Ntchito ya Upandu m’Madongosolo Ademocratic

Malamulo amagwira ntchito monga masankho a m'chipani chimene chimasankha amene adzaimira chipani chimodzi m'masankho a onse. Cholinga chawo chachikulu n’kutsimikizira kuti wosankhidwayo akusonyeza zimene asankha pa udindo ndi pa pulogalamu yapadera kapena, m'madongosolo a anthu, kusanthula mapepala ambiri. Mwa kusefa zopimira m'gulu limodzi, mapulogalamu apadera othandiza kuletsa kugawidwa ndi kupereka osankhidwa bwino m'kulephera. Komabe, mphamvu yawo imaposa kwambiri kusankha kwa anthu oyenerera. Primshape pulogalamu ya gulu, kukhazikitsanso kapena kuukira, ndi kuika mawu a mzera wonse wosankhitsa. M'mayiko kumene anthu amaikidwa m'malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala osunga ufulu wotsatira nkhani zokhudza ndale, ndi mbali ya ndale zadziko.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri kwa Zosankha Zoyambirira

Mfundo ya masankho oyambirira inatulukira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 monga mbali ya gulu lopita patsogolo ku United States, limene linafuna kuletsa mphamvu za mabwana a chipani ndi kubwereranso ku ulamuliro kwa ovota wamba. Pambuyo pake, oyembekezera kusankhidwa anali osankhidwa m'misonkhano yapakhomo kapena m'zipupa zolamuliridwa ndi gulu laling'ono. Pakupita kwa nthaŵi, dongosolo loyambalo linafalikira ku mademokrase ena, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri linali logwirizana ndi maluso ake. France anatsegulira mapulogalamu ake a prezidenti mu 2010, pamene magulu a ku Germany ndi United Kingdom adayesa mamembala a gulu laling’ono kapena “amodzi-ofese . Chisinthiko chimasonyeza kufunidwa ndi kugawana kwa anthu ena, monga momwe ziyambukiro za ndale zadziko za dziko lonse lapansi.

Mitundu ya Maliridwe ndi Mmene Amalili

Kumvetsa mafaelo amenewa n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tipende mmene akuchitira pa nkhani zandale.

Kutsegulira Malo Otseguka

M’malo otsegulira, wovota aliyense wovomerezeka angaloŵemo m'chigamulo chachikulu cha chipani chilichonse, mosasamala kanthu za chipani chawo. Dongosolo limeneli limalimbikitsa kutengamo mbali kokulira ndipo lingatsogolere kuvota, kumene ochirikiza a gulu lina mwapadera amavota m'chosankha chachikulu cha chipani china kuti atsutse wofooka. Otsegulira ali ofala m'maiko a U.S. onga Wisconsin ndi Michigan, ndipo agwiritsiridwa ntchito m'malamulo a ku France. Pamene iwo amachepetsa kusankha kwa wovota, amafooketsanso gulu losankha losankha.

Malo Otsekeredwa

Malo otsekeredwa amaletsa osankha amene ali olembetsedwa a chipani chimenecho. Dongosolo limeneli limasunga umphumphu wa chipani ndipo limatsimikizira kuti ochirikiza odzipereka okha ndiwo amasankha . Komabe, iwo angasiye ovota ndi kuchepetsa kuzungulira konse. Mapulaneti otsekedwa ali ofala m'maiko ambiri a U.S., monga New York ndi Florida, ndipo ali mwambo wa magulu ambiri a ku Ulaya amene amagwiritsira ntchito mabolosi. Makampani amalonda ndi amene amatsekedwa amapanga oyembekezera kupambanitsa, popeza kuti osankhidwawo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala owonjezereka kuposa osankhidwa wamba.

Malo Osungiramo Asunamo Otsekeredwa

Zigawo zolembetsedwa ndi masuntra otsekeredwa zimalola ziŵalo za chipani cholembetsedwa ndi ovota osagwirizana kukhala ndi phande, koma osati ziŵalo za zipani zina. Njira imeneyi ya sanganizo imayesa kulinganiza kulingana ndi ulamuliro wa zipani. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maboma ena a U.S. monga North Carolina ndi m'nkhani zina za ku Ulaya. Madongosolo otsekedwa a Semi-observed angawonjezere kutengamo mbali pakati pa odziimira pawokha pamene akuchepetsa kuloŵerera kwa mtanda.

