Kusintha Koyamba ndi Maziko a Kulankhula Mwaufulu

Chikalata chotchedwa First Amendment ku United States Constitution chimaimira mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya ufulu wa anthu a ku America, yokhudza mfundo yofunika yakuti boma silingaletse kufotokoza maganizo a anthu. Lamulo lake lalikulu((("""Conrer lizipanga lamulo lililonse... loletsa ufulu wa kulankhula". Ndilo lamulo lokhwima ndi lamphamvu kwambiri pa ulamuliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti zolembazo n’zosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa ufulu umenewu kwasintha chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa ndale, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kumasulira kocholoŵa m’nkhani zachiweruzo. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza za mbiri yakale, matanthauzo a zachiweruzo, ndi mfundo zamakono za lamulo la ufulu wa ufulu wa kulankhula. Kumvetsa mipambo imeneyi nkofunika kwambiri pochita ntchito za kukhala nzika ndi kuteteza nkhani zimene anthu aundamalamulo.

Poyambirira, First Amendment inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha. Komabe, mwa kuphatikiza chiphunzitso cha Geneth Amendment, Khoti Lapamwamba la Greater linagwiritsira ntchito chitetezo chimenechi ku maboma ndi malo a dziko, kuyambira ndi kuwona Gitlow v. New York (1925)]. Kukula kumeneku kunachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera polankhula, kutsimikizira kuti palibe boma lililonse ku United States limene lingaletse otsutsa. Ulendo wochokera ku gawo lochepa la boma lolamulira kupita ku chitsimikizo chachikulu cha dziko la ufulu wa kulankhula.

Maziko a Mbiri Yake a Chitetezo cha Kulankhula

Okonza bungwe la Bill of Rights anasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi nzeru za bungwe la Kuunikiridwa ndi zokumana nazo zawo mu ulamuliro wa Britain.

Chisonkhezero cha Olingalira ndi Lamulo la Chingelezi

Zolemba za John Locke, amene anatsutsa kuyenera kwachibadwa ndi kufunika kwa boma mwa chivomerezo, zinapereka maziko a nthanthi kaamba ka kufotokoza kwaulere. Malingaliro ameneŵa anatsutsa mwachindunji lamulo la Chingelezi la kutsutsa kopeluza, limene linatsutsa korona ndi boma. Olembawo anawona kukhoza kulankhula ndi kufalitsa momasuka kukhala koyenera, kofunika kaamba ka kulondola chowonadi ndi kuletsa kwa nkhanza.

Kukumana ndi Zochitika za Ufumu wa Roma ndi Kutsutsana kwa Kulanda

Zidzudzulo za mwamsanga za atsamunda mu ulamuliro wa Briteni zinadziŵitsanso kufunika kwa ufulu wa kulankhula chitsimikiziro. Kufufuzidwa kwa nyumba zolamulira ndi kutsutsira osindikiza onga John Peter Zenger, amene anasuliza maulamuliro a Briteni, kunagogomezera unansi wathithithi pakati pa ufulu wandale ndi kukhoza kulankhula mwaufulu. Mkati mwa mikangano yowopsa yokhudza kuikidwa kwa malamulo a ufulu, Anti-Fedalist ananena mwamphamvu kuti boma latsopano lapakati likaletsa mosapeŵekanika kutsutsa ngati lamulo lachindunji la ufulu silinawonjezeredwe. Mpatu woyambirira unali chotulukapo cha kulolera kulolera molakwa, chomangira chokulira cha anthu ochuluka kapena mkulu wa akuluakulu odzilamulira.

Kuyesa Koyambirira: Chikalata cha mu 1798

Pafupifupi mwamsanga pambuyo pa kupenyetsetsa kwake, First Amendment inayang'anizana ndi chiyeso chachikulu ndi kudutsa kwa Sedition Act ya 1798. Lamulo limeneli lotsutsana kwambiri linapangitsa kufalitsa "bodza, zonyansa, ndi kulemba kwanji kutsutsana ndi boma . Linagwiritsiridwa ntchito makamaka kuweruza atolankhani ndi akonzi ogwirizana ndi Jefferson Democratic-Republicans. Ngakhale kuti lamuloli linatha ndipo amene anaimbidwa mlanduwo anakhululukidwa ndi Pulezidenti Jefferson, kutsutsa kwake kwa ndalensi kuti cholinga chachikulu cha First Amendment chinali kuteteza kutsutsana kwa ndale. Nkhani ya Sedition Act idakalibe chenjezo yaikulu ponena za kutha kwa ufulu wa kulankhula kwaufulu m'ndale.

