Kusankhana misinkhu kukukhalabe vuto lofala m'mafakitale. Ngati wogwira ntchito kapena wofunsira ntchito akhulupirira kuti achitiridwa mosayenera chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo, kudandaula ndi akuluakulu a boma kungayambitse kufufuza koyenera kofuna kudziŵa ngati lamulo laswedwa. Kumvetsa mmene madandaulowa akufufuzidwa ndi kuthetsedwa kuli kovuta kwa antchito onse aŵiri omwe akuganiza zopereka chikalata ndi mabwana amene akufuna kutsatira malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo.

Kumvetsa Tsankho la Nyengo ndi Malamulo Ake

Tsankho la nyengo limakhalapo pamene munthu sachitiridwa bwino chifukwa cha msinkhu wake, makamaka olembedwa ntchito a zaka 40 ndi kuposapo. Ku United States, lamulo lalikulu la boma loletsa tsankho la misinkhu pantchito ndilo Age Discrimination in Orough Act (ADEA) ya mu 1967. ADEA imagwira ntchito kwa olemba ntchito 20 kapena kuposa, kuphatikizapo maboma a boma ndi mayiko ena, mabungwe a ntchito, ndi mabungwe a antchito. Imateteza anthu kuti asamapatulidwe pa ntchito, kukweza, kulipira, ndi kulipira ntchito.

Maiko ena ali ndi chitetezo chofanana. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom’s Sect yosalingana ya 2010 imaletsa tsankho la msinkhu pantchito ndi ntchito. Komiti ya European Union Emplity Exact Direction [2000/78/EC] imapereka maziko a ziwalo za maboma olimbana ndi tsankho la msinkhu. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zalamulo n’kofunika chifukwa chakuti njira zofufuzira ndi mankhwala zimasiyana ndi malamulo.

Ntchito ya Maboma

.Actal Opportunity Commission (EOC) [FLT :1] ndi bungwe la boma limene lili ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa ADEA ku United States. Pamlingo wa boma, maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe a ntchito zachilungamo (FPAS) amene amafufuza mawu a tsankho pansi pa malamulo a boma. M'zochitika zina, mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi EEOC kudzera m'mapangano a ntchito. Mabungwe ofananawo alipo padziko lonse, monga Kusafunika ndi Kuyenera kwa Anthu mu UK ndi UFLD [FL:4].UNIKO la U.Australia.

Mmene Odandaula a Zaka Zathu Amainira

Anayamba kudandaula mwalamulo, nthaŵi zambiri kutchedwa “mapilo a tsankho,” ku bungwe loyenerera. Kuimba mlandu ndi kofunika kukhazikitsa mlandu wachinsinsi pansi pa ADEA. Kudandaula kungaperekedwe kwa munthu, mwa foni, kapena pa Intaneti kudzera pa malo a EEOC. N’kofunika kuzindikira kuti malire a nthaŵi akugwira ntchito – mwachisawawa, mlandu uyenera kuikidwa mkati mwa masiku 180 a ntchito yoimbidwa yokhudza upandu (wochitidwa ndi anthu onse masiku 300 m'malemba a FES akuti malamulo oletsa kulakwa).

Mlanduwo uyenera kukhala ndi mfundo zatsatanetsatane:

  • Dzina lonse, keyala, ndi chidziŵitso cha wodandaulayo
  • Dzina ndi keyala ya womlemba ntchito (amene anasintha)
  • Kulongosola komvekera bwino kwa kachitidwe koimbidwa ka upandu ndi pamene zinachitika
  • Maziko a tsankholo (mwambo, ndipo ngati nkotheka, mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa)
  • Umboni uliwonse wogwirizana ndi zimenezi, monga ma email, kupenda mmene zinthu zikuchitikira, kupereka umboni, kapena zikalata za malamulo

Ngati chidandaulocho chafika mochedwa kwambiri, chikhoza kuchotsedwa.

Kufufuza Kochitidwa Mwatsatanetsatane

Chinenezocho chitatha, mbali ya kufufuza ikuyamba. Cholinga cha kufufuzako ndicho kupeza umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira ngati pali “chifukwa chomveka” chokhulupirira kuti tsankho la msinkhu linachitika. Mbali imeneyi imachitidwa ndi wofufuza kapena katswiri wa kadyedwe. Njirayo ingatenge miyezi ingapo, nthaŵi zina mpaka chaka chimodzi kapena kuposapo, malinga ndi kuvuta kwa mlanduwo ndi kuchuluka kwa bungwe.

