidwa kapena ku mapepala. Ngati kazembeetoto, kazembe wa pulogalamu ndi gulu la osankhidwa (ose jma)

Kuwonjezera pa ngongole zanthaŵi zonse, opanga malamulo amalingaliranso zigamulo zogwirizana (zimene zimasonyeza lingaliro la nyumba ya malamulo koma alibe mphamvu ya lamulo), zigamulo zogwirizana [ (zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kukonza malamulo a m’kati mwa lamulo), ndi zigamulo zopepuka [ (zigwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha malamulo apakati).

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Ndiponso Kufotokoza Zimene Zachitika

Imodzi ya ntchito zamphamvu kwambiri ya opanga malamulo ndi kupanga bajeti ya boma. Maboma ambiri amafuna bajeti yolinganizika (monga boma), kutanthauza kuti ndalama zimene zikuwonongedwa sizingapitirire ndalama zimene zaikidwa. Malamulo oyenerera a ndalama za maphunziro, zoyendera, zosamalira zaumoyo, chitetezo cha anthu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi maprogramu ena mazana ambiri. Makomiti a banki a malo onse aŵiri onsewo amamva umboni kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a bungwe, kupenda zoneneratu za ndalama, ndi kupanga malonda otsatiritsa. M'mayiko ambiri, bwanamkunja amapereka bajeti yolingaliridwa, koma malamulo ali ndi mfundo yomaliza.

Ndalama zopimira kaŵirikaŵiri ziri zidutswa za malamulo zotsekerezedwa kwambiri chigawo chilichonse. Malamulo ayenera kulinganiza zofunika za gulu, chuma, ndi zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko , chitokoso chimene chimafuna chidziŵitso chakuya cha malamulo a zachuma.

Kuyang’anira Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nyumba za makomiti zikhoza kupempha akuluakulu a makampani kuti apereke umboni wokhudza ntchito kapena kuwonongeka kwa ntchito. Mayiko ena ali ndi bungwe loona za malamulo limene limayang'anira makampani a boma komanso nthambi za boma. Ntchito imeneyi imaonetsetsa kuti malamulo akugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi cholinga chake ndiponso kuti ndalama zopereka msonkho zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.

M'mawu ndi mbali ya nyumba ya malamulo (mlongo, Texas, Montana, Nevada), uyang'aniro ungakhale wowonjezereka, kaŵirikaŵiri ukuchitika kupyolera m'makomiti apakati pa magawo okhazikika. Malamulo anthaŵi zonse (m., California, New York, Pennsylvania), ndi ntchito yopitirizabe.

Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu Ovutika

Mbali yaikulu ya nthaŵi ya wopanga malamulo imathetsedwa kuthandiza anthu ndi magulu a boma kuyang'anira malo. Oimira boma amakumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi laisensi ya dalaivala, mapindu a ulova, kulembetsa ntchito, misonkho ya katundu, kapena mikangano ndi mabungwe a boma. Malamulo kapena antchito awo amaloŵerera pa makampani, kulemba makalata, kulemba telefoni, kapena kulinganiza misonkhano ndi akuluakulu a bungwe. Nthaŵi zambiri ntchito imeneyi ndi mbali yoonekera kwambiri ya ntchito ya wokonza malamulo kwa anthu onse ndipo angaonenso ziyembekezo.

Ntchito ya Komiti

Makomiti ndi makampani a malumbiro a boma. Makomiti amwambo (mabungwe ogwirizana) amafola mbali zazikulu za malamulo monga ngati Education, Health and Human Services, Judicary, Transportation, ndi Lay ndi Last (msonkhano ndi bajeti). Wopanga malamulo aliyense amatumikira pa makomiti amodzi kapena aŵiri, ndipo magawo amapangidwa ndi utsogoleri wa chipinda (Wolankhula wa Nyumba, Prezidenti wa Nyumba, Khoti, kapena Mtsogoleri wa Masterial). Udindo, ukatswiri, ndi kukhulupirika kwa gulu zimachitidwa ndi magawo a komiti (Wolamulira wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Pulo, kapena Mtsogoleri Wachikulu).

Mipando ya komiti imakhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu: imakhazikitsa mfundo, imasankha kuti ndi ngongole ziti zimene zimalandira mayeso, kuyang'anira nkhani zapansi, ndipo ingaphe lamulo mwa kusangopanga voti. Makomiti ang'onoang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira nkhani zochepera, kulola kuti afufuze mwaluso kwambiri. Makomiti a msonkhano . "Nyumba] Nyumba zomangidwa kanthaŵi kokhala ndi mapulogalamu a ndalama zoyendera pamodzi, ndipo ndi pamene amalolera kuswa malamulo.

Gulu Lotsogolera ndi Kutsata

M’chipinda chilichonse, zipani zandale zimasankha atsogoleri: Mtsogoleri wa Majority, Mtsogoleri Wam’dziko, Wips, ndi Caucus Chairs. Atsogoleri ameneŵa anaika kalendala ya malamulo, kuyang'anira malamulo a pansi, ndi kukambirana ndi kazembe ndi zipinda zina. M'mayiko ambiri, Wolankhula wa Nyumbayo ndi mmodzi wa anthu amphamvu kwambiri m’boma, kaŵirikaŵiri okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pa makomiti ndi kuchuluka kwa malamulo. Gulu la anthu limakumana nthaŵi zonse kuti lifotokoze njira ndi kuonetsetsa kuti apeze chigamulo, makamaka pa nkhani zapamwamba za chivoti.

