Maziko a Malamulo a Zofunika Zosatha

Ziyeneretso zotsimikizirika za malamulo ndi malamulo zimene zimaika ulemu wa munthu aliyense pamwamba pa ubwino wa boma. Mu United States, Demendment Yachinayi imalengeza kuti ̴ kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, kutsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosalingalirika ndi kugwidwa, sizidzaswedwa, ndipo palibe omenya nkhondo adzapereka ulemu, koma pa chifukwa chothekera, kuchirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena kuvomereza, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza malowo kuti afufuzidwe, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoyenera kulandidwa. ” chiganitso chimodzi chimenechi chimapangitsa kupenda kolimba: lamulo choyamba liyenera kukhutiritsa woyang'anira kuti pali chifukwa chabwino choukira nyumba. Popanda chofunikira chimenechi, apolisi angaloŵe m’nyumba yotchire, kapena shalansi, kapena chikalata chosungira chamwalalalira.

Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino likufalikira kwambiri kuposa United States. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Artle 12) ndi European Convention on Human Rights (Article 8) zonse ziŵiri zimatetezera ku kuloŵerera kwauchigaŵenga kwa ̱ nyumba. Ku Canada, Chigawo 8 cha Tchata cha Ufulu ndi Ufulu Chimalamulo cha Kufufuza kukhala kololera, ndipo chikalata ndicho njira yokha yokwaniritsira ufulu umenewo. United Kingdom ̱ Apolisi ndi Acristice Act ya Chikalata cha Umboni za Umboni za Ufulumo wa Zachuma chifunikire kuloŵa m’malo a munthu wina popanda ntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa amagogomezera kumvetsetsana: nyumbayi ndi malo opatulika amene boma silingawatsendere.

Mmene Ogwira Ntchito Amatetezera Ufulu wa Zinthu

Kulimbana ndi Vuto la Kusowa Ntchito: Chionetsero cha Malo Osungira Anthu Okhala M’nyumba

Ambiri amaganiza kuti kutetezako kumapindulitsa eninyumba okha, koma ogona ali ndi chitetezero chimodzimodzi chachinayi. Munthu amene wabwereka nyumba ali ndi zimene makhoti amatcha kuti ndi intaneti (#8220); kuyembekezera kosapambanitsa kwa mayeso̵ m'nyumba yawo. Apolisi sangaloŵe m'nyumba yochitira lendi, ngakhale ngati mwini nyumbayo apereka chilolezo, popanda chilolezo kapena chosiyana ndi boma. Zimenezi zinasonyezedwa bwino ku U.S. mlandu wa Bwalo Lapamwamba Chapman v. United States[FL:1] (1961), kumene anapeza umboni wa apolisi a mwini nyumba kuti afufuze polisi khumi &817; nyumba inachotsedwa chifukwa chakuti olephera.

Chiyeneretso cha lamulo chotero chimaletsa eni malo kukhala oyenerera kutheratu ku ufulu wachinsinsi. Imatetezeranso eni nyumba amene amakhala m’nyumba zawo ̬ kufunafuna nyumba ya banja limodzi kuyenera kulungamitsidwa ndi chochititsa ndi chilolezo chachindunji. Kusintha kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti wosowa kwambiri m'nyumba yodzaza ndi anthu ndi mwininyumba wolemera amatetezedwa mofananamo.

Wopereka Mpata Kufufuza za Mphamvu

Chiyeneretso cha woweruza wosaloŵerera m’nkhani zopenda umboni asanafufuze. Amagistate amasanthula ulendo wonga wa kupha nsomba kuti afufuze. Chilolezocho chiyenera kulongosola malo oti akafufuzidwe ndi zinthu zimene afuna kukhala nazo. Zimenezi zimaletsa kuphanga kwa kazembe. Chikalata chimene chikunena kuti ̴ kusanthula 123 Elm Street ndi kulanda gulu lililonse la Elm ̵ n’zopanda ntchito chifukwa chakuti zisoŵa kanthu kena. Mdindoyo ayenera kugwirizanitsa malo a maupandu ndi zinthu zina (m., #820; zikalata zolembedwa ndi manambala a XYP.1222222;21.