Ntchito Yoyambirira ndi Chidziŵitso

Nthawi zambiri bwana amapatsidwa chikalata chosonyeza kuti walemba ntchitoyo, ndipo nthawi zina amamupempha kuti apereke chikalata chosonyeza kuti walemba mlanduwo.

Umboni Wopezeka

Njira zofala zimaphatikizapo:

  • Malingaliro: Wodandaula, woimira wa bwana, ndi mboni iliyonse yoyenerera angafunsidwe pansi pa lumbiro kapena mwamwaŵi. Wofufuzayo angafunse za malamulo a bwana, njira zopangira zosankha, ndi mikhalidwe ya tsankho lonenedwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Makampani angapemphe mafaelo a antchito, zolemba, kufufuza ntchito, malongosoledwe a ntchito, ziŵerengero za ntchito, zolembedwa za opereka chilango, ndi kudandaula kwa mkati. Pamilandu yaukalamba, zolembedwa za msinkhu wa kugaŵidwa kwa antchito, kuchotsedwa, kapena kukwezedwa kungakhale kopindulitsa kwambiri.
  • Pa kupima kochepa: Nthaŵi zina, wofufuza angapite kuntchito kukapenda mafaindi, kuwona mikhalidwe, kapena kufunsa antchito mwachinsinsi.
  • Satistic Ativistic: Kaamba ka kunena kwa tsankho la dongosolo, ofufuza angapende njira zolemba ntchito kapena kukweza kuti aone ngati zaka zakhala ndi mbali yaikulu m'zosankha zoipa.

Miyezo ya Malamulo ndi Mtolo Wolemetsa wa Umboni

Pofufuza, bungweli limagwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhazikitsidwa. Pansi pa ADEA, wodandaula ayenera kusonyeza kuti zaka zinali “koma chifukwa cha” zimene zinayambitsa ntchito yotsutsa ntchito – kutanthauza kuti siikanakhalapo popanda msinkhu. Izi ndi muyezo wapamwamba kuposa“ chopimira cha "kusonkhezera” chogwiritsiridwa ntchito pa Thetter VII kuti mukhale fuko kapena kukondera kugonana. A Restigator ayang'ana umboni wolunjika (m’jere, ndemanga zolunjikitsa za msinkhu) kapena umboni wosonyeza zaka za anthu okalamba (m.m., chitsanzo cha antchito achikulire omwe akuloŵedwa ndi achinyamata).

Wolemba ntchito angatsutse zimene akunena mwa kusonyeza kuti zimene anachitazo zinali zogwirizana ndi mfundo ina yomveka osati msinkhu (RFOA), monga ngati zofunikira za malonda zovomerezeka, ntchito zoyendetsera ntchito, kapena kuchepetsa ndalama zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuloŵerera.

Nthawi Yomwe Imadutsa

EEOC akufuna kumaliza kufufuza pamasiku 180 a kukonza, koma milandu yovuta imatenga nthaŵi yaitali. Kuchedwa kumachitika pamene mamembala alephera kuyankha mwamsanga, kupempha, kapena pamene ofufuza akupereka mlandu waukulu. Odandaula angapemphe chidziŵitso cha “mwachindunji cha EEOC pambuyo pa masiku 180, chimene chimawalola kulembetsa mlandu m’khoti la boma ngakhale ngati kufufuzako kukupitirizabe.

Njira Zogamulira: Kuyambira pa Zokambirana Kufikira pa Kachitidwe Kalamulo

Pakatha kufufuza, bungwelo limapereka chitsimikizo: pali zotsatira zitatu zazikulu: palibe chochititsa choyenera, kapena kukambirana kumene kunachitidwa mwa chigamulo china. Njira iliyonse ili ndi zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana kwa onse aŵiri.

Palibe Chifukwa Chomveka Chotsimikiza Mtima

Ngati wofufuzayo apeza kuti sanapeze umboni wokwanira wochirikiza chinenezocho, bungwelo lidzapereka “chochititsa chomveka cha "” chotsimikiza mtima ndi kukana mlandu. Wodandaulayo amalandira chidziŵitso cholondola cha kuyang’anira mlandu waumwini m’masiku 90. Wolemba ntchito amadziŵitsidwa za kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito, ndipo mlanduwo umatsekedwa. Komabe, wodandaulayo angapitirizebe kulondola kachitidwe kalamulo payekha.