Malo Amilandu Apamwamba - 2 ndi Osapartisan

Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito “apamwamba-ŵiri” a dongosolo lalikulu, kumene oyembekezera kulowa pa chipani chimodzi mosasamala kanthu za chipani, ndi opanga mavoti aŵiri opita patsogolo ku chisankho cha onse. Dongosolo limeneli, logwiritsiridwa ntchito m'boma la California ndi Washington, lalinganizidwira kuchepetsa kugaŵidwa kwa dziko ndi kulimbikitsa oyembekezera kuchepa. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti lingachititse obatizidwa aŵiri kuchokera ku gulu limodzimodzilo limene likuyang'anizana ndi chisankho, kuchotsa ochirikiza magulu ena.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Kuphwanya Malamulo Padziko Lonse

Kufufuza mayiko ena kumasonyeza mmene madongosolo akuluakulu amasinthira chikhalidwe cha ndale ndiponso mabungwe a m’mayikowo.

United States

Dongosolo lalikulu la U.S. ndilo locholoŵana ndi losonkhezera kwambiri m'dziko. Primente amachitidwa m'boma lililonse ndi gawo, ndi boma lililonse likukhazikitsa malamulo ake ponena za kutseguka, kutseka, kapena mafosha osiyanasiyana. Iowa caucuuses ndi New Hampshire aposa kufunika kwa malo awo oyambirira a kalendala, kaŵirikaŵiri kupeta munda pamaso pa anthu a ku America. Zotulukapo za U.S. Ziyambukiro za U.S. zili ndi zotsatira zake zamphamvu kwambiri: iwo angakweze mapulati a gulu la anthu achilendo, Reshapes , ndi kugamula zolinga za dziko. 2016 Republican, chitsanzo, adawona Dona ömp chigawo chachikulu cha a andale zadziko chokongola kutsalira udzu, chimene chinakhudzanso mitundu 2024. Mafuko angachititsenso kuwonjezera kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zikalata zawo za anthu a ku America. [F34]

France

Falansa ndi njira yoyamba yapadera koma yotchuka kwambiri. Mu 2011, chipani cha Socialist chinakhala ndi malo otseguka otsegulirapo kuti chisankhe pulezidenti kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, kulola wovota aliyense kutengamo mbali ngati adasaina tchata cha malamulo a kumanja. François Holande, amene anapambana kupambana. Pakati pa likulu la Res Reblicains anatsatira suti seti mu 2016 ndi wotsegulidwa amene Françocleon Fillon. Komabe, dongosololo latulutsanso zotsatira zosayembekezereka: Kulakika kwa Fillon kunaonedwa monga kukana ziŵerengero, koma pambuyo pake nkhondo yake inagwa pakati pa ziphuphu zachinyengo. Anthu a ku France amatchuka chifukwa cha kutenga nawo mbali yawo yaikulu: 2 miliyoni mu 2016. Iwo alimbikitsanso kukopa anthu kuti akope anthu ena kuti akope, ngakhale kuti anakope ena 2022. [ast - coult.] Oweruza ena amatsatira malamulo a .

Germany

Kufikira kwa Germany kuli koyenerera ndi koyenerera ndi koyambira kwa chipani. Chipani cha Christian Democratic Union (CDU) ndi Social Democratic Party (SPD) mwamwambo amasankha oyembekezera kulowa m'mabungwe a zipani kapena kutumiza mavoti. Komabe, poyankha ku kuchepa kwa mamembala a gulu ndi chikhumbo cha democracy, magulu ena ayambitsa madongosolo oyambirira. Gulu la Green Party lagwiritsira ntchito mamembala a gulu la otsogolera ndi otsogolera, pamene kuli kwakuti otsala Die Line akuchititsa masankhomone nthaŵi zina. Kuphatikiza kwa ziŵalo za Jeremani ndi kusankhidwa kwa osankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ku chigawo, kupereka ma nthambi a gulu lakwane. Opatula adakalipo ku U. , koma monga momwe amachitira mavotimenti 2020 a SPD ku projective ku projective ku projective. [FFF] Ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. [Adnese.]

United Kingdom

UK suli ndi dongosolo lalamulo lachikhalidwe m’lingaliro la Amereka, koma magulu aakulu agwiritsira ntchito njira zosankha zowonekera. Gulu la Labour, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Jeremy Corbyn, anatengera “mbali imodzi ya chigamulo” kaamba ka masankho a utsogoleri, kulola mamembala onse kuponya mabooti. Ogwirizanawo kugwiritsira ntchito mapositimenti a gulu la anthu kusankha mtsogoleri wawo, monga momwe kwawonedwa mpikisano 20222 umene unatulutsa Liz Tros. Pamalikulu, mayanjano a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha anthu ogwirizana ndi zigamuzo pakati pa mabungwe. Nthaŵi zina, monga momwe kulirimo kuchirikiza kuchirikiza ena. Kupambana kumeneku kungayambitse zodabwitsa: Cornbyt'ku kupambana kwa anthu otsutsa. Otsutsa andale zadziko. Otsutsa a UKneactive, pamene akuuza anthu enawo kuti agwirizane. [Filson Factives]