Chiyeneretso chapadera chimenechi nchofunika kwambiri m'nyumba zobwereka, kumene nyumba zodzaza ndi anthu kapena mayuniti ambiri zingapereke kufufuza kotsekeredwa. Ngati nyumba ya apolisi 2A ya 2B, chilolezocho nchopanda kanthu. Maryland v. Garrison [1] (1987]), Bwalo Lapamwamba linalola njira yochepetsedwa ya zophophonya zoyenerera ponena za chigawo chimene chinafotokozedwa, koma lidakali ndi chitsimikiziro chakuti pucision ndilo loyambirira.

Njira Yankhondo: Yendani Panjira

Chochititsa Choyenera

Ofesala sangangonena kuti, . ” chochititsa choyenera chimafuna mfundo zimene zingatsogolere munthu wolingalira kukhulupirira kuti pali umboni wa upandu umene uyenera kufufuzidwa.

  • Kabuku kotchedwa Ander ’ kamafotokozanso zinthu zina zimene zimachitika munthu akayang’anitsitsa.
  • Umboni wakuthupi wowoneka bwino lomwe pa malo ololeka.
  • Malipoti osonyeza kuti anthu a ku Madagascar ankachita zinthu zophwanya malamulo.

Affidavit iyenera [[FL:0] kupewa chilankhulo chophikira [1] ndi kuphatikizapo tsatanetsatane wolunjika, wa panthaŵi yake. Chilolezo chachilendo ̬ chinthu chimodzi chozikidwa pa umboni wakuti ndi wakale kwa milungu ya zinthu zopanda pake pa̬ sichoyenera. Woweruzayo amachitira chizindikiro chilolezo, ndipo ayenera kuphedwa pakati pa ndandanda ya nthaŵi yochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri 10 mpaka 14 masiku, kudalira pa mlingo wa dziko.

Kuchotsedwa kwa Kufunafunako

Ataperekedwa, chilolezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa m’njira yoyenerera. Oyang'anira kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kugogoda ndi kulengeza kukhalapo kwawo asanaloŵe, ngakhale kuti “knock ndi kulengeza ̵ lamulo [ lili ndi lamulo lapadera ngati kulengeza kuli kowopsa kapena kopanda pake (mphini, , , dontho la mankhwala kumene umboni ungawonongedwe). Mkati mwa kufunafunako, maofesala angatenge zinthu zondandalikidwa mu chikalatacho, limodzi ndi chivomezo chilichonse chopezedwa mowonekera bwino lomwe monga umboni woonekeratu.

Atafufuza, lamulo losungitsa malamulo liyenera kusiya kope la chikalatacho ndi kuŵerengera zinthu zolandidwazo.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Makhoti amavomereza malamulo angapo amene amalola kuti munthu aloŵe popanda chilolezo, ndipo aliyense amaika malamulo apadera amene apolisi amayendera.

Kuvomereza

Ngati nzika yavomereza modzifunira kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezo chiyenera kukhala choperekedwa mwaufulu ndi mwanzeru, osati mokakamizidwa ndi chisonyezero cha mphamvu kapena ulamuliro. Apolisi sangavomereze ngati akakamiza munthu wina kutsegula khomo. Ndiponso, ngati anthu ambiri ali ndi nyumba imodzi, mmodzi angavomereze kufunafuna madera ena koma satha kuvomereza kufunafuna chigawo china cha ’ chipinda chachinsinsi pa munthu ameneyo. Georgia. . . . . . .[[FLT.]

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Malingaliro a zamwamsanga angalungamitse kuloŵa popanda chifukwa chomveka. Zitsanzo za m’kalasi zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kulondola kwa wokayikira amene akuthaŵa amene akuloŵa m’nyumba.
  • Kuwononga kopambanitsa kwa umboni , monga kugwetsa mankhwala m'chimbudzi ngati apolisi amva mawu mkati.
  • Thandizo lopimira pamene apolisi akhulupirira kuti munthu wina wavulala mkati kapena ali pangozi.

Apolisi sangapange mwamsanga chilolezo choletsa kutero; ngozi iyenera kukhala yeniyeni ndi yosafunikira.

