Table of Contents
Mmene Ufulu wa Malamulo Umatetezera Nzika M’nthaŵi za Mavuto
Kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu walamulo kumapanga malo otetezera ulamuliro wa demokalase , koma zitsimikizo zimenezi zimayesedwa kwambiri panthaŵi ya ngozi ya dziko. Ngati ziyang'anizana ndi nkhondo, mliri, tsoka lachilengedwe, kapena kutha kwa chuma, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amafunafuna kufutukula mphamvu zawo m'dzina la chisungiko cha anthu. Malamulo a U.S., ndi Bill of Rights and productiondments, amapereka malamulo amene nzika za boma zimatha kugonjetsa ngakhale pamene mantha ndi kusatsimikizirika kulamulira moyo wa anthu. Kuzindikira mmene ufulu umenewu uyenera kukhalira kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kusunga ufulu pamene ikukhazikitsa chitetezo.
Kusintha Kokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu M’mbuyomu
Kuchokera ku Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Nyengo kufikira ku tsiku lamakono, mbiri ya Amereka imavumbula kusagwirizana kobwerezabwereza pakati pa chisungiko cha dziko ndi ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Pulezidenti Abraham Lincol analetsera kumangidwa kwa nkhondo kwa ankhondo a ankhondo. [[FLT:] Mabwalo ankhondo sakanatha kuyesanso anthu kumene milandu ya boma inali kugwira, kukhazikitsa njira yoyambirira yakuti ufulu walamulo umakhalabe mu nkhondo. Momwemo, mkati mwa nkhondo ya dziko I, Eppegation Act 1917 ya kulankhula zaupandu, [186666] [kutsogolera nkhondo:]
Nkhondo ya Dziko II inabweretsa kugwirizanitsa koipitsitsa kwa Ajapani pansi pa Lamulo la Uyang'aniro 906. Mu Korendatsu v. United States (1944), Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza kuikidwa kwa lamulo, chigamulo chotsutsidwa mokulira lerolino monga kulephera kwakukulu kwa lamulo. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kuti ngakhale khoti lapamwamba kwambiri lingaphonye pansi pa chitsenderezo. Mavuto ambiri aposachedwapa, kuphatikizapo Nkhondo ya Urtric ndi Mliriz ndi CHOVAID-19, ayambitsanso mikangano yonena za ukazembe, kutsekedwa, ndi zifuno zaumoyo. Nkhani iliyonse imatsimikizira kufunika kwa kuphunzira kuchokera ku mbiri ndi kumanga chitetezo chalamulo chimene chimatsutsa kuwonongeka kwa ufulu.
Maphunziro ku Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni
Chigawo cha Covil Rights Movement of the 1950 ndi 1960s chimapereka chitsanzo champhamvu. M’nyengo imeneyo, boma ndi maboma a kumaloko anagwiritsira ntchito mawu a mavuto kutsendereza zitsutso ndi kuletsa msonkhano. Komabe makhoti a boma, makamaka pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren, adachirikiza mosalekeza ufulu Woyamba wa ochirikiza ufulu wa ochirikiza ufulu. Zigamulo zonga ngati [AP] NACP [[FLD] v. (1958) Zigamu za ufulu wa gulu lalamulo zingagwirizanitsenso ndi kuponderezana kwandale. [FL:2] South Carolina v. [FLT.] (1963]) zinavomereza kuti ufulu wa kusonkhana pamodzi pabwalo lapo ufulu wa anthu onse. Zigamu zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ufulu wa bungwe la malamulo ukhoza kuteteza ufulu wolimbana ndi kuponderezana kwa andale.
