Kumvetsetsa Ufulu wa Lamulo m’Ntchito ya Malamulo ya ku America

Malamulo a United States, ovomerezedwa mu 1788, adakhazikitsa dongosolo la kulamulira limene lapirira kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Pamaziko ake, Malamulo amalongosola kakonzedwe ka boma la boma ndi kutchula maulamuliro ena pamene akusunga ena ku maboma. Komabe, ndi Bill of Rights ̬ kukonzanso khumi koyamba kwa kukonzanso kwa nyengoÔ limodzi ndi kukonzanso kotsatirapo kumene kumapanga maziko a ufulu wa munthu aliyense wotetezeredwa ku zigaŵenga za boma. Ufulu umenewu umaphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi msonkhano; kuyenera kunyamula zida; kutetezera ku kufunafuna ndi kudwala kopanda nzeru; kuyenera kukonza ndi kutetezera pansi pa lamulo.

Ufulu wa Malamulo susintha. Iwo amasintha kupyola m'kusintha kochitidwa ndi Congress ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi mabomawo, kupyolera mwa malamulo opangidwa ndi Congress, ndi kupyolera mwa kumasulira kwa chiweruzo ndi makhoti a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba, monga khoti lapamwamba koposa m'dzikolo, lili ndi ulamuliro wotheratu wakumasulira Malamulo, ndipo zosankha zake zingasinthe kwenikweni ukulu ndi tanthauzo la ufulu wa lamulo. Mphamvu yomasulira imeneyi imapangidwa ndi mafilosofi achiweruzo, kuphatikizapo chiphunzitso choyambirira, chimene chimafuna kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a m'lamulo monga momwe amadziŵikira panthaŵi ya kutchuka kwake, ndi kukhala ndi malamulo alamulo, amene amalingalira kuti malamulo a m’chikalata amphamvu amene ayenera kusintha ndi kusintha makhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe.

Kusinthika kwa ufulu wa lamulo kumasonkhezeredwa ndi nkhani zotsutsana za malamulo, mbiri yakale, madongosolo a anthu, ndi kupangidwa kwa Khoti lenilenilo. Zaka makumi aposachedwapa zakhala ndi kusintha kwa kugwedezeka kwa ufulu wa anthu, kuyambira pa ufulu wa ukwati ndi kubadwa mpaka kumasuka kuntchito ndi kuteteza ku tsankho. Kumvetsa kutsutsana kwa zochitika zimenezi kumafuna kusanthula mosamalitsa zosankha za khoti ndi mphamvu zimene zinazipanga.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Zomwe Zinasintha Ufulu wa Malamulo

Malo a khoti Lapamwamba la m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba aphatikizapo milandu ina yofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya malamulo a ku America. Zosankha zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti malamulo asintha ufulu wa anthu m’madera osiyanasiyana a ku America.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kulingana kwa Ukwati monga Kuyenera

Pachigamulo cha 5-4, Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa 14 ndi kufuna kuti mayiko onse avomereze maukwati pakati pa anthu aŵiri a kugonana mmodzi. Kulembera anthu ambiri, Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anatsutsa kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotetezedwa ndi Century Procession Claus ndi kuti kukana kuti okwatirana a mtundu umodzi athane ndi kuswa chigamulo cha Acial Procement Claus . Chigamulo chinaikidwa pa ukwati, kuphatikizapo Loving v. Virginia . [FLT: 1] (1977]), chomwe chinathetsa ziletso zaufuko za fuko pa ukwati, ndi United States.

Chosankha chinapasuka chigamulo chinaimira kusintha kwakukulu m'kumasulira kwa lamulo. Pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo, mu Lawnce v. Texas [2003], Khoti linaswa malamulo a a adoma koma silinachitepo kanthu. Kusintha kwa mwamsanga kwa mayanjano, kosonkhezeredwa ndi magulu a anthu, malingaliro a anthu onse, ndi makhoti apamwamba, kulenga mawu a m’mene khotilo linali lofunitsitsa kuzindikira kuyenera kwalamulo kwatsopano. Chigamu cha chisanja chimakhalabe chiyenere cha mapangano okhudza machitidwe achiweruzo, chigwirizano cha boma, ndi ntchito ya bwalo la khoti lotetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa.

