Boma la United States limagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo lolinganizidwa bwino la zopinga ndi malinganizo omwe amaletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira ina. Linapangidwa ndi Konsichushoni, kapangidwe kameneka kamagaŵanitsa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana: Wolamulira (Presidenti), Legislative (Conference), ndi Judge (Chourts), ndi mayanjano awo ndi "anzawo). Kugwirizana mobwerezabwereza, kaŵirikaŵiri kumapanga maziko amphamvu a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kumvetsetsa maunansi ameneŵa nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira mmene malamulo amachitidwira, kukakamiza, ndi kumasulira, ndi mmene nthambi iliyonse imaperekera mphamvu ndi kuletsa ina.

Gawo: Maulamuliro ndi Malire a Pulezidenti

Pulezidentiyu ndi mkulu wa boma, mkulu wa boma, ndi mkulu wa asilikali. Mfundo yachiwiri ya malamulo imapereka “mphamvu yapamwamba” kwa Pulezidenti, koma mphamvu imeneyi imasokonezedwa mwadala ndi Congress ndi makhoti. Maulamuliro a Prezidenti amaphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT :0] Mphamvu ya `[FLT ] -'Prezidenti angakane lamulo lililonse loperekedwa ndi Congress, ngakhale kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zingachotsepo chivomezi ndi magawo atatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • Ulamuliro Wosankha – Pulezidenti asankha oweruza a boma, alembi a Kabinati, akazembe, ndi akuluakulu ena apamwamba, onse akukhala ovomerezedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.
  • Bukhu la mkulu – Pulezidenti akutsogolera asilikali koma sangathe kulengeza nkhondo; mphamvuyo ndi ya Congress.
  • Malamulo ndi malangizo otsatizana – Izi zimapereka mphamvu ya lamulo pokhapo ngati makhoti agwetsa kapena kugwetsedwa ndi malamulo otsatira. Ufulu wawo uli wochepa ndi malamulo omwe alipo ndi Konsichushoni.
  • Utsogoleri wa malamulo a Transpany – Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano (kuvomereza mapangano aŵiri m'matatu) ndipo angaloŵe m'mapangano a akuluakulu popanda chilolezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo.
  • Mphamvu yapardon – Pulezidenti angapereke mapilo ndi kukhululukidwa kaamba ka milandu ya boma kusiyapo ngati kulibe lamulo.

Ngakhale kuti pali maulamuliro aakulu ameneŵa, Prezidenti sangapange ndalama zoyenerera pambali imodzi, kupanga mamaofesi atsopano a boma, kapena kunyalanyaza lamulo lokhazikitsidwa.

Malamulo a Nthambi: Msonkhano Monga Wosunga Malamulo ndi Thupi Loyang’anira

Congress, bungwe la malamulo la bimeral lopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 435) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100), ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kupanga malamulo. Mfundo Indandandalika mphamvu zake zoŵerengedwa, kuphatikizapo msonkho, kukongola, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo. Kupitirira pa kukhazikitsa malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imachita ntchito zotopetsa:

  • Kujambula ndi kujambula [[FL:1] – Congress amalamulira ndalama zonse za boma zowonongedwa pachaka za pulogalamu. Pulezidenti apereka pempho la bajeti, koma Congress siimamangidwa ndi ilo.
  • Kuyang'ana ndi kufufuza [1] Makomiti m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri kusanthula ntchito za akuluakulu, kuchititsa mayeso, zikalata zapansipansi, ndi kuitanira mboni kutsimikizira kuti ziri ndi mlandu.
  • Mphamvu yolamulira [[FLT :1] - Nyumba ili ndi ulamuliro wokha wa kupereka (lipoti) pulezidenti, woweruza, kapena nduna ina ya boma kaamba ka “kulingalira, chiphuphu, kapena upandu wina waukulu ndi maupandu olakwika." Nyumba ya Malamulo imachita mlandu ndipo, mwa kuvota aŵiri - tatu, ingachotse akuluakulu a boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuvomereza ndi kuvomereza [1] - Khoti litsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi kupeputsa mapangano. Zimenezi zimapatsa chisonkhezero chachikulu pa komiti ndi akuluakulu a ntchito.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kachitidwe ka kusiyanitsa – Mabili ayenera kudutsa zipinda zonse ziŵiri mu mtundu wofanana ndi kusainidwa ndi Pulezidenti (kapena kuperekedwa pa winto) kukhala lamulo. Kugwedezeka komangidwako kumatsimikizira kuvomerezana kwakukulu.