Mbali za Mawu Otetezereka

Chiphunzitso chamakono cha First Amendment chimavomereza kuti "ufulu wa kulankhula" umaphatikizapo zoposa mawu olankhulidwa okha. Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga dongosolo la kulinganiza ndi kutetezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kalankhulidwe, kuzindikira kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kalankhulidwe imatumikira mapindu osiyana a kakhalidwe.

Kalankhulidwe ka Zandale: Kachikalata Kabwino Koyamba

Nkhani yandale, kuphatikizapo kutsutsana pa oyembekezera kulowa, malamulo a boma, nkhani za boma, ndi khalidwe la akuluakulu a boma, zimaperekedwa mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa chitetezo. Gulu limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limafotokozedwa kukhala ndi "mpambo wapamwamba koposa wa maprinsive Oyamba. Nkhani yotchuka New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]) anakhazikitsa zipinga zolimba zotsutsana ndi sutusi za boma, akuzindikira kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa mtundu ku lamulo lakuti nkhani ya kuyenera kukhala yolimba, yolimba, ndi yotseguka. Chigamulo cha anthu onse chinafunikira kutsimikizira "kulakwa" kupambana mlandu wonyozedwa, kupereka malo ofunika kaamba ka kutsutsa boma.

Mawu Ophiphiritsira ndi Khalidwe Losonyeza Khalidwe Labwino

Machitidwe omwe amalinganizidwa kupereka uthenga wakutiwakuti amatetezeredwa monga mawu ophiphiritsira. Khotilo linazindikira lamulo ili mu Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1] ( , kunyamula kuti ophunzira ovala mikono yakuda kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mawu oyera. Mofananamo, mu Testas v. Johnson [[FLT:]] (1999), Bwalo linasunga mbendera ya ku America monga mtundu wa chitsutso cha ndale cha ndale zadziko limakhala khalidwe lotetezedwa kwambiri ndi malamulo Oyamba. Kuzindikira kumeneku kukhoza kutchula mawu omveka ngati mbali yofunika ya lamulo lamakono laulere.

Kulankhula Mochita Zamalonda Ndiponso Kucheza ndi Anthu Olankhulana Momasuka

Mawu a malonda, monga ngati kutsatsa malonda, amalandira mlingo wa chitetezo cha First Amendment , koma kumlingo wochepera kuposa njira ya ndale zadziko kapena yaluso. Concentral Hudson Gas & Geality Corp v. Public Service Commission (1980) imalola boma kuyang'anira nkhani zamalonda zimene zikusocheretsa kapena zimene zikudetsa nkhaŵa zosakhala za lamulo. Kuwonjezera apo, Demetrition imateteza ufulu wa anthu kuyanjana ndi ena pazifuno zaufulu. NACP v. Alabama[FLD:3] (1958]), Khotilo linazindikira kuti kutsendedwa kwa mayanjano odzitsa ndi odetsedwa ndi odetsedwa, kutsimikizira kugwirizana pakati pa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kulinganiza.

Malire Olembedwa Bwino pa Ufulu wa Kulankhula

Khotili latchulapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu amene anthu sawadziwa chifukwa chakuti sachita zinthu zofunika kwambiri kapena chifukwa chakuti boma lili ndi chidwi chofuna kuwaletsa.