India

Dongosolo loyamba la India lidakali lachibwana. Koma mu 2014, BJP inatsogolera njira yake yaikulu yotumikira (BP) ndi Indian National Congress yayesa ndi masankho. Kusankha koyamba kwa m'mbuyo ndi kusanthula kwa pulogalamu yapadera ku India kumatanthauza kuti kusankha munthu kumalamulidwa ndi mabwana ndi mabwana ndi magulu a gulu. Kuyambira pamenepo, magulu ena a boma alola kuvota anthu a m’dziko. [FLD:] Nthawi ya India, yomaliza posankha Narendra Modi kudzera m'bungwe la pa lipalement potioti, imene imawachititsa mantha chifukwa cha kufalitsa mavoti a bungwelo. Chithandizo china cha anthu ambiri chikuwonjezeka.

Kuyambukira Upandu pa Kachitidwe ka Zipani ndi Njira

Opatula kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera magulu kupyola pa malingaliro chifukwa chakuti osankha amene ali ndi phande ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale zadziko ndi ogwirizana ndi malingaliro kuposa wovota wamba. M'makhoti otsekereza, chiyambukiro chimenechi chimawonjezereka, monga mamembala a makhadi okha. Zimenezi, zodziŵika monga “mpikisano wa makomphindi,” zingatsogolere ku kusankha ofunsira amene ali omasuka kwambiri kapena osunga mwambo kwambiri kuposa osankhidwa onse, kuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta m'chosankha cha onse. Kuchepetsa chimenechi, magulu ena atenga“ pamwamba-2" kapena “jangle” (monga ku California) amene afuna kukopa omvetsera ambiri kuchokera pachiyambi. Opalamula amakhudzanso njira za kachitidwe ka ka ka kachitidwe ka pulogalamu: oyembekezerawo ayenera kupambana choyamba asanaloŵere pa chisankhoti cha chigawolo, chika cha chika.

Kuloŵa M’nyumba ya Upandu ndi Kuloŵamo

Masankho aakulu amapanga masankho ochepa kwambiri kuposa masankho onse. Ku United States, amapita pa avareji yaikulu pafupifupi 20-30% ya ovota oyenerera, ndi zaka zapakati pa 15% . Kutsika kumatanthauza kuti ma primend angatengedwe ndi gulu laling'ono, losonkhezeredwa kwambiri, kudzutsa mafunso onena za kuimira. Komabe, opikisana ndi opanga makampani osankhidwa bwino kapena otsenderezedwa kwambiri, makamaka amene ali ndi zitsutso zokwera kwambiri , amawonjezera kubwerera. Ku France, ma Prime otsegulidwa ndi opitirira 4 miliyoni kupyola zonse ziŵiri kumanzere ndi kumanja, kusonyeza kuti otseguka, otsegulira otchuka, okhoza kusonkhanitsa. Akatswiri a zamakono amachitanso ntchito: pa Intaneti yosanthula, kugwiritsa ntchito m'magulu ena a UK, ndi kuwonjezera okhoza kuwonjezera mphamvu, ngakhale kuti adalire, ngakhale kuti adakalipobe, ndi ochirikiza kuti adalire.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza kwa Madongosolo Aakulu

Ngakhale kuti amalonjeza kuti adzakhala ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase, ana a sukulu amakumana ndi mapangano angapo osatha.

  • [[FLT: 0] Low Voter Turnout : [[FLT :1] Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, kutengamo mbali kochepa m'mapringi kungafooketse kuyenera kwawo ndi kulola timagulu ting'onoting kulamulira. Zimenezi ndizo vuto makamaka m'madongosolo aakulu kumene wosankha wosankhidwa amasankha woloŵa ntchito womalizira.
  • Upandu wa Ndalama: ungakhale wokwera mtengo, ndi oyembekezera kuthera ndalama zambiri pa kusatsa malonda, kufunsira, ndi kutuluka pa zoyesayesa zapadera. Oyembekezera kulemera kapena awo ochirikizidwa ndi ma PAC kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi phindu lalikulu, kupangitsa njira ya kupezera phindu la ndalama. U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba la CIT] CIMIBS .
  • Kulimbana kokhala ndi mphamvu: Nkhondo zazikulu zingasiye zigawenga, ndi ochirikiza oyembekezera kutayikiridwa akukana kubwezera kumbuyo m'chosankha cha onse. Kugaŵanitsa kwa pakati pa anthu kungakhale kwakupha m'mipikisano yapafupi. Mwachitsanzo, Democratic Democratic yoyamba pakati pa Hillary Clinton ndi Bernie Sanders inachititsa mikangano yokhalitsa pakati pa gululo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mawu otchuka: M'mapulogalamu otseguka, ovota a gulu lotsutsanalo anga “kulangitsa” choyamba kuwonjezera kutopetsa wodwala. Pamene kuli kwakuti kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti zimenezi n’zosoŵa, khalidwe la anthu oyembekezera kulowa m’gulu ndi kuchotsa chidaliro.
  • Kusintha kwa kufanana: [[FLT :1] m'maiko onga United States, malamulo adziko otsatizana amayambitsa chisokonezo ndi kusayenera. Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito makalata m'mapepala, ena amafuna kuvota, ndipo masiku amasiyana mokulira, kuyambukira amene angatengemo mbali.