Nyumba ya Malamulo irinso ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa chiŵerengero cha oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba, kupanga kapena kuchotsa makhoti a pansi a boma, ndipo (ndi magawo aŵiri mwa atatu a nyumba zonse ziŵiri) imapereka ziwonjezeko za lamulo zimene zingagwetse zigamulo zachiweruzo. Maboma ameneŵa amapanga Congress kukhala nthambi yoŵerengera anthu mwachindunji, komabe mphamvu yake imadalira pa kugwirizana ndi Pulezidenti ndi kulemekeza kupenda kwa chiweruzo.

Nthambi ya Chiweruzo: Makhoti Okhala Opereka Mawu ndi Oweruza

Chigamulo cha boma, chotsogozedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States, chimamasulira malamulo ndi malamulo. Mfundo III ikhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi makhoti osafunika monga Congress zingapange (makhoti 94 a chigawo ndi makhoti 13 a apilo). Mbali zake zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kupenda kwachiyubikiya – Choyamba kunatsimikiziridwa mu [FT:2] Marbury v. Madison (103), mphamvu imeneyi imalola makhoti kuswa malamulo kapena machitidwe audindo amene amaswa malamulo. Ndiko kupenda kwakukulu kwa jadicary pa nthambi zina.
  • Nthaŵi ya moyo - oweruza a Federal amatumikira “mokhala ndi khalidwe labwino,” kutanthauza kuti angachotsedwe kokha mwa kufunsira. Zimenezi zimawatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndipo zimalola kudziimira paokha kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
  • Kutsogolera malamulo – Pamene malamulo ali osamveka, makhoti amagamula cholinga cha Congress ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo pa milandu yakutiyakuti. Zigamulo zawo zingaumbe bwino mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
  • Wolamulira wa bungwe – Khoti Lapamwamba livomereza zikalata kuchokera ku makhoti a boma ang'onoang'ono ndi makhoti aakulu a boma pa nkhani za lamulo la boma. Zigamulo zake zimakhala zogwirizana m'dziko lonselo.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa munthu payekha – The Bill of Rights and 14th Amendment imatsimikizira ufulu wina; makhoti amasungitsa malamulo ameneŵa motsutsana ndi ochenjerera a boma.

Oweruza sangayambitse kachitidwe kapena kukakamiza malamulo ake; iwo amadalira pa nthambi yaikulu kukwaniritsa malamulo a khoti. Kudalira kumeneku kumasonyeza chifukwa chake kulemekezana pakati pa nthambi kuli kofunika. Ndiponso, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachepetse mphamvu ya kugamula, kukhazikitsa ukulu wa Khoti Lalikulu (ngakhale kuti silinasinthe chiyambire 1869), ndipo ikupereka zothetsera kuchotsa matanthauzo a lamulo.

Njira Zofunika Zochitira Zinthu: Mmene Nthambi Zimayendera ndi Kusonkhezerana

Pulezidenti ndi Nyumba za Malamulo: Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu kwa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Unansi pakati pa White House ndi Capitol Hill ndi wowonekera kwambiri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri wotsutsana. Mphamvu ya Pulezidenti imapereka iye kuyang'ana mwachindunji pa Congress, koma chiwopsezo cha kuyendetsa zinthu chimalimbikitsa kukambitsirana. Komabe, malamulo a Congress angapereke ndalama zothandizira maprogramu a Prezidenti kuchirikiza kapena kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe. Chiyeneretso cha Nyumba ya Malamulo cha akuluakulu a boma chimatsimikizira kuti Pulezidenti akumane ndi otsogolera pa kuikidwa, nthaŵi zina kutsogolera ku malonda a kavalo kapena a a apolisi.

Nyumba ya malamulo imachititsanso kuyang'anira mwa kuweruza ndi kufufuza. Mapresidenti angapereke mwaŵi wapamwamba wa kuletsa chidziŵitso, koma makhoti amafunadi kufunika kwapadera kugonjetsa mwaŵi umenewo . Monga momwe zimawonedwa mu United States v. Nixon [19974] chigamulo chimene chinakakamiza Pulezidenti Nixon kuchotsa matepi. Mlandu woipitsitsa, Nyumba inazetsa mapresidenti atatu (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump ), ngakhale kuti Johnson ndi Trump anazengedwa mlandu ndi Bwal ndipo palibe linachotsedwa.