Wonse Wa mkazi Wathanzi kutsutsana ndi Hellerstedt (2016): Kuchinjiriza Kuchotsa Mimba

Mu Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt . , Khoti Lapamwamba linaswa malamulo aŵiri a lamulo la Texas limene linaika malamulo okhwima pa zipatala zochotsa mimba. Makonzedwe otokosawo adafunikira kuti madokotala ochotsa mimba akhale ndi mwaŵi wa kuchipatala chapafupi ndi kufunikira malo ochotsera mimba kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya opareshoni ya opaleshoni. Khotilo, kachiŵirinso m'chigamulo cha 5-4 cholembedwa ndi Woweruza Stephen Breyer, anagwiritsira ntchito "mtolo woyambirira" wokhazikitsidwa mu [FL:] Klatrybroous. Milan. Milan. Khotilo linasunga zimene zinali zosapindulitsa ndi zopinga mayendedwe a akazi ochotsa mimba.

Chigamulo chimenechi chinali chofunika chifukwa chinatsimikiziranso kugwiridwa kwa Roe v. Wade [[FLT :1] ndi [[FLT :2] Casey pamene anali kupereka maziko odziŵira kulinganiza malamulo a boma oletsa kutaya mimba. Khoti linagogomezera kuti makhoti ayenera kupima zothodwetsa zoikidwa ndi lamulo lotsutsana ndi mapindu amene limapereka. Kulinganiza kumeneku kunapereka chiŵiya cha malamulo oletsa malamulo ovuta a boma kuzungulira dziko lonselo. Komabe, chigamulocho chikavumbulanso magaŵano aakulu pa Khoti, chimene chikatuluka m’nkhani zambiri pambuyo pake.

Janus v. AFSCME (208): Free Speach and Public Provision Union

, imene inalola maukwati a anthu kusonkhanitsa "mapangano" kuchokera kwa anthu osakhala ziŵalo kukwaniritsa zokambirana. Khoti la mu 1977, Mark, Janus, ananena kuti iye amafuna kuti apereke ndalama ku bungwe lomwe sanachirikize ufulu wake woyamba wa kukonza zinthu mwaufulu ndi kugwirizana. M'chigamulo cholembedwa ndi Samuel Alito, Khoti linagwirizana ndi ndalama zomangitsira kulankhulana ndi anthu ena.

Chigamulocho chinali ndi zotsatirapo za mwamsanga ndiponso zogwirizana ndi ntchito zolinganizidwa. Mabungwe a boma m'dziko lonselo anayang'anizana ndi kutsika kwa mamembala ndi ndalama zochepetsedwa, popeza kuti osakhala ziŵalo sakanafunikiranso kulipirira ndalama. Chigamulocho chinadzutsanso mafunso aakulu onena za ukulu wa malamulo a First Amendments m'nkhani za kukakamiza ndalama. Malingaliro a Khotilo anaperekedwa pa nkhani zoyambirira za Kukonzanso Kolamulira Koyamba, kuphatikizapo [FLD] National Institute of Family and Life Teacters v. Becerra . , zimene zinagwetsa lamulo la California lofuna kuti pakhale ndi vuto lapakati pa kuchotsa mimba kuti apereke chidziŵitso cha kuchotsa mimba. Nkhani zonsezi zinathandiza kwambiri maganizo a ufulu wa kulankhula, makamaka m’nkhani zachuma kapena kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kulongosola kwa ndalama.

Clayton County (2020): LGBTQ+ Ufulu Wosankha pa Nkhani ya VII

M'chigamulo chokhudza kwambiri ufulu wa lamulo, Bwalo Lapamwamba linasungidwa mu Bostock v. Clayton County kuti Ditut VII ya Chikalata cha Chilolezo cha Chilamulo cha 1964 imaletsa tsankho la ntchito zozikidwa pa kugonana kapena kudziŵika kwa mwamuna. Judgeri Gorfoth analemba malingaliro 6-3 ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwa mawu kuti tsankhu "chifukwa cha kugonana" kwenikweni kutanthauza kusankhidwa kozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi . Khoti linalingalira kuti kuli kosatheka kusiyanitsa munthu chifukwa cha kugonana kapena kulekana popanda kugamulapo.