Fufuzani Zomwe Zingakuchititseni Kumangidwa Mwalamulo

Pambuyo pa kumanga munthu wina mkati mwa nyumba, apolisi angafufuze munthu ndi malo mkati mwa winyo’ amalamulira mwamsanga kutetezera umboni ndi zida. Kuti & #8220; ulendo womangira thambo lapansi; ndi wopapatiza; suli wovomereza kusesa nyumba yonse. Chimel v. California [1] , Khoti Lapamwamba linachepetsa kufunafuna kotero kudera kumene msilikali angafikire kaamba ka chida kapena kuwononga umboni.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Ngati apolisi ali ololedwa m'nyumba (chilolezo, chivomerezo, kapena ngozi), ndipo iwo amawona chinthu chimene chimawonekera mwamsanga monga umboni wa upandu, iwo angachigwire popanda chilolezo chosiyana. Chofunika chachikulu ndicho kuposerapo . Ngati chilengedwe sichikudziŵika monga ” ndipo chikufuna kufufuza kowonjezereka, chiphunzitsocho sichimagwira ntchito.

Kufufuza Zinthu

Pamene apolisi alonga galimoto kapena katundu, nthaŵi zina amatsogolera kuŵerengera zinthu zondandalikidwa. Izi siziri chifukwa chofufuzira ntchito yosamalira. Kufufuza m'mabungwe obwereketsa nkosachitika chifukwa chakuti malowo sakhala othamangitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Koma ngati wowalembayo athamangitsidwa ndipo mwiniwake atenga, apolisi angaloŵe ndi mwini nyumba ̱ akuvomereza pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, ngakhale kuti lamulo logamula limaletsa chikhoterero chimenechi.

Kusamalira Kwapadera kwa Oloŵa M’masitolo

Kubisa zinthu zachinsinsi

Malo ochezera amayang'anizana ndi ufulu wapadera. Kaŵirikaŵiri apolisi ali ndi makiyi, kuloŵa m'kukonza, kapena kusonyeza magulu a oyembekezera kukhala ogona. Koma chilolezo cha dziko lapansi sichimachotsa chilolezo cha kusudzula chachinayi cha ufulu wa mwini nyumba ̱ chuma. M'dzikolo, apolisi sangafunse mwiniwake kuti awalole kuloŵa ndi kufunafuna popanda chilolezo, chifukwa chakuti tenant ̱ kuyembekezera kwa machinsinsi kumachotsa mwininyumba ̱ chiwongola dzanja la katundu. [[FLT:] Ston. California v [1964], Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti hotela silingaloleze kufunafuna mlendo wa pa &17; Oyang'anira malo ena.

Nyumba Zosalimba Ndiponso Zoyembekezeredwa

Makhoti ena atsutsa kuti anthu okhala m’nyumba za anthu kapena zapansi ali ndi chiyembekezo chochepa cha kukhala okha chifukwa cha boma̱ ntchito monga mwini nyumba ndi chifukwa chakuti nyumba zotero kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo zikalata zovomereza (m’chitsanzo, kulola kuti anthu ogonekedwawo apereke mayeso osawazetsa kuti apeze chitetezo). Maboma ambiri a U.S. Supreme Court mu [FL:0] . Rucker [[FL:1] [2002] (malola kuchotsedwa kwa alendo amene anagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pa malo osungirako zinthu, koma sanaperekeze mwachindunji. Maboma ambiri a anthu a boma kuyambira pamene anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito pa /#220; /22222; zifunitso zachiyene.

Anzathu a M’chipinda Chathu

Nyumba zogonana zimavuta. Ngati anthu aŵiri akukhala m’chipinda chimodzi koma ali ndi zipinda zogona zosiyana, apolisi amafunikira chilolezo cha m’chipinda cha munthu wosavomereza. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Fernendandez v. California . (2014) (2014) adakhulupirira kuti ngati munthu mmodzi wa m’chipinda chogonamo akana chilolezo ndipo kenaka agwidwa, apolisi angafunse wina wogonamo kuti avomereze ngakhale ngati munthu woyambayo saalipo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zanzeru: apolisi angachotse munthu amene ali ndi zinthu zina ndipo kenaka angalandire chivomerezo kwa wotsala wosunga malo ogona.

