M'malamulo, umboni ndiwo malo operekera milandu imene imamangidwa ndi kugamulidwa. Kaya ndi mkangano pakati pa zipani zaumwini kapena mlandu waupandu wa boma, kusonkhanitsa, kusanthula, ndi kupereka umboni umatsimikizira zotsatirapo. Kumvetsetsa mmene umboni umasonkhanidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi yaupandu nkofunika kwa aliyense wotsatira njira zalamulo ndi mboni kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi kwa anthu onse. Malamulo olamulira amalinganizidwira kutsimikizira, kudalirika, ndi kulondola chowonadi, koma amasiyana mowonekera kudalira pa mtundu wa mlanduwo. Nkhaniyi imapereka umboni womvekera bwino, njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa, miyezo ya odziŵa malamulo ndi ya anthu onse.

Umboni Wosiyanasiyana

Umboni wa m’magulu angapo waikidwa m’magulu osiyanasiyana, uliwonse wokhala ndi mikhalidwe ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana a kulephera. Pamene kuli kwakuti physics imaphatikizapo umboni, zolembedwa, zojambula, zopereka umboni, ndi maumboni a manambala, njira zina zofunika zamakono zimazindikiranso mitundu ina yofunika monga umboni wa malungo, umboni weniweni, ndi umboni wa sayansi.

Umboni Wotsimikizira

Umboni wa kutsimikizira uli ndi mawu operekedwa ndi mboni zolumbira, kaya m’khoti kapena kudzera m'zopereka. Imaphatikizapo umboni wachindunji wa zimene mboniyo inawona, limodzinso ndi malingaliro aukatswiri. Kuwoneka, kukumbukira, ndi tsankho lothekera ndizo zinthu zowopsa zimene oweruza ndi ajuli amapenda popenda umboni wotsimikizira.

Umboni Wolembedwa

Umboni wa m'zolemba kapena wolembedwa, wonga mapangano, makalata, zolembedwa za zamankhwala, makampani, ndi zikalata za boma. Kuti zikhale zovomerezeka, zikalata ziyenera kulembedwa mwa kusonyeza kuti ndi zimene wochirikizayo akunena. Umboni wabwino kwambiri (Ulamuliro wa Faderal of Evicence 1002) umafuna kulemba kapena kujambula kuti atsimikizire zimene zilimo pokhapokha ngati zikugwira ntchito.

Umboni Wakuthupi

Umboni wa zinthu zooneka kapena zenizeni ndi zinthu zimene zinathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya nkhaniyi. Mwachitsanzo, zida, chovala, kunyamula zidindo za manja, kapena chinthu chimene akuti chinavulaza munthu.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Umboni wosonyeza zinthu zophiphiritsa ndi zinthu monga zithunzi, mapu, matchati, zithunzi, kapena makompyuta, zimene amagwiritsa ntchito pothandiza munthu amene wangozindikira pang’ono mfundo zina.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zilipo

Makompyuta, mafoni, magalimoto amphamvu, mabomba osungira zinthu, malo olankhulirana ndi anthu komanso zipangizo zina zamakono, zimavuta kwambiri kuti anthu apeze zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga makompyuta, mafoni, mafoni, makompyuta, makompyuta, ndi zipangizo zina zamakono.

Umboni Wofunika Kwambiri

Umboni wochuluka sutsimikizira mwachindunji kuti zinthuzo n’zoona koma umalola munthu wosaganizira mfundo imeneyi kufotokoza mfundoyo kuchokera ku zochitika zozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, kupeza zidindo za munthu wina pa upandu sikungatsimikizire kuti anachita upanduwo, koma ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito pamodzi ndi umboni wina wotsimikizira kuti ndi munthu. Umboni wapadera umaloledwa m’nkhani zonse ziŵiri zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu ndipo ungakhale wokwanira kuchirikiza chitsimikiziro.

