Pamene moyo wa padziko lonse ukukwera ndi kutsika kwa ziŵerengero za anthu, maiko akuyang'anizana ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Pofika 2050, chiŵerengero cha anthu a zaka 60 ndi mpaka mpaka zaka zapita chikuyembekezeredwa kufika 2.1 biliyoni, kuchokera pa 1 biliyoni mu 2019, mogwirizana ndi United Nations [1]. Kusintha kumeneku kukuchititsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu pa dongosolo la zachitetezo, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi misika ya antchito. Mmene maboma amayankhirira mokulira pa maulamuliro awo , zandale, zachuma, ndi zomangamanga a chikhalidwe. Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti agwirizanitse ntchito ndi kuchirikiza njira zaukalamba.

Kupenda Zitsanzo za Kulamulira

Malamulo a boma samachita zinthu zopanda pake; amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosonyeza masinthidwe a mbiri yakale, makhalidwe a chikhalidwe, ndi zinthu zofunika zachuma. Magulu atatu aakulu – mademokrase, mademokrase, ndi maulamuliro a authoritarianism – lililonse limatsatira njira zoyenerera za kukhalira bwino ndi chisungiko cha anthu ndi ukalamba. Maiko ena amaphatikizanso zinthu, kupanga madongosolo osanganikirana amene amatsutsa kulembedwa kosavuta.

Maufulu Oletsa Kuvutika

Demokrase ya mademokrase aufulu, monga United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi Australia, amalinganiza thayo la munthu ndi njira za malonda. Maprogramu a chisungiko cha anthu amapereka chitetezo chachikulu, koma boma limachepetsa dala ntchito yake, kulimbikitsa mapenishoni a munthu mwini, kukonza zopuma pantchito, ndi kusunga ndalama zaumwini. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la Social Security la U.S limayendetsedwa mwa kukhoma misonkho ndi kupereka ndalama zochepetsera, pamene kuli kwakuti maakaunti a msonkho monga 401(k) ndi IRAS amasintha ndalama zosungira anthu achikulire. Kusamala anthu okalamba kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kuphatikizana kwa inshuwalansi ya anthu onse (Mediare) ndi zolinga zaumwini, zotulukapo m’kupinyiridwa kwa achikulire ambiri.

Chitsanzo chimenechi cha makhalidwe oletsa ndi kusankha ogula, koma chingachititse kukwaniritsa mipata ndi kusalingana. Olandira ocheperapo, awo amene ali ndi mbiri ya ntchito, ndi anthu ochepa ali osavuta kusoŵa kwambiri pa ntchito. Malinga ndi CD [1] , United States ili ndi umodzi wa milingo yaumphaŵi waukalamba pakati pa maiko otukuka, chifukwa cha kudalira pa njira zamalonda zimene zimadalira pa chuma ndi maphunziro a zachuma.

Zoletsa Kukhalirana ndi Anthu

Mosiyana, mademokrase a mayanjano monga Sweden, Germany, Norway, ndi Denmark amaika boma pamaziko a anthu. Maiko ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito padziko lonse, madongosolo a zaumoyo osungidwa ndi misonkho ndi makonzedwe a boma opatsa anthu ndalama za penshoni olinganizidwa kusungitsa miyezo ya moyo muukalamba. Madongosolo a penshoni ya Sweden, mwachitsanzo, amaphatikiza mbali ya malipiro monga yokhayo yokha ndi nkhani ya munthu payekha yolamuliridwa ndi boma, kutsimikizira kuchuluka ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ngozi.

Demokrase ya mayanjano a anthu imawononganso kwambiri malamulo okangalika a ukalamba , kusamalira akulu oikidwa, mautumiki othandizira opimitsa, malo a chitaganya, ndi maprogramu a maphunziro a moyo wonse. Zotsatira zake ndizo kuchepa kwa umphaŵi wa zaka zaukalamba, kugawana kwa antchito owonjezereka pakati pa antchito okalamba, ndi zotsatirapo zabwino. Komabe, madongosolo ameneŵa amafunikira msonkho wambiri ndi kugwirizana kopitirizabe kwa ndale zadziko. Pamene anthu, mademokrase odalira pa maufumu a anthu akuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zowonjezereka, kutsogolera ku ku kukwera kwa nyengo ya kupuma pantchito, kusintha mlingo wa zopereka zopereka, ndi kuwongolera njira za phindu zosungira ndalama zothetsera mavuto.