Zigawo Zosaiŵalika za Lamulo la Mlandu

Camara v. Khoti la Masipala (1967) ̵ Malo Ofunidwa kaamba ka Nyumba za Administrative Inspectives

Pachigamulo chosintha zinthu, Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti ngakhale kufufuza nyumba kwanthaŵi zonse kumafuna chilolezo ngati wokhalamo savomereza. Khotilo linakana lingaliro lakuti ilo la #8220; chikondwerero cha anthu onse ̵ m'thanzi ndi kutetezeka kovomerezeka. Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa kuti kufufuza kwa olamulira m’nyumba kuli koyenera kugonjera ku ziyeneretso zazikulu zofanana monga kufunafuna apandu, ngakhale kuti chochititsa muyezo kaamba ka kuyenerera kwa ulamuliro uli wochepa (mikhalidwe ya padziko lonse lapansi mmalo mwa kukayikira kwa munthu payekha).

Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961) #821; Kutsatira kwa Exclussion Launce ku United States

Pambuyo pa Mapp [FLT , makhoti a boma angalole umboni wopezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linaphatikizapo Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwachinayi kupyolera mwa Kusintha kwa Zaka 14 ndi kuweruza kuti umboni wopezeka woswa chiyeneretso cha lamulolo sungasweke m'makhoti a boma. Lamulo limeneli ndilo njira yoyamba yosungitsira lamulo: popanda ilo, chiyeneretso cha lamulo chikakhala lingaliro losagwira mano.

[[FLT: 0] Vernonia School School style v. Acton (1995)

Mlandu umenewu unakhudza kuyesa oseŵera asukulu ndi kukhazikitsa pa “ amafunikira mwapadera̵ kusiyapo chilolezo, chogwira ntchito pamene boma’ zikondwerero zimaposa kusungidwa kwa lamulo kwachibadwa. Chosiyanacho chagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku malo okhala, monga ngati kufufuza panyumba zapakhomo kapena kufufuza kwina kwapoyera, koma makhoti aletsa kuwonjezera ku kufufuza kwaupandu kochitidwa.

Njira Zothandiza Anthu Okhala ndi Malo Ndiponso Ambuye

Kwa Ogwira Ntchito

  • Idziŵani zoyenera zanu : mwininyumba sangalole apolisi kufunafuna popanda chilolezo chanu. Ngati apolisi atulukira popanda chilolezo, mungakanize kuloŵa ndi kuwapempha kuti alankhulane ndi woweruza.
  • Mukapeze chilolezo [1]: Ngati apolisi apereka chilolezo, werengani mosamalitsa. Onetsetsani kuti adiresiyo ikufanana ndi chigawo chanu, deti ndi lamakono, ndipo zinthu zondandandalitsidwazo nzolondola. Ngati chinthu china chachotsedwa, taonani koma musasokoneze thupi ̵ loya wanu ayese kutsimikizira kuti n’zolondola pambuyo pake.
  • Chikalata chofufuzira : Chonde sungani zimene apolisi alanda, zinthu zosalongosoka zilizonse, ndipo kaya anagogoda kapena kulengeza kukhalapo kwawo.

Kwa Ambuye

  • Tsatirani malo achinsinsi achinsinsi [1]: Ngakhale ndi chigamulo cha khadi chopereka kulowa kaamba ka kukonza, musalole apolisi kuloŵa popanda chilolezo kuchokera kwa wogulitsa kapena chilolezo chotsimikizirika. Kuchita tero kungakuikeni ku thayo la kuswa lamulo la lamulo.
  • Kugwirizana popanda chilolezo : Ngati apolisi apempha kuloŵa m'malo ofala (makwalala, zipinda zapansi, zipinda zochapirapo) zimene mungazilamulire, koma musatsegule mayuniti a kampani popanda chilolezo.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo Zamakono pa Zofunika Zofunika Zomwe Zimafuna

Makhamera a thupi, zithunzi zotentha, ndi ma dron amadzutsa mafunso atsopano ofufuzira nyumba. Kayllo v. United States (2001], Khoti Lalikulu linakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito chifaniziro chotentha cha m'nyumba popanda chilolezo. Khotilo linanena kuti pamene boma ligwiritsira ntchito luso la zopangapangapanga osati kusanthula mkati mwa nyumba, zimene zimapanga kufunafuna kofunikira chilolezo. Kulingalira kumeneku kumateteza nyumba yokongola: mwininyumba sangavomereze kuti apolisi agwiritse ntchito njira yachiŵiri yoyendera.