Kusiyanasiyana Kuzungulira Maboma: Mbali-Nthaŵi yosiyana. Malamulo a Nthaŵi Yathunthu

Chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti kaya nyumba yoyalulidwa ya boma ionedwe kukhala ya nthaŵi yochepa, yanthaŵi yokwanira, kapena yachiphamaso. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) imakhazikitsa magawo a malamulo ozikidwa pa nthaŵi imene mamembala ake amathera pantchito za malamulo ndi mlingo wa antchito awo.

  • Nthaŵi yokwanira (profesishoni): [[FLT :1] Opezedwa m'maboma onga California, New York, Pennsylvania, ndi Michigan. Malamulo amalipira malipiro ochuluka (kaŵirikaŵiri $800,000 $10,000 [$10,0000,000])) kupanga ntchito yoyamba. Maseŵero amakhala aatali (kaŵirikaŵiri chaka chathunthu kapena pafupifupi chaka chathunthu), ndipo antchito ngokulira.
  • Malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi chibadwa: Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Arizona, Colorado, ndi Florida. Malamulo amalandira malipiro ndi mapindu oyenera. Maseŵero ali otalika kwa miyezi 4-6. Staffing ali olinganizika.
  • Partic-part (m'nyengo): Ofala m'maboma onga Montana, North Dakota, Texas, Nevada, ndi Wyoming . Malamulo amalandira chiwonjezero chochepera (kaŵirikaŵiri chochepera $200,000 pachaka) ndipo magawo amafupikitsidwa masiku 60-90 chaka chirichonse (Atesta akumana kwa masiku 140 chaka china chilichonse). Chichirikizo cha Staff nchochepa, ndipo ambiri ali ndi ntchito zina kunja kwa boma.

Nthaŵi zambiri amatamandidwa kuti boma likhale lofikirika kwa nzika wamba ndi kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha andale zadziko aukatswiri, koma osuliza amazindikira kuti magawo achidule angatsogolere ku kupanga zosankha mofulumira ndi kudalira kwambiri osonkhezera chidziŵitso.

Kusintha kwa Ntchito ya Boma Yopanga Malamulo

Malamulo a boma akula kukhala ogaŵana ndi otsutsana kwambiri zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, kutsanzira zikhoterero za m'Magulu. Kukwera kwa ndale zautundu kumatanthauza kuti mafuko a boma akusonkhezeredwa mowonjezereka ndi ndale za pulezidenti, ndipo opanga malamulo amayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha kugwirizana ndi malo a chipani cha dziko ngakhale pa nkhani za chibadwa. Kampeni yowonongera ndalama zapadera ya makampani a kunja kwa magulu yakulitsa zigamulo zotsatira [FLT: 0] Chitazens United. FEC . FEC .

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, malumbiro a boma atenga kufunika kwakukulu pamene boma la boma lakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri. Nkhani zonga kuchotsa mimba, kuvomereza chamba, kuletsa mfuti, kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha maphunziro, ndi zoyenera zovotera tsopano zikumenyedwa kwambiri pamlingo wa boma. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa magulu achifuniro oukira malikulu a boma, limodzinso ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ziŵerengero za ndalama zimene zaperekedwa chigawo chilichonse.

Luso la zauchigamulo lasinthanso ntchito za malamulo. Makomiti oimba milandu ndi zigawo za pansi zotchedwa Live komiti imalola anthu kuyang'anira boma kuntchito kulikonse. Makampani a zaumoyo amapatsa opanga malamulo njira yachindunji yolankhulirana ndi anthu a m'ziŵalo zina, komanso amawaika pamavuto a mavairasi. Makhoma ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito njira zovota ndi kutsata magetsi, zomwe zimachititsa njirayo kuonekera bwino.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Kuli Kofunika

Opanga malamulo a boma ali oposa opanga malamulo a kumaloko okha . ali opanga malamulo amene amaumba thanzi, maphunziro, chuma, ndi malo okhala a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Kusankha kwawo mwa masankho apadera, limodzi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu m'maiko onse, amatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe lovomereza zofuna za chigawocho. Kaya muli wovota, wochirikiza, mtolankhani, kapena wofuna kulembetsa, kuzindikira mmene opanga malamulo amasankhidwira ndi zimene amachita kuti akhale ndi mbali yofunika m’demokrase ya ku America.

Kufufuza nyumba yalamulo ya boma lanu mwatsatanetsatane, chezerani ofesi yanu ya chisankho ya boma ya Malamulo a Boma [1] ya zofunikira zambiri pa kakonzedwe ka malamulo, mamembala, ndi njira. Kaamba ka malamulo aposachedwapa ndi mapangano osankhidwa, funsani ofesi yanu ya chisankho cha boma. Ndi kutumizanso zikalata ndi ntchito za malamulo, maiko ambiri amapereka masinthidwe aulere a pa Intaneti kupyolera mwa makhoti awo a boma.