Chigamulo chija sichinafotokoze mwachindunji malamulo a boma, koma chiyambukiro chake pa ufulu walamulo nchotsimikizirika. Mwa kutsimikizira kuti mamiliyoni a LGBTQ amatetezeredwa ku tsankho, chigamulocho chimatsimikizira kuti kulingana ndi ulemu kuli maziko a lamulo la Amereka. Chigamulocho chimasonyezanso mmene kumasulira kwa malamulo kungapititsire ufulu m’njira zogwirizana ndi malamulo otetezera. Kutsatira Bosock [FLT], makhoti aang'ono agwiritsira ntchito mfundo zofananazo zokhudza zaumoyo, nyumba, ndi maphunziro, kufututsira malingaliro a kulinganiza kwa malamulo ena.

Dobs . Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022): Mapeto a Roe

Chigamulo chachikulu ndi chotsutsana kwambiri chaposachedwapa cha Bwalo Lalikulu ndi Dobts v. Jackson Akazi 'Auth Organization , amene analamulira Roe v. Wade [7773]] ndi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [4] Breatbood [v. Casey [69], kuchotsa lamulo lalamulo la boma la boma loletsa kuchotsa mimba. Mlandu wa Mississippis amene analetsa kuchotsa mimba pambuyo pa milungu 15. Chilungamo chapakati pa 13 ndi 207. Chilungamo cha Samuel Alito analemba malingaliro ambiri, chogwirizana ndi zigamulo zina zinayi, pogwirizanitsa ndi malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba, pogwirizanitsa lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ndi ulamuliro.

Chigamulo cha Madobs chimaimira kulephera kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa lamulo m'mbiri ya khoti lamakono. Ambiri anagwiritsira ntchito njira yoyambirira ya kuchotsa mimba, akumanena kuti kuchotsa mimba sikunachokere kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko kapena mwambo ndipo chotero samayenerera kukhala ufulu wofunika kwambiri pa Active Proces Claus of the 1450 Remendment. Kutsutsa, Malungamo, Stephen Breyer, Soniatomayor, ndi Elena Kagan anatsutsa kuti chigamulo cha akazi a kuyenera kwawo anadalira pa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndipo sagwirizana ndi kuyenera kwa mlandu wa Bwalo.

Chiyambukiro cha MaDobb [[FLT :1] akhala osokonekera. Maboma ambiri ochitidwa pafupi ndi kuchotsa mimba, pamene kuli kwakuti ena asuntha kutetezera kulowa. Chigamulocho chachititsanso kuikidwa kwa malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi kupezeka kwa mankhwala ochotsa mimba kudzera ku U.S. Postal Service . Chigamulo cha khoti chasinthanso mkhalidwe wandale, kukhala nkhani yaikulu m'masankho ndi kuyambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza mphamvu yachiweruzo, chigwirizano, ndi mbali ya lamulo la lamulo la lamulo.

Ntchito ya Magulu a Anthu Posintha Malamulo

Chisinthiko cha ufulu walamulo sichimasonkhezeredwa ndi zigomeko zalamulo kapena nthanthi zachiweruzo. Magulu a kakhalidwe achita mbali yosintha m'kusintha maganizo a anthu, kusonkhezera lamulo, ndipo potsirizira pake kukakamiza makhoti kutengera mafotokozedwe atsopano a Konsichushoni. Chivomezi cha ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu cha m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 ndicho chitsanzo chapamwamba, kutulutsa malamulo osinthasintha ndi zosankha zimene zinachotsedwa ndi kutetezera zoyenera zosankha. Mabungwe aposachedwapa apitiriza kumasulira mwambo umenewu.

LGBTQ+ bungwe la ufulu limapereka chitsanzo champhamvu. Kuyambira ndi zipwirikiti za Stone Wall mu 1969 ndi kupitiriza kwa zaka makumi ambiri za kutchuka, kutchuka, ndi maphunziro a anthu, ochirikiza maganizo a anthu pang’onopang’ono anasintha malingaliro a anthu paunansi ndi ukwati wofanana. Gululo linapambana kwambiri mwalamulo mu [FLT: 0]. Texas , United States v. Windss , , [[FLT:] [FLT]] Imodzi ya anthu odziŵika ndi LT.