Ufulu Waukulu wa Malamulo ndi Chitetezo Chawo Chovuta
Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kulimbikira
First Amendment imatsimikizira kuti “Kuletsa lamulo silidzapanga lamulo . koma, Khoti Lalikulu laletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa kufalitsa nkhani. [1] Pangozi, kuyenera kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri ndiko koyamba kuukiridwa. Maboma anganene kuti kusagwirizana ndi kusoŵana kapena kuopsa, ndipo manyuzipepala angayang'ane ndi chitsenderezo cha kudzitetezera. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likusunga ufuluwo ngakhale mkati mwa nkhondo, kulankhula sikungaletsedwe pokhapokha ngati kukubweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu. [[FLT: 0] Kuyesa kwapasaku kuyenera kuyambitsa kuyambitsa kachitidwe kodzitetezera koipa kochitidwa ndi kotsutsana ndi lamulo kochitidwa ndi kutsutsa kwambiri kwandale. [FLP.] mu [FLD:] Branden b. [FFFF]
Zitsanzo zothandiza zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kutsutsa kulabadira kwa boma, kutulutsa zikalata zotulutsa zonena za maprogramu ofufuza, kapena kulinganiza zitsutso panthaŵi ya kutsekeredwa. Nzika ziyenera kudziŵa kuti First Amendment imatetezera osati mawu okha olankhulidwa komanso mawu ophiphiritsira, monga ngati kuvala chophimba kapena kusonyeza chizindikiro. Mliri wa Covid, makhoti angapo anaswa ziletso zazikulu pa misonkhano yachipembedzo ndi zisonyezero zapoyera, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale vuto la zaumoyo silimapatsa mphamvu yopanda malire ya kuletsa kutsutsa.
Ufulu wa Msonkhano ndi Mayanjano
Makhoti akhazikitsa “nthaŵi yabwino yosonkhana, ndi kupempha Boma kuti lithetse mavuto . N’kofunikanso kwambiri panthawi ya mavuto. Pamene maboma akhazikitsa malamulo a m'nyumba kapena kuletsa misonkhano yaikulu, ufulu wa msonkhano ungasokoneze ndi zofunikira za anthu. Makhoti asunga nthawi yabwino, malo, ndi malamulo, komanso malamulo, koma alamula kuti maboma sangasankhe magulu ena kapena malingaliro ena opondereza. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya chiweruziro cha 2020, mizinda ina ina inayesa kuletsa misonkhano yonse, koma makhoti a boma anakhazikitsa malamulo otsekedwa mwamsanga. Mfundo yofunika ndi yakuti malamulo alionse ayenera kukhala ogwirizana ndi osavuta kukhazikitsa ndi kusiya njira zina zolankhulirana, monga za pa Intaneti kapena pa misonkhano yaing'ono.
Ufulu Wotsatira Njira Yoyenera ndi Habeas Corpus
Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene adzalandidwa “moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale m’mavuto, boma liyenera kupereka chidziŵitso ndi kumvetsera moyenera lisanachite zinthu zoipa kwa anthu. Malamulo a Habeas corpus , koma Khoti Lapamwamba linakana lingalirolo mu [FOL:] . Pankhondo ya Thoma, Boom adatsutsa kuti a Babyteas ku Guantamo Bay, analibe ufulu wa ku Habeaspus, koma kuti bwalo lamilandu lalikulu linakana lingalirolo mu [FOL: 0] Busmeddien. [v:]
Pa zinthu zamwadzidzidzi za anthu onse, pamabukanso nkhaŵa pamene maboma aika anthu apadera, kukhazikitsa akatemera, kapena kukhazikitsa ziletso za maulendo. Makhoti akale achirikiza njira zimenezi pansi pa mphamvu ya apolisi (onani [[FLT: 0]] Jacobson v. Massachusetts [1], 1905 , komanso adafuna kuti njirazo zikhale zoyenerera, zofunika, ndipo osati zopanda lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID-19, maboma ena anayang'anizana ndi malamulo a katemera okakamiza antchito osamalira zaumoyo, limodzi ndi makhoti ayese kaya malamulowo anaphatikizapo kuletsa zamankhwala kapena zifukwa za chipembedzo. Phunziro nlo kuti njira yake siilekeze kuchitika mwamsanga.
Chitetezo pa Kufufuza ndi Kusoŵetsa Zinthu Zopanda Nzeru
Demendment Yachinayi imateteza ku kuloŵerera kwa boma popanda chifukwa chomveka. M’mavuto, kuyenera kumeneku kungawonongedwe ndi kuyang'anira kowonjezereka, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyenera, ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu. Patriot Act, itatha 9 / 11, ilo lovomerezedwa ndi mphamvu zoyang'anira, kuphatikizapo “zikalata ndi kuyang'ana". Zikalata ndi zoikizira za metansi . [[FL:0] United States v. Jones[FL:1] [20], Khoti Lapamwamba limakhulupirira kuti woyendetsa galimoto ya GPS imapanga kufunafuna pansi pa Description, kupempha chilolezo cha posachedwapa. [FLD:] Makampani a Sullillance (FC) afunikira kuyang'anizidwa ndi zigamu zamphamvu zamphamvu zamphamvu. [FFFUtractive]
Mavuto a Ufulu wa Anthu M’nthaŵi ya Mavuto
Ngakhale kuti malamulo amateteza, mavuto amachititsa kuti ufulu wa anthu uthe.