Chifuno Choyenera Chochititsa Kutsimikiza Mtima

Ngati wofufuzayo apeza umboni wokwanira wokhulupirira kuti tsankho linachitika, bungwelo limauza “chochititsa choyenera cha "”. Izi zikuchititsa kugamula kwabwino, kumene bungwelo limayesa kukhazikitsa malo amodzi pakati pa zipanizo. Bungwelo lidzapereka mankhwala akutiakuti, monga kubwezera, kubwezeretsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, kukweza, kapena kusintha kwa malamulo. Wolemba ntchitoyo amalimbikitsidwa kutengamo mbali m’chikhulupiriro chabwino, koma ngati chigwirizanocho chilephera, bungwelo chingapereke mlandu kwa wodandaulayo. M’kachitidwe, EEOC imasunga mafaelo a zinthu zapansi a zinthu zomveka bwino, kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga kusungidwa kwa milandu ya anthu otchuka kapena yokhudza kwambiri.

Kuthetsa Vutoli ndi Kulimbana Komwe Kulipo

Mabungwe ambiri amapereka njira zaufulu zothandizira anthu asanayambire ntchitoyi, asanayambitse kufufuza kokwanira. Komiti ya EOC yothandiza kukonza zinthu ndi yachinsinsi. Mkhalapakati amathandiza zipani kulankhulana ndi kupeza njira zogwirizana. Kukambirana kungathetse mikangano mofulumira, nthaŵi zambiri pa miyezi yochepa, ndipo kupeŵa kupsinjika ndi kuwononga ndalama kwa kufufuza kapena kufunsa kokhalitsa. Kukhazikitsa malamulo a zautolankhani kungaphatikizepo ndalama, kubwezeretsa ntchito, zilozero, kapena kusintha kwa malamulo a ntchito. Palibe gulu limene lingafunikire kulandira chigwirizano, ndipo silina kuyenera kuyenderana ndi kufufuzako ngati sikulephera.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu ndi Milandu ya Khoti

Ngati chigamulo kapena kukhazikitsa chigamulo chilephera, ndipo bungwe ligamulapo kuweruza mlandu, lingalembe mlandu m'khoti la boma. Wodandaulayo angalembenso mlandu wachinsinsi atalandira chikalata cholondola chaubwenzi. M’khoti, mtolo wa umboni umakhala pa wopereka mlandu kuti asonyeze kuti zaka zinali choletsa kuchita zinthu zoipa. Mayeso angaphatikizepo majuji, ndipo opambana angabweze, malipiro operekedwa patsogolo (kubwezera ndalama ziŵiri ngati kuswa lamuloko kunali kwadala), malipiro a loya kwa loyankhulitsa, ndi chithandizo choyenera monga kubwezeredwa. Chilatso cha chilango chingakhale choyenerera, makamaka pamene mabwana apezedwa kukhala akuchita monyalanyaza lamulolo.

Kuteteza Munthu Kuti Asabwezere

Malamulo a boma ndi Federal amatetezera mwachindunji anthu amene amalemba madandaulo a tsankho a misinkhu kuti asabwezere. Pansi pa ADEA, si lamulo kuti bwana alange wantchito chifukwa cha kutsutsa lamulo lauchiŵembu, kulamula, kutenga nawo mbali m'kufufuza, kapena kutsimikizira kuchitika. Kubwezera kungaphatikizepo, kululuza, kuchepetsa malipiro, kapena kachitidwe kena kalikonse koipa. Ngati wolembedwayo anenedwa, wantchitoyo angaike mlandu wosiyana, ndipo bungwelo lingafufuze zonse ziŵiri kusankhana ndi kubwezera.

Pambuyo pa kugaŵiridwa kapena chigamulo chachipambano, mabungwe angatsatire kutsimikizira kuti olemba ntchito agwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ogwirizana, monga ngati kukonzanso malamulo, kuphunzitsa, kapena kubwezeretsa antchito ku malo awo oyenera. Mwachitsanzo, EEOC ingafune malipoti otsatizana ndi nthaŵi kapena maulendo a mandandanda. Uyang'aniro wopitirizabewu umathandiza kuletsa kuswa ndi kulimbikitsa kufunika kwa ntchito za misinkhu yosagwirizana.