Mtsogolo mwa Upandu wa Ndale Zapadziko Lonse

Pamene ndale zikusintha, zinthu zikuluzikulu zikhoza kusintha n’kuyamba kuyendera njira zamakono, za anthu, ndiponso za mabungwe.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo

Blockchain yozikidwa pa Intaneti, ma apps a m'manja, ndi kutumiza makompyuta kukhoza kuchepetsa zopinga kuti munthu atengemo mbali ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito. Estonia inayamba kale kuvota pa mavoti a anthu onse, ndipo mayiko ena a ku United States amalola kulembetsa pa Intaneti. Komabe, kuopseza kwa pa Intaneti ndi kugawikana kwa makompyuta kumakhalabe ndi mavuto aakulu. Makipilo amafunika kuti azikhala odalirika.

Kusintha Khalidwe la Maluŵa

Kukwera kwa ovota odziimira paokha . . Ku United States, mayeso tsopano amapanga 40% ya osankhidwa. Mayiko ambiri asamukira ku madongosolo ongotsekedwa pang'ono kapena otseguka kuti agwire ovota ameneŵa. Mofananamo, ovota achichepere ali othekera kwambiri kukhala opanda chipani, akukonda ndale zozikidwa pa mfundo kuposa kukhulupirika kwa otsatira. Ngati chikhotererochi chikupitiriza, magawo angakakamizidwe kutsegula mapulogalamu awo kuti akhalebe ofunika.

Kufuna Kuonana Koonekera

Chifukwa cha machitidwe ochititsa manyazi ndi otchuka olingaliridwa kukhala ogwidwa, ovota akufuna njira zodziŵira bwino zosankhira. Zimenezi zachititsa kusintha zinthu monga makambitsirano a ofunsira a moyo, kuulula zopereka za mkupiti, ndi kuyang'anira kwaufulu kwa olemba mabuku oyambirira. Magulu ena atengera “magawo opanga makompyuta ” amene amaphatikiza kuvota pa Intaneti ndi mu opanga ndi ochotsa ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha Zinthu Kuyandikira

Malamulo okonza madongosolo oyambirira amaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa miyezo yofanana m'dziko lonselo, kuvomereza kuvota kwapamwamba kuti kulimbikitse nyumba za mgwirizano, ndi kusunga malo osankhidwa pambuyo pake kuti achepetse chisonkhezero cha maboma oyambirira. Mu United Kingdom, Mdindo wa Guardian wafuna njira yaikulu yochepetsera mphamvu ya mabwana a pa pa pa pa pagulu. Ku Germany, pali kukambirana za kuyambitsa masuzumitso a magulu onse aakulu ndi lamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kupangitsa maprojective oimira ena, osagaŵanika, ndi okhoza kuchepetsa.

Kumaliza: Upandu monga Chisonyezero cha Thanzi Lademokrase

Upandu suli kokha njira zaluso zosankhira oyembekezera; iwo ali chisonyezero cha mapindu ndi zitokoso za demokrase. Pamene mapringidwe ali otseguka, opikisana, ndi okonzeka bwino, iwo angasonkhezere zigamulo za ndale zadziko ndi kukakamiza kumvetsera kwa magulu awo. Pamene atsekedwa, kubwerera m’mbuyo, kapena kulamulidwa ndi zikondwerero zokhala ndi ndalama, iwo angatulutse malo a demokrase ndi kuchotsamo mbali ina yapadera ya mapangano amakono. Monga momwe nzika za padziko lonse za democracyism zosankha munthu wotchuka zimachitiranso kupitirizabe, zikusonkhezeredwa ndi magulu achiŵiri amakono: luso la sayansi, kusalingana, ndi kufunitsitsa kuimira kutsimikizirika. Kumvetsetsa mmene kukonza malo kwa ndale zadziko kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira mphamvu ya kusankha masankhoti amakono. Monga momwe nzika zimanenera m’zo, omwe amachitira madongosolo aakulu a m’tsogolo.