Umboni Wasayansi ndi Wonena za Mbiri Yake

Umboni wa sayansi umaphatikizapo DNA, kupenda mwazi, masamu a mwazi, malipoti a ululu, ndi kukonzanso ngozi. Makhoti a boma amalamulidwa ndi Daubert muyezo (Ulamuliro wa Umboni 702], umene umafuna khoti likhale msungi, kutsimikizira kuti umboni waluso wazikidwa pa njira ndi mapulinsipulo odalirika. Makhoti ambiri a boma amatsatira muyezo [[FLT:]] Fictry [FLT]] kapena njira yopanga.

Kupeza Umboni M’milandu ya Apandu

Njira yopezera umboni wofufuza milandu makamaka ndi udindo wa mabungwe osungitsa malamulo, kuphatikizapo apolisi, FBI, DEA, ndi mabungwe ena a boma ndi boma. Njira zimene amagwiritsira ntchitozo zimadalira kwambiri malamulo a boma, ndipo zimadalira kwambiri poteteza bungwe la Four Amendment kuti lisafufuze kapena kugwidwa ndi njirinji.

Kufufuza ndi Kulabadira Koyambirira

Pamene upandu wasimbidwa, apolisi afika pamalopo, kusungitsa malowo, ndi kuyamba kufufuza koyambirira. Iwo amafunsa minkhole ndi mboni, amalemba malowo ndi zithunzithunzi ndi zojambula, ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni wobukapo usanawonongeke. Yankho loyamba limakhazikitsa maziko a mlandu wonsewo . "maupandu apa chigawo chino angapotoze umboni pambuyo pake.

Kufunafuna ndi Kutengeka

Kusungitsa malamulo kuyenera kufunafuna lamulo lozikidwa pa chochititsa chothekera asanafufuze nyumba ya munthu, galimoto, kapena malo ena achinsinsi. Chilolezocho chiyenera kulongosola mwapadera malo ofunidwa ndi zinthu zoti zikwaniritsidwe. Zosiyana zimaphatikizapo chivomerezo, mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika (m’chitsanzo, kulondola kapena kuwononga kofulumira kwa umboni), malingaliro oonekeratu, kufufuza chochitika chakumanga, ndi chosiyana ndi galimoto. Umboni wopezedwa woswa Lamulo lachinayi ungachotsedwe pansi pa lamulo la kuchotsa, ngakhale kuti mosafanana ndi lamulo la chikhulupiriro chabwino ulipo.

Kufunsidwa ndi Mawu

Kuyankha anthu okayikira, osunga ana kapena ena, kuyenera kugwirizana ndi Malamulo a Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu. Machenjezo a Miranda a chithunzithunzi chaulemu ndi ufulu wa kukhala chete ndi wa loya . Ndi ofunikira asanaimbidwe mlandu. Ndemanga zochitidwa mokakamiza, mwa kukakamiza kapena molakwika, n’zosadziŵika. Kufunsa kwa m'bwalo ndi mbali yaikulu imene kuvomereza konyenga kwachitika, ndipo madera ambiri amafuna kujambula mafunso onse a pakompyuta.

Kupenda Kochita Kuzoloŵereka

Umboni wa zinthu zimene zatengedwa m'mafilimu a upandu amatumizidwa ku malaboletale ofufuza za upandu. Ziphunzitso zofala za mapulogalamu a zauchigaŵenga ndi monga DNA profilfication, kuyerekezera zidindo za manja, kupenda zida za magetsi, mankhwala, ndi makompyuta. Kudalirika kwa njira zimenezi kwafufuzidwa m’zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchititsa kusintha kwa sayansi ya zasayansi. National Academy of Sciences ndi mabungwe ena alimbikitsa kufufuza koyenera ndi njira zothandiza kuletsa zikhulupiriro zolakwika.

Makina Opangira Mafoni ndi Makompyuta

Malamulo akuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa makompyuta ndi mafoni am’manja, marekodi a masewero a makompyuta, ndi mapulogalamu a makompyuta a boma, ndi mapepala a malo ozungulira afunika kuti adziwe zipangizo pafupi ndi malo a upandu. Kugwiritsa ntchito foni kumafuna muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri. Kusintha malo a malamulo pa makompyuta kumafuna kuti munthu ayambenso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina.