Olemba Mabuku

Atsogoleri a boma, opezeka m'maiko onga China, Russia, Vietnam, ndi Saudi Arabia, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa masinthidwe apamwamba popanda kukambitsirana kwa anthu. Madongosolo a zachitetezo angagawidwe, ndi mapindu ochulukirapo kwa antchito a boma ndi zitetezero zochepa kwa antchito a m’midzi kapena zamwambo. Mwachitsanzo, China, yakulitsa mofulumira kuperekedwa kwake kwa chisungiko cha anthu pa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, komabe mipata yaikulu imatsala pakati pa anthu a m’tauni ndi m’midzi. Bank World Bank ya World Bank] ya World Bank ya anthu a ku China yochepera 40% ya antchito akugwira ntchito m'dongosolo lalamulo, ikusiya achikulire ambiri odalira pa chichirikizo chabanja kapena kupereŵere.

Maboma audindo angapereke masinthidwe aakulu mofulumira, koma kusoŵa macheke ndi zipilala kungatulukepo mapindu osakwanira kapena kulephera kuchotsa ndalama. Ndiponso, ziletso pa chitaganya cha anthu ndi manyuzipepala odziimira zokha zingatsekereze mphamvu zenizeni za malamulo kwa achikulire osavuta. M’zochitika zina, maboma ankhanza amagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu monga zida za kulamulira ndale zadziko, kugaŵira mapindu ku madera kapena magulu okhulupirika pamene akunyalanyaza ena.

Mafanizo Osinthasintha

Maiko ambiri amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zongopedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Japan amaphatikiza dongosolo la anthu opatula ndalama za penshoni ndi miyambo yamphamvu ya banja ya kusamalira akulu, komanso imasonyeza mavuto a kubala mowonjezereka ndi utali wa moyo wochuluka. Singapore amagwiritsira ntchito njira yoikizira ndalama (Central Prevenment Fund) imene ili yolamulidwa ndi boma koma aliyense payekha, kuphatikiza mbali za mademokrase a ufulu ndi a mayanjano. Madziko a ku Latin America onga Chile anachita upainiya wowonjezera penshoni pansi pa ulamuliro wa asilikali, kenaka anakhazikitsanso mgwirizano wa anthu pambuyo pa kusintha kwa demokrase. Kusintha kwa mtundu wa zinenero zimenezi kumasonyeza kuti maluso a boma asintha, kaŵirikaŵiri kuyankha zitsenderezo za anthu ndi kusintha kwa ndalensi.

Njira Zothetsera Kukalamba kwa Anthu

Mosasamala kanthu za chitsanzo cha kulamulira, maiko onse ayenera kuyang’anizana ndi mikhalidwe yofananayo ya chiŵerengero cha anthu: antchito ochepa pa onse amene amapuma pantchito, kukwera kwa mtengo wa zaumoyo, ndi kusintha kwa mabanja.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Kumene Kunawachitikira

Madongosolo a pension ndiwo apamwamba kwambiri pa chitetezo chakale. Kusintha kofala kumaphatikizapo:

  • Kukulitsa nyengo ya kupuma pantchito [1] kuti agwirizane ndi kuwonjezereka kwa moyo. Maiko ambiri asintha kale pang'onopang’ono kufika pa zaka 67 kapena 68. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom ikuchoka pa 66 mpaka 2046, pamene Jeremani anakweza zaka zake za kupuma pantchito kuchokera pa 65 mpaka 67.
  • Kuwonjezeka kwa ziŵerengero za zopereka kuti asunge mlingo wa ndalama. Njira imeneyi iyang'anizana ndi mavuto a ndale chifukwa chakuti imakweza mtengo wa antchito ndi mabwana. Demokrase a mayanjano onga France akumana ndi zitsutso zaunyinji za anthu ambiri pa kusintha kwa penshoni zimene zimawonjezera nyengo za zopereka.
  • Kusungirira kuchokera ku malipiro-ase-go ku maprogramu olipiridwa ku , kumene ndalama zamakono zimasungidwa m'misika ya zachuma. Kusintha kwa Chile ku maakaunti a munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi mu 1981 kunasonkhezera mitundu yambiri, koma pambuyo pake umboni unavumbula ndalama zambiri, kulipira kochepera, ndi mapindu osakwanira kwa antchito olandira ndalama zochepera, zimene zimapangitsa kusintha kwapang'ono m'zaka zaposachedwapa.
  • Kuyambitsa njira zosinthira zodzipangira zimene zimagwirizanitsa mapindu ndi moyo, kukula kwa zachuma, kapena mitu ya zachuma. “njira ya kudziyendera" imachepetsa mapindu pamene chuma chalephera, chitsanzo chimene chimakulitsa kukhazikika koma chingakhale chotsutsana ndi ndale zadziko.