Malamulo a Olamulira ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi
Maofesala ndi akazembe kaŵirikaŵiri amapempha mphamvu zamwadzidzidzi kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira popanda chivomerezo cha lamulo. Act ya National Emertitutions (197 [1] ndi Sect Stafford] Act [[ imapatsa mphamvu ya ulamuliro waukulu pa nthaŵi ya masoka. Komabe, maulamuliro ameneŵa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyalanyaza malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, chilengezo chamwamsanga cha Pulezidenti Trump chomangitsa khoma m'chaka 2019 chinatsutsidwa monga kuswa mphamvu ya Congress. Makhoti apanga lamulo akuti mphamvu zamwadzi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo ndipo sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa boma pa nkhani zaudindo laudindo panthaŵi ya zaumoyo.
Kutsutsa Chiweruzo ndi Upandu wa “Chilichonse Chake”
Makhoti ambiri alola makhoti akuluakulu pa nthaŵi ya mavuto, makamaka pankhani za chitetezo cha dziko. “kufunsa kwa ndale za chiphunzitso” ndi lingaliro la“zofunika zapadera” zosiya ku Demendment yachinayi zalola mabungwe a luntha kuchuluka. Komabe Khoti Lapamwamba lachenjezanso kuti kunyalanyaza sikuyenera kukhala kopereka ufulu. m'chiphunzitso cha Trump. Hawaii v. , (20:8), Bwalo limachirikiza kuletsa kwa Abisilamu ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo kwa anthu, koma limachita zimenezi podalira pa kumasulira ulamuliro. Chigamulo chosonyeza kutsutsana koyenera, kuwonjezera pa kuŵerengerana kwa kuŵerengera kwa Chikhalidwe.
Chitsenderezo cha Anthu ndi Nthanthi ya Chisungiko
Mkati mwa mavuto, malingaliro a anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha kuchirikiza kachitidwe kamphamvu ka boma. Zimenezi zingayambitse “kuzungulira mbendera” chiyambukiro chimene chimaletsa kusemphana maganizo ndi kusiyanitsa zoyenera za anthu. Kugwirizanitsa kwa Ajapani adachirikizidwa kwambiri panthaŵiyo, monga momwe zinaliri McCMarthy-era lumbiro la kukhulupirika. Lerolino, vuto nlokhala ndi lingaliro lotsutsa ngakhale pamene mantha ali ofala. Kuŵerengera kwa anthu, ndi chitaganya cholemekezeka nchofunika kutsutsa. [[FLT: 0] Kuyenera kwa anthu sikudziphetsa mwini; iwo amadalira pa nzika zimene zimafuna kuŵerengetsera mlandu.
Makampani Opanga Malamulo Amene Amateteza Ufulu wa Anthu
Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu
Mfundo III ya makhoti a boma okhala ndi mphamvu yomasulira lamulo, kuphatikizapo Konsichushoni. Kupyolera . Makhoti angagamule malamulo, malangizo a akuluakulu, ndi malamulo amene amatsutsa ufulu waukulu. Nkhani zomalemba zonga Zoletsa Kulemba Kuwomba; Tube Co. Kupyer [1952] Saintum joler la Pulezidenti Bruman, kulanda mizere yachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea, kulimbitsa kuti ngakhale mphamvu zankhondo zili ndi malire alamulo. Posachedwapa, makhoti atsekeretsa kuletsa ntchito zankhondo zotsekera ntchito zankhondo ndipo afunikira maselo ozungulira malo a njira. Kukhoza kubweretsa mlandu wosasankha ndi kulakwa kwa kuweruza milandu ya kutsogolo kwa chigawa. Komabe, ndi kuthandizira kwa lamulo la lamulo, kumene kuli koyenera kuthandizira kukwaniritsa lamulo.
