Ntchito ya Zolembedwa Za mbiri Yakale m’Kumasulira Koyambirira

Asayansi oyambirira atsutsa kuti mawu ake ayenera kuikidwa ndi matanthauzo a anthu kapena kuti cholinga choyambirira cha olemba malamulo a United States mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake panthaŵi imene anatengedwa. M’malo moona Malamulo kukhala buku lamoyo limene tanthauzo lake limasintha ndi chitaganya, akatswiri a mbiri yakale amatsutsa kuti malemba ake ayenera kukhazikika ndi kuti oweruza ayenera kumangidwa ndi tanthauzo la anthu kapena cholinga choyambirira cha olemba madesiki awo. Popanda mapepala oyambirirawa, mtima wa munthu ungakhale ndi kudalira kwambiri pa zolembedwa za mbiri yakale. Kuzindikira kwa akatswiri ameneŵa ndi mapepala a mbiri yakale kulembedwa ndi kulembedwa ndi kulembedwa kwachinsinsi kwa malamulo a geoccation ndi kutumiza makalata kwachinsinsi kuti adziŵe zimene malamulo alemba, kuvomereza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake koyamba. Kupanda zolemba zimenezi kusoŵa kwake koyambirira kufotokoza mfundo zofunika zachiweruzo. Kuzindikira kwa akatswiri a mbiri a mbiri yakale ameneŵa n’kungofunikanso kuti apeze ufulu wa kuweruza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, mphamvu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mphamvu, zaunika.

Zipilala Ziŵiri za Njira Zoyambirira

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Kumasulira mawu a Mulungu si kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amodzi okha. Sukulu ziwiri zazikulu zatulukira: cholinga choyamba ndi tanthauzo la kuyambika kwa anthu. Cholinga choyamba chimakhudza zolinga za maFramers . Choyambirira chimakhudza zolinga za a Frames . James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, kapena George Mason anakhulupirira mawu ena oyenera. Njira imeneyi imadalira kwambiri pa zolembedwa zachinsinsi monga zilembo, mawu otchuka, ndi mfundo za m'malemba a za boma. Tanthauzira za anthu kuyambira pamene Woweruza Antonin Scalia anaichirikiza, m’malo mwake amaganizira mmene munthu wololera pa nthaŵiyo angamvetsere mawu. Izi zikugwirizana ndi mipukutu yofala: madikishonale, zolemba zandale, ndi chinenero cha boma chotchuka.

Mitundu Yaikulu ya Zolembedwa Zakale ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Kwake

Mapepala a Ogwirizana

Mwinamwake zolembedwa zambiri zotchulidwa m'makalata a a jurispudence ndi Mapepala a Federal List . Makalata asanu ndi atatu ameneŵa, olembedwa ndi Publius (Hamilton, Madison, ndi Jay) pakati pa 1787 ndi 1788, analinganizidwa kukopa New Yorkrs kuti avomereze Malamulo olingaliridwa. Oweruza a m'Chiyambitsinkhunitsi nthaŵi zonse amatembenukira kwa iwo kaamba ka tanthauzo la zinthu zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT:] "FF:] A. United States (1997]), Khoti Lapamwamba linadalira [FL:4] Fil.F. [FFULT] Osulirationstions) chifukwa cha chikalata chotetezedwa cha Gwero. [4]

Kutsutsana kwa Boma

Zofunikanso nzolembedwa za makambitsirano a m'misonkhano ya boma. Boma lililonse linachita msonkhano wovota pa Malamulo, ndipo zochitika zimenezi zinafalitsidwa (makamaka ndi kuchedwa ndi kusandutsa). Nkhanizo zimavumbula mmene Malamulo anamvedwera ndi amuna amene anasankha kuwatenga. Zoyambirira za anthu, zolembedwa zimenezi nzofunika kwambiri kuposa malingaliro achinsinsi a Aframers chifukwa chakuti amasonyeza kumvetsetsa kwa ma ratifi . Anthu amene anapereka ulamuliro wawo walamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] Clulloch. Mary . [1819], Woweruza wamkulu Yohane Marshall analosoza ku kuchirikiza kwake malamulo a .