Umboni Wosonyeza Mizera ndi Umboni Wotsimikizira

Kudziŵika kwa mbonizo kungakhale kwamphamvu koma kosadalirika. Kusungidwa kwa malamulo kuyenera kutsatira machitidwe abwino koposa: oyang’anira akhungu (amene amatsogolera gulu la onyumwiridwawo samadziŵa amene ali), kupeŵa ndemanga zodzutsa chilakolako, ndi kujambula njira yochitira zinthu. Khoti Lalikulu la United States lanena kuti njira zodziŵira zolakwika zimaswa njira zoyenerera ngati iwo apanga kuthekera kotsimikizirika kwa kulakwika.

Kusonkhanitsa Umboni M’milanduwo ya Ziŵeniŵeni

M’kutsutsa kwa boma, kusonkhanitsa umboni kumasonkhezeredwa kwakukulukulu ndi mapwandowo kupyolera m’dongosolo la kachitidwe kotchedwa kutulukira, kolamuliridwa ndi Federal Pal of Civil Procedure (m’khoti la boma) ndi malamulo ofanana ndi amenewo. Cholinga ndicho kupeŵa kudabwa pozenga mlandu ndi kulola mbali iriyonse kukonzekera mlanduwo.

Zipangizo Zotulukira

Pa zinthu zimene atulukira pali zida zingapo zimene maloya amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze umboni kwa anthu otsutsana nawo ndiponso kwa anthu a mbali yachitatu:

  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro, olekezera kwa makumi atatu (m’khoti la boma).
  • Kupempha kaamba ka Kutulutsidwa kwa Mabuku: Zofunidwa kaamba ka zikalata zoikika kapena chidziŵitso chosungidwa pakompyuta (ESI). Imeneyi ndi njira yoyamba yopezera umboni wolembedwa.
  • Mapangano a Kuvomereza: Mawu amene munthu wina ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana; kuvomereza kungaloŵetse m'nkhaniyo.
  • Malamulo: Umboni wa Mawu wotengedwa panja pa khoti, pamaso pa mtolankhani wa khoti. Maloya amalola maloya kufufuza chidziŵitso ndi chitseko cha mboni.
  • Subpoenas: malamulo alamulo osakhala mbali kutulutsa zikalata kapena umboni pa kusungidwa.
  • Kusanthula kwa m'matupi ndi m'Malingaliro: M’zochitika za kuvulala kwa munthu, mbali ingafunikire kugonjera ku kupima kwamankhwala kwaumwini (IME).

Kudziŵa za Moyo

Kufufuza kwamakono kumaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zosungidwa pakompyuta. Kufufuza kumafuna kuti anthu adziŵe, asunge, asunge, apange ESI. Malamulo a Chigawo cha Chigawo asinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zinthu. Kutulukira zinthu kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana ndi zimene munthuyo akufuna, poganizira kufunika kwa nkhanizo, kufunika kwa nkhanizo, ndi chuma cha magulu. Sanctions chifukwa cholephera kusunga ESI (kusintha) kungakhale koopsa, kuphatikizapo malangizo otsutsa kapena oletsa kuletsa.

Kupeza Akatswiri

Mboni zolemba ziyenera kuululidwa, ndipo malipoti awo ayenera kukhala ndi ndemanga yonse ya malingaliro, maziko ndi zifukwa zawo, chidziŵitso cholingaliridwa, ndi ziyeneretso za katswiri. Gulu lotsutsana nalo likhoza kuchotsa katswiriyo. Daubert ntchito yosunga zipata kaŵirikaŵiri imachita mkati mwa kupezedwa, ndi kutsata kuchotsa umboni waluso asanazengedwe mlandu.

Kukana ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Umboni m’Khoti

Umboni ukasonkhanitsidwa, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake m'khoti kumadalira pa kukwaniritsa malamulo a umboni . Mobwerezabwereza Federal Pal of Evice (FRE) m'khoti la boma ndi malamulo a boma ofanana. Wochirikiza ayenera kusonyeza kufunika kwa (Fre 401) ndi kuti phindu la kuwonjezera silikupitidwa kwambiri ndi tsankhu losayenera, kusokonezeka, kapena kutayidwa kwa nthaŵi (FRE 403). Kulephera kumafunanso kuwona, kusatsatira mabodza, ndi kugonjera ku malamulo a mwaŵi.

