Malamulo a United States si chinthu chafumbi chosungidwa mu National Archives; ndi chikalata chamoyo chimene chimaumba mokangalika miyoyo ya nzika iriyonse. Kuyambira panthaŵi imene timalankhula maganizo athu pamsonkhano wapoyera ku njira imene timasamalidwira ndi lamulo kapena kutetezeredwa m’nyumba zathu, ufulu walamulo umapereka maziko a ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, chilungamo, ndi kulingana. Zitetezero zimenezi zimayambidwa m’nthambi ya anthu a ku America, kusonkhezera maphunziro, ntchito, ndi mkhalidwe weniweni wa zochita zathu ndi boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene ufulu wa malamulo umatembenuzira ku zochitika zenizeni za dziko nkofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zonse zimene zimafuna kuchita zinthu mwaluso ndi kuyamikira ufulu wotsimikiziridwa kwa iwo.

Kumvetsa Ufulu wa Malamulo

Ziyeneretso za Malamulo ndizo zitetezero zazikulu ndi mwaŵi zopatsidwa kwa anthu ndi Malamulo a U.S., makamaka mwa Bill of Rights (kukonzanso khumi) ndi kukonzanso kotsatirako monga ngati kukhazikitsa masinthidwe a 14neth Reformation and Acred Processitions and Sucticement Centument. Ziyeneretso zimenezi zalinganizidwira kuletsa mphamvu za boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti nzika zisamasamayang'aniridwe bwino, molungama, ndipo ndi ulemu. Izo siziri malingaliro wamba; zili malamulo alamulo amene amasungidwa pamene atsekedwe. Malamulo amakhazikitsa dongosolo la machenjezo ndi malingana ndi malamulo omwe amaletsa nthambi iliyonse ya boma kuphwanya ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo oyambirira amateteza osati kokha malankhulidwe andale koma aluso, kulambira kwachipembedzo, ndi kugwirizanitsa mtendere.

Ufulu Waukulu wa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti mfundo za m’Bungwe Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu n’zofunika kwambiri, kusintha zinthu zotsatirazi n’zofunika kwambiri pa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku:

  • Mpambo woyamba – Umatsimikizira ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha boma. Zimenezi zimatetezera zonse kulongosola malingaliro andale zadziko kufikira ku kutsata chikhulupiriro chaumwini, kusuliza akuluakulu a boma, ndi kusonkhana m’chitsutso.
  • First Amendment – imatetezera ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu . Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chofufuza nyumba yanu, galimoto, kapena zipangizo zamagetsi, ndipo umboni uliwonse wopezeka mosemphana ndi lamulo ungachotsedwe m’mayesero.
  • Fith Amendment – Imapereka zoyenera zogwirizana ndi njira yalamulo, chitetezo ku kudzipatula (kuyenera kukhala chete), ngozi, ndi kubwezera zinthu zaumwini pamene zitengedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito.
  • ... ... ... ... ... – Zitsimikiziro za kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwa anthu, juli yopanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa kulankhula ndi mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kuperekedwa kwa lamulo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira m'makhoti aupandu.
  • Kusintha kwa mlingo kwa mlingo – Prohibits beils persup, faindi yopambanitsa, ndi zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo. Izi zimakhudza kugamula zitsogozo, mikhalidwe ya ndende, ndi kutsutsana kwa chilango cha imfa.
  • Fitreeth Amendment – imawonjezera Bill of Rights zitetezero zambiri ku boma ndi maboma akomweko kupyolera m'chiphunzitso cha kugwirizanitsa. Kutetezera Claus Kofanana kumaletsa malamulo a kukondera, ndipo Act Procession Claus imateteza zoyenera zazikulu monga ukwati, kulera ana, ndi zachinsinsi.

Ufulu umenewu suli wotheratu; ungakhale pansi pa malamulo a boma oyenera amene amachirikiza zikondwerero zokakamiza, monga ngati chisungiko cha anthu kapena chisungiko cha dziko.