Zilolezo zamagetsi, kapena otumiza, atha kulinganiza njirayo. Maboma ambiri amalola oweruza kulandira makompyuta, kuchepetsa nthaŵi yopeza chilolezo kuchokera ku mphindi ndi mphindi. Zimenezi zafooketsa lamulo la pa #820; kutsutsa kwa ” chifukwa chakuti tsopano apolisi angapeze chilolezo mwamsanga popanda kudalira pa wina.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse

Canada

Chigawo 8 cha Canadian Charter imagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chofanana ndi Lachinayi Amendment. Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada mu Hunter . Southam Inc. (19984]) adakhulupirira kuti kusanthula kosaloledwa kuli kosamveka. Maloster sangalole kuloŵa kwa apolisi motsutsana ndi ̱ ma. Mamenti amaphatikizapo kuchotsa umboni pansi pa Chigawo 24(2) ngati avomereza kuti kutsogolera kwa chilungamo kukhale kopanda pake.

United Kingdom

Mapurisa ndi Criminal Evidence Act 1984 imalamulira zifuno zoloŵera ndi kufunafuna. Kwa woyang'anira nyumba, ayenera kupeza chilolezo kwa mazembe, kulongosola malo ndi nkhani zokhulupiriridwa kukhala pa malowo. UK irinso ndi “ mphamvu ya kuloŵa ” malamulo a kachitidwe. Oyendetsa nyumba amatetezeredwanso ndi akuluakulu a boma a kumaloko.

Germany

Chigawo cha Lamulo la Chinsinsi cha Jeremani 13 chimatsimikizira kusatha kwa nyumba. Chikalata chimafunika kusiyapo ngati pali ngozi yoyandikira. Oyang’anira malo akukhala ndi chitetezo chofanana ndi eni ake; eni ake sangachipime. Khoti la Federal Constitution lanena motsimikiza kusiyana kwake, makamaka aja ophatikizapo kukayikira kwa apolisi milandu yaikulu.

Kumaliza

Chiyeneretso cha kufunafuna nyumba ndi maloleshoni si luso lakujambula chabe. Ndilo maziko a chitaganya chimene chimaŵerengera ufulu wa munthu pa ulamuliro wa boma. Mwakulamula lamulo kupereka mfundo zenizeni kwa woweruza wosaloŵerera m'nyumba, dongosolo lalamulo limaika chopinga chadala molimbana ndi kuloŵerera kwa anthu. Chitetezero chimenechi chimafikira kwa nzika iliyonse, kaya ili yayoyayo kapena chipinda, ndipo sichingachotsedwe ndi mwininyumba kapena ndi zigamulo zobisika zobisika.

Makhoti akuwateteza, koma amawateteza mwansanje. Chikhoterero cha malamulo a panyumba ndi apadziko lonse n’chomwe chimawachititsa kuwonjezera, osati kuvomereza, chiyeneretso cha umisiri pamene luso la zofufuza ndi zinthu zachinsinsi zikuwonjezereka. Kwa otsalawo amene akuyang'anizana ndi kugogoda pakhomo, podziŵa kuti lamulo lachikwanekwa limapereka mphamvu yowalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa ufulu wawo ndi kutsimikizira kuti boma likhale ndi thayo la kulungamitsa. M'nyengo ya ukatswiri ndi polisi yaukali, ntchito yosavuta kupempha chilolezo asanaloŵe m'banja wa munthu ̱ kunyumba kwawo amakhalabe chimodzi cha chitetezo chogwira ntchito kwambiri pofufuza nyumba ndi kubwereka nyumba.