Maulamuliro olamulira amene ali ndi chisonkhezero chothekera. Demokrase ya ufulu kaŵirikaŵiri imadalira pa kugwirizana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono, pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro a authoritarianism angapereke masinthidwe amwadzidzidzi. Komabe, kukhulupirira kwa anthu ndi kuwonekera kwa magulu kuli kofunika kuti masinthidwe alionse apambane.

Kulimbikitsa Ukalamba Wathanzi

Kusamalira anthu odwala, kusamala matenda osatha, ndiponso kukhala ndi moyo wochita zinthu zambiri pamoyo kungachepetse mavuto okhudza thanzi ndiponso kuwongolera moyo.

  • Kufikira kwachisawawa kwa chisamaliro chachikulu ndi mapendedwe kaamba ka mikhalidwe yonga ngati kuthamanga kwa mwazi, matenda a shuga, ndi kansa. Democracy ya kakhalidwe ka anthu imapereka mautumiki ameneŵa popanda mtengo kapena kutsika, pamene kuli kwakuti mademokalake aufulu angakhale ndi mipata yobisira okalamba osasungidwa kapena otsalirapo.
  • Kupereka ntchito yakuthupi ndi kuyanjana ndi anthu kupyolera m'maprogramu a chitaganya, malukidwe a mizinda yaubwenzi, ndi zoyendera zaing'ono. Programu ya ku Japan ya “Freai Kippu ) (tikiti zaunansi) imalimbikitsa odzipereka achichepere kuthandiza achikulire kaamba ka ngongole zimene angagwiritsire ntchito pambuyo pake – chitsanzo cha kulenga chisamaliro cha chitaganya.
  • Kufutukula mautumiki a akulu osamalira kuphatikizapo chisamaliro cha panyumba, kuthandiza, ndi nyumba zolerera. Inshuwalansi yanthaŵi yaitali ya Jeremani yosamalira zipinda zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi zapanyumba, kupatsa mabanja ufulu. Mosiyana, United States imadalira kwambiri pa Medicaid, imene imasunga chisamaliro kokha atawononga ndalama zawo, kupanga msampha wa “kutha kwa mabanja apakati.
  • Luso la zopimira [[FLT :1] monga ngati ziwiya zotha kuwonongeka, zipangizo zotha kuwonongeka, ndi makompyuta abwino a panyumba angathandize okalamba m'malo ake. Maprogramu a metal odziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga ndi kuŵerenga ngofunika kuletsa “kugaŵanika kwa anthu achikulire , kumene kumadziŵika kwambiri m'malo otsika ndi akumidzi.

Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kusuntha

Kuti achepetse kuchepa kwa ntchito, maboma angalimbikitse anthu okalamba kuti apitirizebe kugwira ntchito kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kukopa achinyamata osamukira kudziko. Mademokrase a anthu amapanga makonzedwe a ntchito osavuta, kuthandizira anthu kupeza ndalama zothandizira anthu, ndi kusankha ndalama zowonjezera zimene zimapanga ntchito. Democracy ya ufulu wa anthu imaganizira kwambiri za kuchotsa zopinga monga tsankho ndi kupereka zifukwa kwa owalemba ntchito achikulire kuti awapatse ntchito.