Chiyambukiro pa Maphunziro

Nyumba ya sukulu ndi imodzi ya mabwalo amwamsanga kwambiri pamene ufulu wa lamulo umagwira ntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lazindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti ophunzira sa "achotsa ufulu wawo walamulo wa ufulu wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa khomo la sukulu" ( . Des Moindependent Community School District [[FL:]], 1969]). Nkhani yotchuka imeneyi yokhudza ophunzira ovala zida zakuda kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndipo Khoti inakhulupirira kuti sukulu zingatsende kulankhula kwa ophunzira ngati zingapangitse kusokonezeka kokulira kwa maphunziro. Lerolino, mfundo imeneyi imagwira ntchito za ophunzira, makampani ofalitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi malo otetezera malo ozungulira, ndi zovala zophiphiritsira monga maboti ankhondo. Komabe, masukulu amwano, kapena masukulu olankhula mawu onyansa, ingaletsende, kapena kuchirikiza kutsutsa, ntchito zonyansa. [2][F][3]

Ufulu wachinsinsi umachitanso mbali yaikulu m'masukulu. M'masukulu New Jersey v.T.L.[FL.] (1985), Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti akuluakulu a sukulu angofunikira kukayikira zinthu zomveka. N’kutheka kuti chifukwa cha zimenezi, kufunafuna zinthu za wophunzira, koma kuyenera kuyenera kupezeka pa maziko ake ndi kulolera. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti wozenga kapena kuyang'ana popanda kukayikira kwaumwini. Posachedwapa, makhoti ayamba kufunafuna zinthu za wophunzira ndi mafoni a m’masewera, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amafuna chilolezo chosonyeza kuti afunika kupatsidwa zinthu zambiri. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti atetezere bwino pakati pa ana a sukulu ndiponso kuti apeze ufulu wawo wodzitetezera.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula m’Masukulu

Mawu a ophunzira ali ndi mitundu yambiri, kuyambira kuvala ma tenti andale ndi kuyamba makalabu kapena kufalitsa nkhani m’manyuzipepala a sukulu. Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira kuti sukulu sizingafufuze malingaliro a ophunzira chifukwa chakuti ali otsutsana kapena osatchuka. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT: 0] Bong] Hits 4 Yesus [ ([FLT]]] [[FOLD]]]]] [makoloreste v. Frederick , 2007]), Khoti linalola sukulu kupatsa mwana wa sukulu chilango chosonyezera mbendera chimene chingafotokozedwe kukhala kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ogodomalitsa, koma linagogomezera kuti nkhani zamwambo sizinakhale nkhani zandale zamwambo. Posachedwapa, makhoti apamwamba alemba nkhani zaupandu za m'manyuzipepala za m'masukulu, atachititsa kuti masukulu asokoneze kapena kusokoneza zinthu.

Ufulu Wachinsinsi wa Ophunzira

Kuposa kufufuza, ophunzira ali ndi ufulu wachinsinsi m'malo awoawo. Malo osungirako sukulu ndiwo malo a sukulu, koma ophunzira ali ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala achinsinsi m’zolembedwa zawo, makamaka pamene apereka maloko awo. Lamulo Lachinayi limafuna kuti akuluakulu a sukulu ayambe kukayikira asanafufuze, zimene zikutanthauza kuti ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo zenizeni zosonyeza kuti wophunzira angaswe lamulo kapena malamulo a sukulu. Kuwonjezera apo, kuyesa koyenera kwa ophunzira ochitidwa ntchito zapasukulu zapansi pa mapulogalamu aphunzitsidwa kukhala ndi malamulo alamulo pansi pa mikhalidwe ina ([FLT:]] Board ya maphunziro. [FLD] v. [FLD:1], 2002], koma osawakayikira, kuyesa kolakwika kwa ophunzira onse kumaswa ufulu wa Chiefmere. Ophunzira ameneŵa amaphunzitsa kuti adalitse kuti mfundo yachinsinsi, koma kuti akuona bwino pamene pali chifukwa chomveka,