Chikondwerero cha Anthu Onse ndi Kuzenga
Mabungwe onga ngati American Liberties Union (ACLU ), Extronic Foundation (EFFF) , ndi [[FLT] Brennan Center ya Justice [AFL] Center ya nthaŵi zonse] milandu yotsutsa ufulu wa kuswa malamulo panthaŵi ya mavuto. Magulu ameneŵa amadalira pa kuima, zochita za gulu, ndi a a a a amwansi kuti abweretse nkhani za m'makhoti pamaso pa mabwalo. Mwachitsanzo, ACLU suchu sux kulekana kwa banja, ndi EFFFF yakhazikitsa kuyang'anira. Chikondwerero chachinga choimbidwa cha onse. Chingalungamo chaperekedwa kutetezera ufulu wa zaka zimenezi.
Kufufuza za Ufulu Woyenerera Kutetezedwa
Chilangizo cha Khoti Lalikulu la Korematsu
Mu 2018, Bwana Wamkulu wa Bwalo Lalikulu Roberts analemba kuti “Korematsu analakwa kwambiri tsiku limene linagamulidwa, kusonyeza kuti Khoti lingaphunzire kuchokera ku zolakwa zake. Ili ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha ufulu walamulo wokhudza nthaŵi. Hawaii [1] [[FLT: 3] . Javanion siimasintha kuvulaza kwa mtundu, koma imakhazikitsa chitsanzo chatsopano chakuti masankho a mafuko ndi kukayikira kogwirizana ndi gulu n’kulephera kutengera malamulo, ngakhale m’mavuto.
Kulankhula Mwaufulu Mkati mwa Kulankhula kwa COVID-19
M’mliri wa Covid , makhoti ambiri anayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zambiri pa zaumoyo wa anthu. M'Chiroma Katolika Diocese ya Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020), Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka malire a misonkhano yachipembedzo ku New York, kulamulira kuti ziletso zopatulidwa pa chipembedzo. Mofananamo, mu Tandn v. Newsom , Khoti inakhulupirira kuti njira iliyonse ya zaumoyo wa onse imene imaletsa misonkhano yachipembedzo iyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mosatenga mbali pa zochita za dziko. Zigamu zachipembedzo, boma silingachitirenso umboni wakuti mchitidwe wapadera wa kulimba kwapadera.
Kuchuluka kwa Anthu ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu
Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, USA PARIGIOT Act yofutukulidwa mphamvu zoyang’anira pansi pa malamulo a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FASA). Mu 2013, kuchuka kwa Edward Snowden kuvumbula kusonkhanitsa foni zambiri za metalog metation pa chigawo chimodzi 215 cha Chikalata. Kuphatikizapo ACLUL . Clapper ndi "2015], kutsogolera Komiti yachiŵiri ya chigawo cha SA kutulukira kuti pulogalamuyo sinalosetsedwe ndi lamulo. Pamapeto pake, kafukufukuwa akusonyeza kuti ufulu walamulo, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri ukhoza kuchotsedwa pa mavuto a boma.
Kumaliza: Kufunika Kokhala Maso
Ufulu wa Malamulo suli wodzifunira; umafunikira kutetezera ndi kumasulira kosalekeza. Mavuto a mbiri yakale ayesa ufulu umenewu, nthaŵi zina ndi zotulukapo zatsoka, koma dongosolo la malamulo lasonyezanso kulimba. Kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu sikumatha [1] Kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi ngozi iliyonse yatsopano. Nzika zili ndi thayo la kuzindikira zoyenera zawo, kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe amene amatetezera malamulo alamulo. Monga momwe amadziŵira, “kudikira kwamuyaya ndiko mtengo wa ufulu. [1] M'nyengo ya kusintha kwa nyengo ya dziko lonse, ndi kuopseza kwachisungiko, kuti kudikira kuli kofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse.
Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani tsamba Constitution Anoted [FLT :1] kuchokera ku Laibulale ya Congress, ACLU’s Crisis & Liberties [Malonse], ndi [[FLT]]] SCOTYY] kupenda kwa mphamvu zangozi [. Kukhala wodziŵa ndi sitepe loyamba kutsimikizira kuti ufulu walamulo ukhalabe chitetezero cha moyo kwa nzika zonse.