Malamulo otetezera anthu ndi mbali yapadera. Maboma a aunistera angafune kusamuka kuti akwaniritse kupereŵera kwa ntchito komanso mapindu a anthu. Mademokrase a anthu alandira anthu a m'nthaŵi zakale kuti alimbikitse zipinda za msonkho, koma kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwa ndale zadziko kwayambitsa madongosolo owonjezera. M'mademokrase, makambitsirano a anthu oloŵa m’dziko asintha kwambiri, kukhudza luso la kupanga mapulani a anthu anthaŵi yaitali. Malinga ndi INTERNATIOMETAL [[FL:1]], ngakhale ndi kusamuka kwapamwamba, mayiko ambiri otukuka afunikira kukonzanso zinthu kuti asunge masinthidwe kuti asungidwe.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu ndi Chichirikizo cha Banja

M'zitaganya zambiri zamwambo, banja lidakali lotetezera kwambiri achikulire. Mwachitsanzo, miyambo ya Kummaŵa kwa Asia, ili ndi malamulo amphamvu a kupembedza ana, koma kukhala m’mizinda ndi mabanja aang'ono kukuwononga chichirikizo chimenechi. Maboma audindo angapereke mathayo abanja m'lamulo − Kusamalira Makolo kwa Singapore kulola achikulire kupereketsa ana awo kaamba ka chichirikizo cha ndalama – komabe njira zoterozo nzovuta kusungidwa. Maboma a boma a boma amapereka mapindu kuchepetsa mtolo pa mabanja, pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zambiri ma democracyism amayembekezera mabanja kukwaniritsa zotsala zotsala zotsala zoperekedwa ndi mautumiki a anthu onse operewera.

Kugwirizana kwa makampani ndi nkhaŵa yomakulakula. Antchito achichepere amayang'anizana ndi misonkho yokulirapo ndi zopereka kuchirikiza chiŵerengero cha anthu okalamba, pamene akulimbananso ndi mavuto awo a zachuma monga ngongole za ophunzira ndi ndalama zowonongedwa za nyumba. Maulamuliro amene amachirikiza njira zoonekera bwino, zochirikizira ndi kugwirizanitsa mibadwo ali ndi malo abwinopo osungirako mgwirizano wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Denmark, imagwiritsira ntchito “kuŵerengera kwa nyengo yathanzi" kupenda mphamvu ya malamulo anthaŵi yaitali pa magulu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana, anthu onse opanga mafilimu amakumana ndi mavuto ofala pothandiza anthu okalamba. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi monga kupereŵera kwa ndalama, kukwera kwa ndalama zosamalira thanzi, kuchepa kwa ufulu wopeza zinthu, ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale.

Kupeza Zosowa ndi Mavuto a Zachuma

Pamene ziŵerengero za opuma pantchito zikukwera, madongosolo a malipiro a pa ntchito a munthu wopuma pantchito amayang'anizana ndi mavuto a nyumba. Komiti [FLT] [1] [1] kampani zimene anthu onse amawononga pa ntchito za penshoni m'zachuma zidzawonjezeka ndi 1 /3% ya GDP pa 2050, pamene thanzi ndi chisamaliro chanthaŵi yaitali zingakule ndi 2-4% ya GDP. Maiko a chuma chachikulu, monga ngati India ndi Brazil, adzakupeza kukhala kovuta kwambiri kusonkhanitsa zopereka ndi kupereka ndalama zapadziko lonse.

Malamulo a Norway amaphatikizapo kukweza nyengo ya kupuma pantchito, kuchepetsa kupindula kwa opuma pantchito a ndalama zopezedwa zowonjezereka (kuyesa), ndi kuwonjezera kubwezeredwa kwa ndalama zachuma kuchokera ku ndalama za kampani. Boma la Pension Fund ku Norway, lomangidwa kuchokera ku ndalama za mafuta, ndi chitsanzo cha mmene maiko olemera angaperekere mathayo a ndalama asanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, njira zoterozo zimafuna kulamulidwa mwamphamvu ndi kukwaniritsa ndale zadziko zimene zingasoŵere m'maulamuliro osakhazikika.

Zofunika pa Zaumoyo

Akuluakulu amagwiritsira ntchito mbali yaikulu ya zipatala, makamaka zaka zawo zomalizira. Kusunga ndalama popanda kupereka chisamaliro kuli chitokoso kwa opanga maulamuliro onse. Strategigi imaphatikizapo mafanizo amtengo wa ndalama zoperekedwa, kukambitsirana kwa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito (ofala m'mademokrase), ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mankhwala otetezera. Maboma a a aumperitarianism angapereke ndalama zoikizira ndalama, koma zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malo omangidwa ndi nthaŵi yaitali yodikira.