Chiyambukiro pa Ntchito

Zoyenera za Malamulo zimapitanso kuntchito, ngakhale kuti mlingo wa chitetezo kaŵirikaŵiri umadalira pa kaya womlemba ntchito ali gulu la boma (chigawo cha boma) kapena kampani yaumwini. Mtengo Woyamba umatetezera antchito a boma kuti asabwezere ntchito zawo zaufulu pa nkhani za anthu. Geartti v. Chikalata cha Khinjirikiti cha Ceballos [[FLF:1] (6], Khoti Lapamwamba limakhulupirira kuti pamene antchito a boma alankhula monga mbali ya ntchito zawo zalamulo, iwo samatetezeredwa monga nzika; komabe, kuchitidwa monga nzika yaumwini pankhani za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mphunzitsi amene amasuliza poyera malamulo amene amayambukira ophunzirawo, pamene kuli kwakuti wolemba malo oweruza mlandu wa ntchito yawo yalamulo. Osati atamaninthetsedwa ngati antchito awo a boma.

Chikalata cha Find Accompliting cha Kusintha kwa Gawo la Gawo la Gawo la Kusintha ndi mwaŵi wa kuyankha, monga momwe zinakhazikitsidwa mu [FLT Claus], makamaka antchito a Education . Loudermill [[FLT: 1] [1985] ['.) Zimenezi zimaletsa kutha kwa ntchito ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo kuntchito. Kuwonjezera apo, Kukhazikitsa malamulo 144 kumaletsa kukondera ntchito kozikidwa pa fuko, chisembwere, chipembedzo, kapena kukhazikitsa kwa dziko lapansi kwa olemba ntchito.

Kuntchito Kumalankhula Mwaufulu

M’chigawo cha boma, olemba ntchito ali ndi ufulu waukulu woyang'anira zolankhula za antchito, makamaka ngati zimasokoneza ntchito, kusokoneza mbiri ya kampani, kapena kuswa malamulo. Komabe, antchito amasungabe ufulu wa kulankhula za mikhalidwe ina ya ntchito . Monga kuswa malamulo a zachitetezo . Malamulo a kuulutsa foni ndi malamulo ena a boma. Ogwira ntchito a boma amatetezanso ufulu wa antchito kuchita ntchito mogwirizana kuti athandizena kapena kutetezana, zimene zimaphatikizapo kukambirana za malipiro, mapindu, ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito. Panthaŵiyi, antchito a boma amatetezedwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti abwana awo ndi boma, limene liyenera kulemekeza malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, wantchito sayenera kukakamizidwa kuti apange ntchito inayake kapena kuti alankhule pamsonkhano wa boma wokhudza nkhani za anthu, monga mmene nkhani ya kusadodometsa ntchito ya ntchito.

Kusintha kwa Ntchito

Pamafunika kuti mabwana a boma apereke chidziŵitso ndi kumvetsera asanamanitse wolembedwa ntchito wofuna kupitiriza ntchito. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti wogwira ntchito ya boma amene ali ndi pangano kapena kuti ayenera kupatsidwa zifukwa zenizeni zomchotsera ntchito ndi mpata wopereka umboni ndi kutsutsana nawo. Chiyeneretsocho si mlandu wokwanira, koma chiyenera kukhala cholungama. Ogwira ntchito a m’boma nthaŵi zambiri alibe chitetezo chimenechi cha malamulo, koma angakhale ndi ufulu wofanana pansi pa pangano kapena lamulo. Kuwonjezera apo, njira yoyenererayo imagwira ntchito pa kuchotsa laisensi ya malensipoti a ntchito, imene ingakhudze ntchito ya munthu.

Chiyambukiro pa Ufulu Waumwini

Mwinamwake chiyambukiro chachikulu kwambiri cha ufulu walamulo pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chiri m'malo a ufulu wa munthu mwini . Luso la kupanga zosankha zakuya ponena za banja, maunansi, ndi chisamaliro chamankhwala popanda kuloŵerera kwa boma. Chitetezero chachinayi cha Chitetezo ndi chitetezero chachikulu cha kufunafuna kosalingalira bwino m’nyumba, magalimoto, ndi kuwonjezereka, zipangizo za magetsi. [kukhoza kwa] California [[FL]] [4] [4] [2] (pamodzi], Khoti Lapamwamba limakhulupirira kuti apolisi ayenera kupeza chilo cha kufunafuna foni kuti agwire, kuzindikira kuti zipangizo zimenezi zili ndi chidziŵitso chachikulu chaumwini. Mofananamo, khoti lili ndi chitetezo chachinayi cha kuzungulira galimoto ([FL:] United States], Joneston, 2012) kuti chiyambukire bwino kwambiri.