Malamulo Oyambirira ndi Malamulo Okhwima

Zochita za Nyumba Yachigawo Yoyamba (1789-1791) kaŵirikaŵiri zimaonedwa monga mtundu wa kumasulira kwa panthaŵi imodzi pa Malamulo. Ambiri a mafaramenti omwewo anatumikira mu Congress imeneyo, ndi malamulo amene anaperekedwa amavumbula mmene anadziŵira tanthauzo la mphamvu zawo. Mwachitsanzo, Chikalata cha Jadiciary cha 1789 chinakhazikitsa mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi kuphatikizapo makonzedwe amene anaunikira chidziŵitso choyambirira cha Mfundo III. Mofananamo, Alien ndi Sedition Acts of 1798 zaphunziridwa kutulukira tanthauzo loyamba la mawu aufulu a Complicy. Oweruza oyambirira nthaŵi zambiri amatchulapo mapangano oyambirira ndi malamulo monga umboni wa tanthauzo la chiyambi chifukwa chakuti anachitidwa mwamsanga chifukwa chakuti anthu anagwirizana ndi anthu amene anangokambirana ndi tanthauzo la chikalatacho.

Zimene Blackstone Amanena ndi Chilamulo Chachisawawa cha Chingelezi

Mafulemu ndi ma ratifiers anatengedwa m'malamulo a Chingelezi, ndipo Blackstone . Sir William Blackstone’s [FLT:] Mawriti pa Malamulo a ku England (1765-1769) adagwiritsidwa ntchito monga buku lalamulo lotsogolera ku dziko la America. Oyambirira kuyang'anira Blackstone kuti amvetse nkhani za malamulo a malamulo a malamulo monga “mchitidwe,”“ za m'tsogolo,” “zovala, ndi zachilendo,” . Mu Heller , mwa chitsanzo, Jaclat Scalia , kukambitsirana kwa kumanja kwa kumanja kwa mtundu wa kumanja monga lamulo lakumanja pansi pa Chizungu. Malamulo ofala, monga ngati kuukira mlandu, ndi kuukira kochitidwa ndi kulakwa, kotere, monga ngati kulakwa, kulakwa.

Zolemba Zaumwini za Olemba ndi Otsutsa

Makalata a patokha ndi olembedwa ndi George Washington amapereka mapulogalamu a mfundo za mafaramesi. Ngakhale kuti akatswiri otchuka amachenjera ponena za kudalira magwero ameneŵa, iwo angakhale othandiza kumvetsetsa malingaliro oyambika amene anaumba malemba. Mapepala a James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, ndi George Washington analembedwa mozama kwambiri. Zolemba za Anti-Fedalists ndizo zamtengo wake kwambiri pothandiza anthu kumvetsa tanthauzo la malembo oyambirira.

Chiyambukiro pa Zigamulo Zachiweruzo Zodziŵika

Kuletsa Kwachiŵiri

Chitsanzo cha mbiri yakale cha kuyambirira kwa mbiri yakale ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Diveration of Columbia v. Heller (2008). Kulemba kwa ambiri, Woweruza Scalia adachita kufufuza kotheratu kwa m'mbiri: Bill of Rights of the 889, Blackstone, boma lapambuyo pa kukhazikitsa malamulo, malamulo oyambirira a ku America monga St. George Tucker a Blackstone, ndi ngakhale 19th -centir la khoti. Iye anatsimikizira kuti Kutetezera kwachiŵiri Komzemba kotetezeredwa kumanja kwa munthu aliyense payekha, kusagwirizana ndi utumiki wa munthu. Kusintha kwa Chilungamo, Kudalirana kwa Chilungamo, Kudalirana kwa Chilungamo kumadalira ndi Zengezo za mbiri yakale, kuphatikizanso Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Malamulo choyambirira kumbuyo kwa Chipangano cha Chipangano cha . Chikalata choyambiriracho chimatsimikizira kuti chikhozabe kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuthandizira kwa anthu, Chilungamo chakunja chaku

Kulimbana ndi Malonda ndi Malonda a Claus

Mu United States v. Lopez (1995] ndi United States v. Morrison [2000], Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa malamulo a boma monga mphamvu ya zamalonda. Malingaliro ambiri, olembedwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu William Rehnquist, anakopa kwambiri pa kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa “Commercs” ndi“ pakati pa maiko angapo. Anatchula Firadachist. No. , zolemba za malamulo a Convention, ndi zomasulira zoyambirira za Klassssssss kutsutsa kuti adafuna kugwirizanitsa ntchito yosagwirizana yokha. Zosankha zamalonda zimenezi zimasonyezedwa ndi mphamvu ya kulongosola za kulongosola kwa kulongosola kwa kayendetsendereza.