  • Kusonkhezera ku Ntchito Yopanda Malamulo: [[FLT :1] Kuyesa kwamakono kumachokera ku [[FLT]] Brandenburg v. Ohio [[FLT]] [[1969]]. Mawu olimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kumatetezedwa pokhapo ngati kukutsogolera kapena kuyambitsa kachitidwe kophwanya malamulo ndipo kumachititsa kapena kuyambitsa kachitidwe koteroko. Kuyesa kumeneku kumateteza kwambiri kulankhulira kotukumula.
  • Mawu onama ndi Zonena Zonama: [[FLT :1] Zonena zonama zakuti kuvulaza mbiri ya munthu sikumatetezeredwa. Komabe, akuluakulu a boma ayenera kutsimikizira "zoipa zachibadwa" (kuzindikira chinyengo kapena kusasamala choonadi) pansi pa [[FLT :3] New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
  • Zinthu zolunjika za kugonana zimene zimakumana ndi mayeso atatu oonekeratu a kugonana kuchokera ku Miller v. California (1973]) si wotetezeka. Zimenezi zimafuna kuti ntchito, yotengedwa monga yokha, yokopa, isonyeze khalidwe la kugonana m’njira yonyansa, ndi yopanda nzeru, yotchuka, yaukatswiri, yandale, kapena yasayansi.
  • Mawu otsutsa: Mu [FT:2] Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942]), Bwalo linamasulira "mawu olimbana" monga aja amene mwa mawu awo enieniwo avulaza kapena kusonkhezera kuswedwa kwa mtendere. Gulu limeneli lagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’zaka makumi zotsatira kuti lipeŵe malingaliro osatchuka.
  • Zowopsya zenizeni: [[FLT :1] Khoti mu [FLT :2] Virginia v. Black (2003]) inalongosola ziwopsezo zenizeni monga mawu pamene wolankhula amatanthauza kupereka mawu aakulu a cholinga cha kuchita chiwawa chosemphana ndi lamulo. Zimenezi zimachotsa mawu ongoyerekezera andale ndi kuseka chabe.
  • Zithunzithunzi za Ana ndi Solitice: Boma lili ndi chifuno chachikulu cha kutetezera ana aang’ono, ndipo mawu amene amatsogolera mwachindunji ku kudyeredwa masuku pamutu kwa ana samaperekedwa kuchinjiriza Koyamba Kowonjezera.

Khoti Lalikulu Limateteza Anthu Kuti Azilankhula Mwaufulu

Khoti Lalikulu limathandiza kwambiri kufotokoza tanthauzo la mawu akuti Free Speech Claus. Mwa kupendanso milandu, khotilo limalinganiza ufulu wa munthu wotsutsa zofuna za boma zopikisana, chitetezo, ndi chilungamo. Chiphunzitso cha First Amendment chimasonyeza kusintha kwa zochitika m’chitaganya.

Khoti linaona kuti khoti linavutika kufotokoza malire a mawu m'nthaŵi za mavuto a dziko. Scheck v. United States (1919), Jasitisi Holmes analongosola bwino "kuwoneratu ndi kuyambitsa tsoka", poona kuti Kukonzanso Koyamba sikungateteze munthu amene akufuula monama pankhondo. Komabe, kuyesa kumeneku kunagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira kuchirikiza zikhulupiriro za anthu ndi zotsutsa nkhondo ya dziko lonse mu 1960.

Kusintha kuchoka ku "claire ndi ngozi yopereka" ku kuyesa kwamphamvu "kachitidwe ka kusayeruzika" mu [FLT : 0] Brandenburg kumasonyeza kuzindikira kokhwima kwakuti boma la democracy liyenera kulekerera kuchuluka kwa kuletsa ndi kukwiya kwakukulu kwa kusungitsa kukambitsirana kwa malingaliro. New York Times. v. United States[FLT] [12], Pentag Papers, khoti lokana poyamba, kuletsa kuti boma silingaletseke mtolo waukulu wa zogaŵirikiridwa zokanika zokhalamo zokhalamo.

Mavuto a M’nthaŵi Yake

M’zaka za zana la 21 munayamba kuvuta kwambiri pankhani ya malamulo a Opper Amendment, makamaka osonkhezeredwa ndi intaneti ndi kulamulira mapulatifomu a anthu wamba.

Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti intaneti ndi yokha yotetezera mawu. [[FLT: 0] Packingham v. North Carolina[FL:1] (2017]), khoti linagonjetsa lamulo loletsa opalamula za kugonana kuchokera ku malo olankhulira a anthu, likumanena kuti masiteshoni a zaunyinji a anthu ndi " malo amakono oonetserako a anthu onse" ndi ofunika kwambiri posinthana malingaliro. Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo pakati pa boma ndi papulagalamu ya munthu payekha. Coption imateteza anthu ku Commotion ku [FLT] Commotion [F:] Commotion [FF.[5] kachitidwe ka masitesion:]. Makampani a za chikhalidwe ndi "FLT] Odzipatula. Iwo ali ndi makampani awoawo.

Zimenezi zimapangitsa malo ovuta kwambiri ochitirako nkhani yapoyera kumene kuli kosonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi malamulo aumwini ndi malamulo a kusamala. Nkhani za kuphatikizana zimaphatikizapo kutetezeredwa kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi luntha, malamulo a kusatsa malonda andale, ndi ntchito ya kulembedwa komaliza poteteza mawu achinsinsi. Makhoti adzapitiriza kuwongolera malire a kulankhula kwaufulu pamene luso la zopangapangapanga likusintha.

Phindu la Chikhalidwe cha Mwambo Womasuka wa Kulankhula

Kutetezeredwa kwakukulu kwa Lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera kumatumikira ntchito zingapo zogwirizana zimene ziri zofunika m’chitaganya cha demokrase.

Advancing Democratic Self-Governance : [1] Nzika sizingadzilamulire zokha pokhapokha ngati zili zaufulu kugawana chidziŵitso, dala pa nkhani za anthu, ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri awo kuŵerengera. Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wofunika kuti boma likhale logwira ntchito. Kukhoza kutsutsa poyera boma ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yofufuzira khalidwe loipa la boma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu.

Kukopa Malo a Zamalonda: Jaji Holmes wotchuka kutsutsa Abrams v. United States (1919]) adatsutsa kuti kuyesa choonadi kwabwino koposa ndiko mphamvu ya kulingalira kuti kuvomerezedwa mpikisano wa msika. Malamulo Oyamba amatsimikizira kuti boma silimangitsa msika umenewu mwa kutsendereza malingaliro ake. Mankhwala omalizira a kulankhula kovulaza si kusanthula, koma kutsutsana ndi maphunziro.

[[FLT: 0] Kuteteza gulu la Diversect ndi Tolence Society: Kuteteza mawu a otsutsa, a tiana, ndi awo amene ali ndi malingaliro osadziŵika n’zofunika kuti anthu akhale ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Kukakamiza anthu ambiri kuti atsutsane ndi kupangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kwambiri kugwirizanitsa mfundo zamwambo. Magulu otsatizana a mbiri yakale adalira pa chitetezo cha First Amendment kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo, kuchokera ku ufulu wa Chigawo ku Suffrage Bay. Ufulu wa kutsutsa ndiko kuyendetsa kwa kayendetsedwe kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kumaliza: Kudzipereka Kokhalitsa kwa Malamulo

Chitsimikiziro cha First Amendment cha ufulu wa kulankhula sichiri kokha chiwongola dzanja; chiri maziko omangapo omangapo demokrase ya Amereka. Chimatheketsa kulinganiza kwa luso ndi sayansi, ndi kupereka njira yamtendere yothetsera kusagwirizana. Mbiri ya ufulu wa kulankhula mu United States iri imodzi ya zitetezero zomakulakulakula, kuchinjiriza dziko ku mafunde a mantha ndi kukhazikitsa maziko alamulo kaamba ka kusintha kwa mayanjano ndi ndale zadziko.

Kulingalira kuvuta kwa kulankhula kwaufulu kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kwa nzika iliyonse. Mwakumvetsetsa machinjirizo amphamvu osonyezedwa panopo . Magulu a mawu otetezeredwa, malire ochepera pa chitetezo chimenecho, ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kupenda kwachiweruzo . Magazini angamvetse bwino mphamvu ya mawu awo ndi malamulo amene amateteza. Ntchito yoteteza kulankhula mwaufulu si ya makhoti okha koma kwa nzika iliyonse imene imazindikira kuti chitaganya chimene chimaletsa kuyenera kuletsa. Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za mawu a maziko a ufulu umenewu, fufuzani [[FLT:] National Archives of Rights .