Zochita Zabwino Kwambiri kwa Olemba Ntchito Zopewa ndi Kusamalira Odandaula

Olemba ntchito angachepetse kwambiri kudandaula chifukwa cha tsankho mwa kutsatira njira zimene angafunikire kuchita.

  • Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo otsimikizirika oletsa kugaŵanitsa amene amaletsa dala upandu wa msinkhu m'zosankha zonse za ntchito, ndi maphunziro anthaŵi zonse kwa manejala ndi antchito a HR.
  • Zigamulo za malonda mosamalitsa – nkhani za ntchito, kuchotsa, ndi zosankha zokwezedwa kuyenera kuzikidwa pa zolinga, zinthu zokhudza ntchito zimene zingatetezedwe ngati zitsutsidwa.
  • Oŵerenga antchito nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kutchula njira zilizonse zimene zingapereke chiyambukiro chosiyana kwa antchito okalamba.
  • Kugwirizana mofulumira ndi mogwirizana pamene mlandu uikidwa, pamene akufunsira uphungu wa lamulo. Kugwirizana ndi ofufuza ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chokwanira, kukhoza kusonyeza chikhulupiriro chabwino ndipo kungafupikitse njirayo.
  • Kulingalira za kuvomereza mwamsanga kuthetsa mikangano yotayika ndi yachinsinsi.

Kufunika kwa Kuimira Malamulo

Olemba ntchito ndi olemba ntchito omwe amapindula ndi malangizo a zamalamulo. Kwa antchito, loya wodziŵa ntchito angathandizire kupeza umboni, kutsimikizira kuti mlanduwo uikidwa m'nthaŵi zoikidwiratu, ndi kuperekedwa kwa makampani.

Kufufuza Kwapadziko Lonse Kokhudza Tsankho la Anthu Azaka Zathu

Pamene kuli kwakuti njira ya EEOC ndiyo cholinga chachikulu ku United States, maiko ena ali ndi madongosolo a ntchito. Ku United Kingdom, mawu amafufuzidwa ndi kusalingana ndi kuchirikiza Serviso (EASS) ndipo angabweretsedwa ku bwalo la ntchito. Mchitidwe wa khoti ndi wochuluka kuposa kufufuza kwa EEOC, kaŵirikaŵiri kophatikizapo makutu a anthu. Ku Canada, chigawo chilichonse chili ndi bwalo la ufulu wa anthu, limene limafufuza ndi kudandaula kwa zaka za kuweruzidwa. Chigwirizano cha Yuropu chikufuna kupereka machiritso othandiza, ndipo chipani chapadera chimene chimayang'anira makampani.

Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana m'njira, mitu yofala imawonekera: kusumika maganizo pa umboni wosonkhanitsidwa, mwaŵi wa kugaŵidwa kapena kuperekedwa kwa magwiriro, ndi chitetezo cha kubwezera. Olemba ntchito a m'malire a mtanda ayenera kudziŵa malamulo m'mbali iriyonse ya ntchito yawo, popeza kuti zilango ndi njira zimasiyana mokulira.

Ziŵiya ndi Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

Anthu ofunafuna chidziŵitso chowonjezereka angapeze magwero odalirika otsatirawa:

Kumaliza

Madandaulo aukalamba amatengedwa mwamphamvu ndi akuluakulu chifukwa amapeputsa lamulo lamphamvu la mwaŵi wofanana kuntchito. Kufufuza ndi kugamula, pamene nthaŵi zina ndi nthaŵi yaitali, kumapereka njira yolinganizidwa kwa antchito kufunafuna chilungamo ndi kwa olemba ntchito kulongosola ndi kuwongolera machitachita osagwirizana ndi lamulo. Mwakumvetsetsa masitepe oloŵetsedwamo , kuchokera ku kupereka umboni watsatanetsatane ndi kuulutsa, ku kuthekera kwa kuganiziridwa ndi kutsata dongosololo mogwira mtima kwambiri. Potsirizira pake, njira yodandaula mwamphamvu siimangothandiza kukonza mavuto a anthu komanso ntchito yosiyana ndi zaka zimene munthu aliyense angagwire.