Kumva ndi Zosiyanasiyana

Wailesay .nam'patsi wa pepala loperekedwa kutsimikizira chowonadi cha nkhaniyo motsimikizirika . . Koma pali zambiri zimene sizikuchitika, monga ndemanga za mankhwala, zolembedwa za malonda, mawu odzutsa mtima, ndi ndemanga zotsutsa chikondwerero. Kudalirika kwa zosiya zimenezi kumakhala pa miyambo yalamulo yosaiŵalika. Mlandu waupandu, Claus (Inqumented) amaikapo chitetezo china: Mphekesera kuchokera kwa woimira boma amene sapezeka pa mlandu, imamveka ngati declarant sapezeka ndipo woimba mlanduyo anali ndi mpata woyamba wa kuyang'anira mtanda ([FLD:] [3]] .[FLT] .[FFL]

Unyolo wa Kusunga Ana

Kuti umboni wooneka ukhale wosatsutsika, wochirikiza ayenera kusonyeza kuti umboni sunasinthidwe kapena kusinthidwa. Zimenezi zimafunikira zolembedwa za munthu aliyense amene anasunga umboniwo, mikhalidwe imene unasungidwa, ndi kusamutsidwa kulikonse. Pamilandu ya apandu, nthaŵi zambiri apolisi ayenera kuitana mboni kuti akhazikitse kachingwe ka kusunga ana; m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, miyezo yosakhwima kwambiri ingagwire ntchito (m’njira, ndandanda ya malonda). Kuswa unyolo kungayambukire kulemera koma osati kwenikweni kulephera kuchititsa kukayikirana.

Umboni Wochuluka ndi Miyezo

Mtolo wa umboni umasiyana kwambiri pakati pa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi milandu yaupandu:

  • Milandu yachiŵeniŵeni: [ Chiweruzo chiyenera kutsimikizira mbali iriyonse mosakaikira koyenera. Umenewu ndi muyezo wapamwamba koposa m'dongosolo la malamulo, wosonyeza zotulukapo zowopsa za chikhulupiriro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Milandu yachikole: [[FLT :1] Mwachisawawa imanyamula mtolo wa umboni ndi kuyang’anitsitsa kwa umboni(i.e, kuthekera kwenikweni kwa kuwona kuposa kusakhala. Zonena zina za boma (m., chinyengo) zimafuna umboni womvekera bwino ndi wokhutiritsa, muyezo wapakati.

Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene wapatsidwa mlandu wakupha mnzake chifukwa cha mavuto osiyanasiyana, angalephere kuchirikiza mlandu wa chiwembu chifukwa chakuti umboniwo ungakhale wokwanira pa mlandu wa boma.

Kusonyezedwa kwa Jury

Ma a attorney amagwiritsa ntchito umboni kuti afotokoze nkhani yogwirizana kwa oweruza. Umboni wosonyeza zimenezi umathandiza kwambiri pa milandu yovuta. Oweruza amapanga zigamulo pa nkhani yotsutsa (kutsutsa, kumva mphekesera, mafunso otsogolera) pozenga mlandu. Mambali onse aŵiri angatulukire chiweruzo ngati umboniwo uli woperewera. Pambuyo pa kuzenga mlandu, oweruza ozikidwa pa umboni woperekedwa [1] Chidziŵitso cha kunja chaletsedwa.

Kukumana kwa Mavuto Osonyeza Umboni

Mosasamala kanthu za njira zoyendetsera zinthu mosamala, umboni wopeza zinthu zambiri umapereka mavuto amene angakhudze zotsatirapo za kudwala.

Zolephera za Malamulo ndi Ufulu wa Malamulo

Malamulo olamulira ndi kulanda angatsekereze umboni. Lamulo lachinayi loletsa kufunafuna kosayenera limafuna kufufuzidwa kwambiri; umboni wopezedwa popanda lamulo ungaletsedwe. Mwayi wa Fite Amendment wotsutsa kudzipatula wokakamiza umboni. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, chiphunzitso cha ntchito ndi mwaŵi wa maloya zimatetezera zinthu zina kuti zisatulukidwe.