Kutsatira ufulu wobereka kwapanganso lamulo la malamulo, ngakhale kuti kuli ndi mfundo zambiri zotsutsana. Kugwetsa kwa ufulu wachikazi kwa ma 1960 ndi 1970 kunapereka nkhani ya Roe v. Wade, ndipo pambuyo pake kugamula kwasonkhezera malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a chiweruzo. ROE mu [[FLT: 4.] Dobs [[[FLT: 5] yathandiza mchitidwe watsopano wa kubereka, ndi ochirikiza lamulo la malamulo a malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba.

Unansi pakati pa magulu a kakhalidwe ndi makhoti ngwovuta. Magulu angasinthe Overton, kupanga malingaliro opotoka owonekera kukhala ofala. Iwo angapangenso zigomeko za lamulo zoperekedwa ku makhoti ndi kusonkhezera kusankhidwa kwa oweruza. Komabe, unansiwo sukhala wogamulidwa: zigamulo za khoti zikhoza kusonkhezera kapena kuchepetsa madongosolo, ndipo kusintha kwa malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa kupangidwa kwa judiary ndi mkhalidwe wandale zadziko.

Tanthauzo la Kulimba kwa Maluŵa ndi Kukhazikika kwa Malamulo

Chiphunzitso cha chimavomereza nthaŵi zonse kuti chitsanzo sichili chotheratu, makamaka m'nkhani za malamulo kumene chiwongolero chingachokere ku Bwalo lamilandu lenilenilo kapena kupyolera mwa njira yovuta ya kukonzanso malamulo. Khotilo lathetsa zitsanzo zake zambiri m'mbiri yonse, kaŵirikaŵiri m’nkhani zokhudza zoyenera ndi ufulu.

Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi a Umoyo anadzutsa nkhani ya chitsanzo mumpangidwe woopsa. Ambiri anatsutsa kuti Roe [1] ndi [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [''''''' adakhala "aphonya molakwika" ndipo anawononga kuyenerera kwa Khoti mwa kugaŵana maganizo kwa anthu. Kutsutsa kuti kugamula kwake kukhoza kwa Khoti ndi kululuza ufulu wa malamulo. Kutsutsana kumeneku kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu ponena za kumasulira kwa malamulo ndi ntchito ya khoti.

Pamene akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi akatswiri akupitiriza kupenda zosankha zaposachedwapa, iwo amatembenukira kwambiri ku Oyez kaamba ka kufotokoza ndi kujambula nkhani za pakamwa, ndi SCOUSFlog [ kaamba ka kufufuza kwa akatswiri za kuyembekezera ndi kugamula milandu.

Kuvuta kwa Mtsogolo kwa Lamulo la Malamulo a America

Chigamulo chaposachedwapa cha khoti Lalikulu chimapereka zigamulo zingapo zothekera kaamba ka mtsogolo mwa malamulo. Choyamba, unyinji wa osunga mwambo wa Khoti ungapitirize kuletsa kapena kugwetsa ufulu umene sunatchulidwe tsatanetsatane m'malemba a Malamulo. Chilungamo Clarence Thomas, mwachitsanzo, chaitanira kupendedwanso kwa "Obergefell v. Hodges [], [FLT]], LY] LYCV v. , ndi [FLT:] coldred . Connecticut . [FFLT:] (zimene zimatetezera ku kuletsa). pamene ambiri a Khoti ya Thoume , malingaliro owonjezereka a Toma angagaŵanire, zothekera.

Chachiŵiri, njira ya Khoti la Free Execs Claus of the First Amendment ingapitirize kuwonjezera chitetezo cha ufulu wachipembedzo, mwina pa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wina. Nkhani ngati Mastercenting Thop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission [1] (2018) ndi [FLT:] 303] Kukonza [LLC v. Elenis [2023]) adadzutsa mafunso okhudza kulinganiza pakati pa ufulu wachipembedzo ndi kutsutsa kugawa. Khoti linapereka chizindikiro chowonjezereka cha chisoni kwa otsutsa chipembedzo, makamaka m'zamalonda.

Chachitatu, zigamulo za khoti la malamulo a boma zingasinthe malamulo m’njira zimene zimayambukira ufulu walamulo. Mwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mabungwe a boma yomasulira malamulo ovuta kumvetsa, khotilo lingapangitse kukhala kovuta kwambiri kukhazikitsa chitetezo kwa ogula, antchito, ndi malo okhala. Zosankha zimenezi zingakhale ndi ziyambukiro zosadziŵika koma zofunika pa kusangalatsa kwa ufulu wa lamulo.