Mapresidenti asonkhezeranso Congress kupyolera mwa Boma la Union, kukakamiza, ndi utsogoleri wa chipani. Mabishopu amakono kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kuchita zinthu popanda kuuzidwa pambuyo pake pamene Congress iikidwa, koma malamulo oterowo angasinthidwe ndi oyang'anira ena kapena kuimbidwa ndi makhoti. Chiletso cha 2017, mwachitsanzo, chinayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zambiri za lamulo, Baibulo lokonzedwanso lisanachirikizidwe ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Trump v. Hawaii [1]

Nyumba za Malamulo ndi Makhoti: Kuwononga Mlandu wa Chipani ndi Mlandu Wake

Nyumba ya malamulo imapereka chisonkhezero chake chachikulu kwambiri pa chiweruzo potsimikizira. Khoti Lapamwamba lililonse lakhala logamula mutu wankhani zandale, ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zisanduka nkhondo zogwirizanitsa. Nyumba ya Malamulo ingakanize ndi anyumine, kuzengereza kumvetsera (monga kwa Merrick Garland mu 2016), kapena kusintha njira yovomerezera (kuchotsa chigamulo cha chibadwire cha Supreme Court nimines mu 2017). Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa, Congress angatero:

  • sinthani kaungwe wa makhoti a boma – Wonjezera kapena kuchotsa oweruza, kusintha malire a dera, kapena ngakhale kuchotsapo khoti (monga momwe anachitira ndi Commun Court mu 1913).
  • Limita mlingo wa chigawo – Mfundo III imapatsa ulamuliro wa Congress kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Supreme Court, ngakhale kuti mphamvu imeneyi siigwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ndipo malire ake akukambitsiridwa.
  • O samva mafotokozedwe achiweruzo – Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba limasulira lamulo la boma m’njira imene Nyumba za Malamulo sizimafuna, likhoza kusintha lamulo kuti limvetse cholinga chake. Kusintha mafotokozedwe a lamulo kumafuna kusintha koikidwiratu, chiletso chapamwamba kwambiri.
  • Control Control [ – Congress imayenerera ndalama za achiweruzo, kuphatikizapo malipiro, ziwiya, ndi luso la zopangapanga, kuipatsa mphamvu m’mabwalo amilandu.

Makhoti, nawonso, amapenda kulinganiza kwa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Mathbury v. Madison amatanthauza kuti pamene lamulo laperekedwa mwachiweruzo, Congress ayenera kulandira chigamulo, kupitirira lamulo latsopano logwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo, kapena kugamula za kukonzanso. Zosankha za m'dziko monga Brown v. Board of Education (11954]) ndi [[FL:] Obergefell. Hoges . . . . . . . . .[5]

Pulezidenti ndi Makhoti: Kuikidwa, Mavuto, ndi Kukakamizidwa

Mphamvu ya Pulezidenti yoika oweruza a boma [1] Ndi moyo wake . Ndi imodzi ya njira zokhalitsa zimene mkulu wa ntchito angapange malamulo a ku America. Woyang'anira mmodzi angasinthe kulinganiza kwa malingaliro a makhoti kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Pulezidenti Trump anakhazikitsa oweruza atatu a Supreme Court (Neil Gormoth, Brett Kavangaugh, ndi Amy Coney Barrett ), ndi oweruza adera 54, pamene Pulezidenti Biden wasankha Ketanji Brown Jackson ndi oweruza ambiri a m’bwalo laling. Nkhondo zotsimikizira zakhala zowonjezereka, ndi oweruza a Seminate ofufuza mafilosofi achsensie ndi zigamu zakale.

Maofesala amagwirizananso ndi makhoti pamene ntchito zawo zaudindo zitsutsidwa. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo imateteza zochita za pulezidenti m'khoti, koma Pulezidentiyo akufunikira mwalamulo kuti “asamalire kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika,” kutanthauza kugwirizana ndi malamulo a khoti. Achichepere a meta , [1] , [1] Saayter (1952), Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka kulanda Pulezidenti Truman zitsulo zachitsulo panthaŵi ya nkhondo ya Korea, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale mphamvu zankhondo zili ndi malamulo alamulo. Momwenso, Pulezidenti Nixon analamulidwa kutembenuza matepiti, ndi makhoti a pansi atse malamulo ambiri a za boma pa za boma, malamulo oteteza dziko, ndi chitetezo cha dziko.