Mphamvu ya Mtsogoleri ndi Mwaŵi Wauyang’aniro

Mu Sucturement of Homeland Security v. Regents wa University of California (2020), Bwalo Lapamwamba linapenda ukulu wa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu pa kusamukira. Pamene chigamulocho chinasintha pa kumasulira kwa statory, Chigamulo cha Justice Thomas chinagwiritsira ntchito mfundo za woyambirira kutsutsa kuti lamulo la boma lalamulo linavomereza kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhazikitsa lamulo la kusamuka. Iye anatchula ntchito zoyambirira za malamulo a bungwe la boma, mikangano ya Alien ndi Sidition Machitidwe, ndi kubwereranso ku mapulani a Pulezidenti Washington. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti zolemba za mbiri yakale sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kumasulira malamulo okha komanso kumvetsetsa malamulo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolemba Zakale Kunali Mavuto

Nkhani Zosakwanira Ndiponso Zotsutsa

Zikalata za mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri n’zosalembedwa. Zolemba zambiri za makambitsirano a ratiation zinatayika, zinakonzedwa ndi ofalitsa otembenuza, kapena sizinalembedwe. Lamulo lotchuka lachinsinsi pa Conformationalnation linatanthauza kuti palibe kulembedwa kwalamulo kwa makambitsirano a pansi; timadalira pa manotsi a James Madison, amene anabwereramo pambuyo pa zaka zambiri. Mphamvu zimenezi zoweruza kuti afufuze kuti apeze kuti ndi ati odalirika ndiponso oimira. Ndiponso, mapepala amene amakhalabe otsutsana. Maboma osiyanasiyana amafotokoza mfundo zosiyanasiyana amavumbula kumvetsetsa kosiyana kwa mfundo imodzi. Woweruza ayenera kusankha kaya kulemera kwambiri kwa boma kapena kupeza ndalama zothandizira.

Vuto la Kusintha kwa Mbiri ndi Kusokonekera kwa Zinthu

Otsutsa amanena kuti oweruza amakono, ngakhale akhama chotani, sangapeŵe kuŵerenga makhalidwe amakono m'malemba khumi ndi atatu a zaka zapakati. Ntchito yeniyeniyo yosankha malembo a mbiri yakale amene angagogomezere imaphatikizapo chosankha chomasulira chimene chingasonkhezeredwe ndi zotsatira zofunikira za woweruza. Ndiponso, mawu onga “kommerce,” ndi“ zingwe,” ndi “zodabwitsa , zinali nazo matanthauzo enieni khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu omwe angakhale ovuta kupezanso bwino. Akatswiri onga ngati Profesa Paul Breptates asonyeza kuti “tanthauzo loyambiriralo lakhala pansi pa demotentin", palibe umboni wambiri wamakono. Oyambirira akuyankha kuti kufufuza kaamba ka tanthauzo la choyambirira kulibe kopanda ungwiro koma kuli bwino kuposa oweruza osapereka nzeru.

Ntchito ya Kuphana ndi Kunyenga kwa Nyenyezi

Chigamulo choyambirira ndi cha chitsanzo chingawombane. Ngati chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba chisanawonedwe molakwa tanthauzo loyamba, kodi oweruza pambuyo pake ayenera kumamatira ku chitsanzo chimenecho kapena kuwongolera cholakwa? Kupsinjika kumeneku nkowopsa m'nkhani zonga Brown v. Board of Education . Oyambirira ambiri amakono amalandira mbali ina ya kuyang'ana kwa decis, makamaka kaamba ka malamulo a nthaŵi yaitali. Koma iwo amagwiritsirabe ntchito zolembedwa zakale kutsutsa zimenezo zina zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, Thosectiverence adatsutsa mobwerezabwereza, za m'mbiri yakale, Tomas adatsutsa ndi mbiri yakale, [Flectner]

Kulankhulana Kopanda Malingaliro a Origenia

Kukana Kotsatira Lamulo la M’dziko

Ochirikiza malamulo a moyo amanena kuti woyambitsayo anayembekezera kuti Malamulowo asinthidwe ku mikhalidwe. Iwo amaloza ku Chithandizo Chabwino ndi Chabwino Claus, chinenero chotakata cha Pregge, ndi Chigawo V kukonza kuti anene kuti chidziŵitso choyambirira sichiyenera kukhala chogwirizana. Woweruza Stephen Breyer, m’buku lake Coustivery Liberty [, adatsutsa kuti zolembedwa za mbiri n’zofunika koma ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi zosoŵa za panthaŵi ino. Otsutsa chiphunzitso choyambirira cha mbiri yakale amatsutsanso kuti zolembedwa za mbiri yakale n’zotchuka zolembedwa ndi amuna achiyera amene anali akapolo awo.