Chikalata cha Geneth Amendment chatchedwa Accoustes Claus chamasuliridwa kutetezera ufulu waukulu wa kukhala wekha ndi ufulu waumwini, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukwatira ([FLT: 0]bergefell v. Hodges, 2015), kuyenera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito kuletsa kulera (], Connecticut [[FLT]]]v ], 1965], ndi kuyenera kwa kusankha kuchotsa mimba ([FLT:] Roev. Wade v [[FL:5], 1973], kulamulira kwa mbali ndi [FLT]] zina ndi ufulu wa anthu a m'banja. [FLD]. Jackson's Health Organization: [2], pamene kuli kubwezedwa kwa lamulo la kuchotsa mimba, lamulo lamphamvu la boma, lothandiza kutetezera kwa anthu ena, ndipo kuwonjezera chigamumo, chigamu , chigamu .

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi chinsinsi sikunatchulidwe bwino m'Malamulo, koma Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti ndilo lochokera ku "penumbras" ya Bill of Rights ndi ufulu wotetezeredwa ndi 14neth Amendment. Kuyeneraku kumabisa mbali zosiyanasiyana monga zachinsinsi za nyumba, kubisika kwa zolembera za zamankhwala, ndi ufulu wa kuchita nawo unansi wapafupi. Mwachitsanzo, Lwrence v. Texas [1] [2001] [kanthu], Khoti linaswa malamulo oletsa kugonana kwaumwini pakati pa achikulire, kutsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wa kuchita zosankha zachinsinsi popanda kudodometsedwa ndi boma. M'badwo wamakono, kuyang'anira ufulu wa kutetezera anthu. Mkhalidwe wa anthu amadalira kuchuluka.

Kutetezedwa ku Chilango Chankhanza

Chisinthiko cha Expression chimaletsa zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo, zimene zimayambukira zonse kuyambira pa zitsogozo zogamulidwa kufikira ku mikhalidwe ya kutsekeredwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti zigamulo zosatha za milandu yopanda chiwawa zingaswedwe. Mofananamo, Khotilo laletsa chilango cha imfa cha achichepere ([[[FLT: 0]]] r. Simm[[FLT]] [[3]], 2005], ndi anthu okhala ndi zigamu zalu zopumira za anthu zaluntha (FLT:]. [v]v]] t. [FFLT]] [5], anthu otetezedwa ndi operekedwa ndi operekedwa ndi ziphuphuzonse.]

Kumaliza

U.S. Sichikalata cha mbiri yakale chapadera; ndicho dongosolo lamphamvu limene limalamulira ufulu ndi mathayo a nzika tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuyambira m’kalasi kufikira kuntchito, kuyambira paunansi wa munthu ndi apolisi, ufulu walamulo umaumba malire a ufulu ndi kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu za boma zikhalabe zopereŵera ndi zoŵerengera. Kumvetsetsa ufulu umenewu , kupitirira malamulo a bwalo lamilandu, ndi zokumana nazo za anthu wamba. Ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi anthu onse a ku America amapindula ndi kuzindikira mmene Lamulo Loyamba Lamphumphu limatetezera mawu awo, mmene Kukonzanso Zachinsinsi kwa Chachinayi kumatetezera malo awo, ndi mmene njira yoyenerera ndi zitetezero zolingana zimatsimikizira. Mwakuyamikira mphamvu zenizeni za dziko la Uteko, anthu ena, angagwiritsirire nawo ufulu wawo, ndi kuchirikizanso moyo wawo. Zotsatira zachikhalidwe, zachikhalidwe, monga momwe zimayenderana: [FEl]