Makhoti a boma akana kupenda zifukwa zokhululukira, kupatulapo pa nkhani zachilendo zimene zingasokoneze ufulu walamulo (m’chitsanzo, kukhululukidwa kwa ufulu wa kuchepetsa ufulu wa Lamulo wa Opaleshoni yachisanu). Komabe, makhoti a boma sangachite chilichonse choletsa kukhululukidwa.

Mayeso ndi Kulinganizika Zosonyezedwa: Zitsanzo Zakale ndi Zamakono

Kupirira kwa njirayi kumadziwika bwino kwambiri mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi konkiri:

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803) [1] – Khoti Lalikulu linakhazikitsa kupenda kwa mlandu, likumati lili ndi mphamvu ya kulengeza kachitidwe ka Congress popanda boma. Chigamulochi chinatsimikizira ponse paŵiri Congress ndi Pulezidenti, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chikupitirizabe lerolino.
  • New Deal Era – Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt maprogramu achuma anayang'anizana ndi chitsutso cha Khoti Lalikulu. Poyankha, iye anapereka “kuika pepala lamilandu” (kuphatikiza pa zigamulo zisanu ndi chimodzi), zimene Nyumba ya Malamulo inakana. Pambuyo pake Khoti linasintha njira yake, kuchirikiza lamulo lofunika New Deal.
  • Watergate (1974) – Congress adafufuza Pulezidenti Nixon ndi chikuto, Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti matepi atuluke, ndipo Komiti ya Nyumba Yojambula ya Chigawo inasankha nkhani za kusatsata. Nixon analeka pasadakhale pa voti ya Nyumba, kusonyeza mmene nthambi zonse zitatu zingagwirizanitsire m'mavuto alamulo.
  • Act Affordble Care (202) [1] -FLT Congress inapasa adaya ACA , Pulezidenti Obama anaikana, ndipo maboma ambiri anaitsutsa m'khoti. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga msonkho koma linagonjetsa mbali ya kufutukuka kwa Medicaid. Pambuyo pake, Nyumba Yokhazikitsa inayesa kubwezeretsa mbali, ndipo Bwalo linayesedwanso pa kuimiridwa pa kulephera, kusonyeza chisonyezero chopitiriza.
  • Trump Travery Ban (2017) [1] [1] - Prezidenti Trump anapereka malamulo a akuluakulu oletsa ulendo kuchokera ku maiko angapo a Chisilamu. Makhoti akufupi anatseka malamulo; Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza makope okonzedwanso pambuyo poti apeza bwino. Makhoti sanaloŵerere, kusiya makhoti monga mayeso aakulu.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti nthambi sizimachita zinthu modzipatula. Kaŵirikaŵiri, zimavomerezana, kupanga chiŵiya chocholoŵana chimene chimasintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kopirira kwa Maulamuliro Olinganizika

Kugwirizana pakati pa Pulezidenti, Congress, ndi Makhoti sikuli kwachikhalire kapena kwadongosolo. Nthambi iliyonse imagwira ntchito ndi maulamuliro osiyana a lamulo koma idakali yodalira pa ena kaamba ka kuyenera, ndalama, kusungitsa, ndi kumasulira. Dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina n’lovuta ndi lochedwa, lakhala lolimba kwambiri pa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Imalamulira kulolera molakwa, kutetezera ulamuliro wankhanza, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa / ngakhale pamene malingaliro otchuka kapena audindo angafune kufulumira kulinganiza.

Kumvetsa kugwirizana kumeneku si njira yongochitira zinthu pamaphunziro ayi. Kumathandiza anthu kudziwa mmene malamulo amasinthira, mmene ufulu wa anthu umatetezedwera, ndi mmene athetsere mikangano ya ndale. Kwa ophunzira a boma, kumasonyeza kuti cholinga cha Woyambitsayu n’chimenechi: mphamvu ziyenera kugawidwa ndiponso kugwirizana, nthambi iliyonse itakhala ndi njira yothandizira ena. Pamene dziko la United States likulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano. Kuchokera ku kusintha kwa luso la zaumisiri kufika ku kusakhazikika kwa dziko lonse lapansi.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya za Mabuku Owonjezereka:[[Kusintha:1]