Kuvomerezana ndi Mboni ndi Nkhani za Kukumbukira

Anthu amene akuona zinthuzo amasintha maganizo awo ndipo amawonongeka ndi mafunso otchuka, kuulutsidwa kwa nkhani, ndi kudutsa kwa nthaŵi. Mofananamo, mboni wamba zingaone zinthu molakwika. Umboni wosonyeza kulephera kwa kukumbukira ungavomerezedwe m’madera ena. Kufufuza koyenera kwa ajuli kaŵirikaŵiri kuli mbali yovuta kwambiri ya kuzenga mlandu.

Mabungwe Asayansi Ochirikiza Ufulu Wawo

Zikalata zambiri zachikhalidwe za mapulogalamu a kumbuyo kwa maselo . Zonga ngati maselo a tsitsi, kusesa, ndi kupenda mapepala a mfuti. Ofufuza alephera kuvomereza zolakwa zawo pa nkhani za tsitsi. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo tsopano ikufuna miyezo yokhwima kwambiri kuti pakhale umboni wokhudza ubongo. Kusintha kwa DNA kwavumbula nkhani zimene zikupitirizabe kuyankhidwa mwa kusintha konga ngati National Commission on Forensic Science.

Umboni Wodabwitsa Wokhudza Makompyuta

Umboni wambiri wa foni , ma metaf, metaf , kusunga mitambo , kumapangitsa kupenda ndi kupanga zinthu kokwera mtengo. Magulu ofufuza angayese kubisa kapena kuwononga umboni wamagetsi. Zida zoteteza za arensic ndi kukonzanso. Kusunga malamulo kumafuna kuti anthu apereke zikalata zalamulo ndi kuletsa kutsegulidwa mwalamulo. Zilango za kutsendereza zikhoti zikutsendereza ntchito yosunga ESI.

Mtengo ndi Chuma

M’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi yaupandu yomwe, chipani chopanda chuma chingavutike kupeza umboni. Otetezera anthu onyamula katundu wolemera mwina alibe ofufuza. Ofufuza alephera kupeza ndalama zokwera mtengo poyerekezera ndi ndalama zimene apeza. Njira za milandu ingasumike pa mtengo wowononga zinthu, ndipo makhoti angachepetse kutulukira pansi pa mfundo ya kulinganiza.

Kulingalira Kwabwino

Malamulo amafunika kuimira bwino ndiponso kuchita zinthu moona mtima. Umboni wosonyeza kuti anthu akuphwanya malamulo ndi wokhudzana ndi malamulo a makolo ndi wokhudzana ndi malamulo, ndiponso wothandiza kuti anthu asamanyozedwe, ndiponso kuti asamapereke umboni wochititsa mantha.

Kumaliza

Umboni ndi moyo wa mlandu uliwonse. Kuyambira pa kusonkhanitsa koyamba mwa kusungitsa lamulo kapena kutulukira zachiŵeniŵeni, mpaka pa miyezo yolimba ya kusasinthika ndi kupereka komaliza kwa oweruza, njira iliyonse imayendetsedwa ndi malamulo olinganizidwa kutsimikizira chilungamo, kudalirika, ndi chilungamo. Kusiyana pakati pa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi apandu. Kusiyana pakati pa mlandu ndi mtolo wa umboni, njira zoperekera, ndi malamulo kutetezera, ndi kukhazikitsa mmene makhoti amagwiritsirira ntchito. Pamene umisiri usinthika ndi luntha la sayansi ikukula, dongosolo la malamulo liyenera kupitirizabe kusinthira ku mitundu yatsopano ya umboni ndi zitsutso zatsopano. Kumvetsa bwino lamulo nkofunika kuti munthu aliyense agwirizanitse njira zotsimikizira kuti makhoti atsimikizire kuti atsimikizire kuti nkhani za kutsutsana.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani malamulo a Umboni (Cernell LII) [1] ndi ABE-Discopey Resources .