Malamulo a boma angakhale ofunika kwambiri monga malo otetezera ufulu umene malamulo a boma sakupereka. Pambuyo pa Malobungwe aakulu angapo amasulira malamulo awo a boma kutetezera ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba, ndipo zoyesayesa zofananazo zikuchitidwa m’madera ena. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amapereka kulingana ndi kutha kwa chitetezo cha boma, ngakhale kuti amadzutsanso mafunso onena za kuchepa kwa ufulu wa dziko kuti apeze ufulu.

Kwa awo ofuna kumvetsetsa maziko a lamulo la America, chuma chonga Center ya National Constitution imapereka ziŵiya zothandizira ndi ndemanga za akatswiri. Kuwonjezerapo, liwu la Bwalo Lapamwamba lapanthaŵiyo limalonjeza kuthetsa nkhani zimene zidzaumba zoyenera za Aamereka kwa zaka makumi ambiri zikubwera.

Kumaliza: Kupitiriza Kusintha kwa Ufulu Wanu

Chisinthiko cha ufulu walamulo mu United States ndi njira yopitirizabe, yopangidwa ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, magulu a anthu, kusintha kwa ndale, ndi mbiri yakale. Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za khoti Lapamwamba zofufuzidwa m’nkhani ino zikusonyeza zonse ziŵiri dynamism ndi kulephera kwa ufulu wa lamulo. Obergefell ndi [FLT:] Bostock [ku] ndi ufulu wowonjezereka wa LGBTQ+], wosonyeza zaka makumi ambiri za ufulu wa chivomezi ndi kusintha. [FLT:] Zotsatirapo za moyo wa munthu. [FLT:]

Zigamulo zimenezi zimatikumbutsa kuti ufulu wa malamulo sufuna kudziphetsa. Anthu amafunika kukhala maso, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo, ndiponso kufunitsitsa kuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi malamulo ndiponso ndale zimene zimakhudza cholinga chawo. Nkhani za khotili, monga momwe zikuchitira ziganizo zoperekedwa ndi anthu olemba malamulo ndi magulu amene amawachirikiza. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira njira imene ufulu umayambira n’kofunika kuti zikhale ndi phande m’projekiti yopitiriza ya democracy ya American.

Tsogolo la ufulu wa lamulo lidzadalira pa mfundo zambiri: zotsatira za masankho, kuikidwa kwa oweruza, njira za mabungwe audindo, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa anthu wamba kulinganiza ndi kufuna kusintha. Malamulo a United States, monga momwe Jasitisi Oweruza Oliver Wendell Holmes adanenera, "anapangidwa kaamba ka anthu a malingaliro osiyana kwambiri. Pamene malingaliro amenewo akupitiriza kusintha, choteronso tanthauzo ndi ukulu wa ufulu umene amatetezera.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka ndi Ziŵiya

Anthu amene akufuna kufufuza nkhani zimene zafotokozedwa m’nkhani ino, amafunika kudziwa mfundo zotsatirazi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Mabuku: Erwin Chemerinsky, Lamulo: Malamulo ndi Policies (Wolters Kluwer, 7d. 2022]; Jeffrey Rosen, [[FL:] Khoti Lalikulu: Malamulo ndi Malamulo Amene Anafotokoza America (Mabuku, 2007); Linda Greenhouse, [FL:]] [FLT] [FL:] [FLT] : [3]
  • [[FLT: 0] Nkhani za Malamulo: ['Maganizo a Malamulo] ['FLT]] ndi Law Journal [[[FLT:]] nthaŵi zonse imafalitsa zofufuzira za zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, zonse ziŵiri zapanthaŵi ino ndi mbiri yakale. Makope aposachedwapa asonyeza masukulu osonkhanitsirana [[FLT:] [FLT]], , [FLT:], [FLT:]
  • Pakhomo la Malowera: Project Yopereka zojambula ndi ma CD ndi mapepala a ziganizo za Khoti Lalikulu la pakamwa; Website ya Bwalo Lapamwamba imapereka malingaliro olakwika, chidziŵitso cha malo, ndi zolembedwa; ndi Collegell Information Institute [ imapereka kufufuzira kwa mfundo za khoti Lapamwamba ndi nkhani.