Luso la zopangapanga limapereka lonjezo: Telemedicine imachepetsa zothodwetsa za ulendo, njira zopimira zoyendera za AI zingachepetsedwe, ndipo maprogramu osamalira matenda osatha angachedwetse zochitika zowopsa. Komabe kugaŵikana kwa mlingo wa makompyuta – ponse paŵiri m'maiko – kutanthauza kuti achikulire omwe alibe luso la zolemba kapena kupezeka kochepa kwa intaneti angasiyidwe. Makampani amene amapanga ndalama zambiri zopimira ku kampani ndi maphunziro a pa magetsi athanzi labwino.

Kusalingana Makhalidwe ndi Anthu Ochuluka

Ukalamba sumakhudza magulu onse mofanana. Akazi, mafuko ochepa, antchito olandira ndalama zochepa, ndi awo amene ali pantchito yamwamwaŵi amapeza ndalama zochepa, sapeza ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito, ndi thanzi lopanda pake. M'mademokrase opatula, madongosolo amalonda angawonjezere kusiyana kumeneku. Democracy ya kakhalidwe imachepetsa kusalingana kwa anthu koma imalimbanabe kufikira magulu otsika, monga ngati osamukira m’dziko kapena opanda pokhala. Maboma aunisteritait kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyaza anthu ovutika, kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu a za mayanjano kubwezera kukhulupirika kwandale m’malo mwa kufuna kwawo.

Malamulo amene amasamalira ndalama za penshoni zimenezi amaphatikizapo ngongole za penshoni za zaka zosamalira okalamba, mapindu ochepa, ndi kufalikira kwa anthu otsala. Gulu la zaumoyo lapadziko lonse [[FLT:] limalimbikitsa mizinda yaubwenzi yaukalamba imene imaona kukhala yopezeka, kupezeka, ndi kutetezeka kwa anthu okalamba, mosasamala kanthu za ndalama kapena chiyambi.

Chifuniro cha Zandale ndi Ntchito ya Mabungwe

Kusintha chisungiko cha mayanjano kuli ndi ngozi pandale, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kumaloŵetsamo kuchepetsa mapindu kapena kukweza misonkho. M'mademokrase aunyinji, mademokrase achidule, angaletse kulingalira kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Democracy ya mayanjano imadalira pa kugwirizana kwakukulu koma nkhope imanyalanyaza zikondwerero zoikidwa. Maboma a aunisteritarianism angachitepo kanthu mofulumira koma angasoŵe njira zopangira masinthidwe ofunikira kuwongolera bwino malamulo. Kupanga chidaliro cha anthu kupyolera mwa kulankhulana koonekeratu, kukwaniritsa kwa kachitidwe, ndi chipangano cha osungitsa malonda ncho nchovuta kuzungulira zitsanzo zonse.

Bungwe loona za mgwirizano padziko lonse la Commission on the Statity of Notional Progeated Systems ndi bungwe la International Social Security Association limathandiza anthu kudziwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kuwathandiza pa ntchito zawo.

Kumaliza

Mmene mtundu umalamulira umadzipangira okha mmene umachirikizira nzika zake zokalamba. Democracy ya ufulu imalimbikitsa udindo wa munthu ndi kusankha malonda, kuchititsa kulolera komanso kusalingana. Demokrase ya mayanjano imapereka chitetezo chapadziko lonse, choikidwa ndi boma, kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Maboma a authoritarianism angasinthe zinthu mofulumira, koma kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kuwonongetsa kuwala ndi kufotokoza kwa magulu opatuka. Mafanizo a mademocracyd amapitirizabe kusinthika, kubwereka ku miyambo yosiyanasiyana.

Palibe njira imodzi yokha yothetsera mavuto. Chitsanzo chilichonse cha atsogoleri chiyenera kulimbana ndi zitsenderezo za ndalama, zosamalira thanzi, ndi kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu pamene akusunga kuyenera kwa ndale ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Malamulo achipambano kwambiri adzakhala aja ozikidwa pa umboni, osinthira ku mikhalidwe, ndi kuika patsogolo ubwino wa achikulire monga mbali yofunika ya chitaganya. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene maluso a olamulira osiyanasiyana amachitira ndi mavuto ameneŵa, opanga malamulo angapange njira zimene zimasungidwa ndi kukwaniritsa, kutsimikizira kuti moyo wautali umakhala ndi ulemu ndi chisungiko.