Kutsutsana kwa Malamulo Ademokrase

Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti kuyambirira kuli kopanda demokalase chifukwa kumagwirizanitsa chitaganya chamakono ndi dzanja lakufa lakale. Woweruza William Brennan motchuka anatsutsa kuyambirira kukhala “kudzitukumula kodzikongoletsa. Olemba nkhani za m’Baibulo amavomereza kuti kukhulupirika ku Malamulo olembedwa ndiko maziko a ulamuliro wa demokalase chifukwa chakuti kuvomerezako kuperekedwa ndi anthu amene anachirikiza chikalatacho. Iwo amati, zolembedwa za mbiri yakale, ndi umboni wokhawo wa kuvomereza.

Vuto la Kusadziwa Zinthu

Katswiri wa zamalamulo Cass Sunstein ndi ena atsutsa kuti zolembedwa za mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri nzovuta kwambiri kutulutsa mayankho. Pamapepala alionse a Federalist Paper amene amachirikiza kumasulira kwina, pangakhale nkhani ya Anti-Fedalist yomwe imapereka lingaliro losiyana. Kutsutsana kumodzimodziku kungaŵerengedwe kuchirikiza mbali zonse ziŵiri za nkhani yamakono. Olemba mbiri amanena kuti ngakhale kuti pali matanthauzo ambiri a malamulo okhalapo, malamulo ambiri ali ndi matanthauzo omveka bwino , monga chitsanzo, chofunika chakuti preziden wa zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu zapita. Mapepala a mbiri yakale amapereka chitsenderezo champhamvu m’nkhani zomveka ndi zina zoŵerengeka.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Ofufuza

Kudziŵa Kumene Kumapezeka Mawu Odalirika

Kwa aliyense wofuna kugwiritsira ntchito zikalata za mbiri yakale m'kusanthula kwalamulo, kuli kofunika kuyang'ana makope odalirika. Laibulale ya Congress ya [[FLT: 0] Founders Online . Mabuku a Congress Record (malembe aakulu) a ku Yale [FLT] [FOLT] amatulutsa malembedwe a masamu a makompyuta a Federalist Pap, malamulo, ndi mapepala oyambirira a boma. Congress Record Recordive (magess) yoyambirira) yochokera ku Nyumba yoyamba ya Malamulo imapezeka kudzera m'Thayo ya Malo a Malamulo. Kwa Black, ku masukulu a malamulo a [FLT: FT] ndi mapepala otchuka [FTT] [FFF: 3]. Pamene mafomu alamulo agwiritsidwa ntchito a m'malamulo a .

Kuwombana Kochititsa Chidwi

Palibe chikalata chimodzi chimene chiyenera kudaliridwa podzipatula. Kulingalira kwa magwero ambiri odziimira paokha kuli kofanana: Federalist Paper, kalankhulidwe ka kamodzi, lamulo lalamulo lalamulo loyambirira, ndi dikishonale yamakono zonse zochirikiza kuŵerenga kofananako. Mosiyana ndi, ngati mbiri yakale njogawidwa, oweruza oyambirira ayenera kulongosola chifukwa chake iwo amapatsira mwaŵi magwero ena. Kusinthaku kuli chilango chofunika chimene sayansi ya kapangidwe ka zinthu imalimbikitsa.

Kumaliza

Mabuku a mbiri yakale ali maziko a mfundo zachiweruzo yoyambirira. Kuchokera ku Federalist Papers ndi kutsutsana kwa boma kwa Mayankho a Blackstone ndi malamulo oyambirira a boma, magwero ameneŵa amapereka maziko oonekera bwino odziŵira zimene malamulo anatanthauza pamene anatengedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yophunzirira zinthu zimayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu , kumasulira kwa kukondera, ndi kutsutsana ndi zochitika zapambuyo pa malamulo. Kumvetsa mmene mapepalawo amagwiritsirira ntchito pa chinthu china kuposa zofuna za munthu mwini wa oweruza. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likupitiriza kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoyambirira zokhudza ufulu wa mfuti, mphamvu ya boma, ndi ulamuliro, kufufuza mosamalitsa zolemba za mbiri yakale sikudzangokhala chabe kugwiritsa ntchito kwa tsiku ndi tsiku limodzi kwa malamulo a ku America. Kudziŵa mmene zikalatazo zingagwiritsidwire ntchito m’chikhalidwe cha lamulo lalamulo lalamulo la dziko la America.