Mphamvu ndi mbali yaikulu ya chitaganya cha anthu, youmba maunansi, kulamulira, ndi mayanjano. Kumvetsetsa amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi mofanana. Mphamvu imayambukira chirichonse kuchokera ku malamulo amene timatsatira ku chikhalidwe chathu, kukupanga kukhala kothandiza kusanthula mmene zigawo zimagwirira ntchito ndi kusinthika. Nkhaniyi imasanthula mkhalidwe wa mphamvu, kusonyezedwa kwake kwa mbiri ndi kwa nthaŵi yake, ndi chifukwa chake mphamvu zimasonkhezera mphamvu kukhala zofunika ku chidziŵitso ndi chilungamo cha anthu.

Kufotokoza Mphamvu m’Chikhalidwe

Mphamvu ingafotokozedwe kukhala kukhoza kusonkhezera kapena kulamulira khalidwe la anthu ndi mabungwe, ngakhale motsutsana ndi chifuniro chawo. Katswiri wa za chikhalidwe Max Weber analongosola mphamvu kukhala "kuthekera kwakuti munthu woseŵera m'mayanjano adzakhala wokhoza kuchita chifuniro chake mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsa. Komabe, mphamvu siimakhala nthaŵi zonse yogwirizana; ingakhalenso yokopa, yopindulitsa, kapena yomangira. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana ndiko sitepe loyamba la kuzindikira mmene imagwirira ntchito m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mphamvu imaoneka m’mimba zosiyanasiyana:

  • Mphamvu ya Chigwirizano [1]: ulamuliro wochitidwa ndi maboma, atsogoleri andale, ndi mabungwe a boma kupanga ndi kusungitsa malamulo, kugaŵira chuma, ndi kumvera.
  • Mphamvu ya chuma [1]: kulamulira chuma, kutulutsa, ndi kugaŵira katundu ndi chuma. Mabungwe ndi anthu olemera amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zazikulu zachuma zimene zimaumba misika ndi malamulo.
  • Mphamvu ya polisi [1]: chisonkhezero chozikidwa pa malo a anthu, mameseji, ndi maunansi. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutchuka, kugwirizana, ndi kukhoza kusonkhanitsa magulu.
  • Mphamvu ya Chikhalidwe [1]: Kukhoza kuumba zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe, ndi miyambo kupyolera m'zoulutsira mawu, maphunziro, chipembedzo, ndi luso. Mphamvu ya chikhalidwe imalamulira zimene zimalingaliridwa "zachibadwa" kapena "zovomerezeka" m'chitaganya.
  • Mphamvu ya kumbuyo [1] : Liwu lopekedwa ndi Joseph Nya, likusonya ku kukhoza kukopa ndi kukakamiza, kugwiritsira ntchito chikhalidwe, zolinga za ndale zadziko, ndi malamulo ovomerezedwa kusonkhezera ena.

Munthu wachuma angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake zachuma kuti apeze mphamvu pandale, pamene bungwe lofalitsa nkhani limathandiza kuti anthu ayambe kukamba nkhani zapoyera.

Malingaliro a Ulamuliro

Chiphunzitso cha Platural v.

Asayansi andale akhala akutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti ndani amene alidi ndi mphamvu m'mademokrase. Akatswiri a zaumulungu amanena kuti mphamvu zimagawidwa pakati pa magulu ambiri opikisana a antchito, makampani, magulu a malo okhala, ndi nzika . Mwachiwonekere, boma limachita monga wochirikiza wandale. Mosiyana ndi C. Wright Mills ndi G. William Domhoff akulimbana ndi kuti mphamvu imakhala ndi gulu laling'ono lolamulira la atsogoleri a makampani, akuluakulu a zankhondo, ndi akuluakulu a ndale zadziko. Ntchito yawo imagogomezera mmene chuma ndi mphamvu zandale zimagwirira ntchito za olemera ochepa.

Kulingalira kwa Mphamvu kwa Foucault

Michel Foucault anasintha kuphunzira za ulamuliro mwa kunena kuti siimangokhala yapamwamba kapena yotsendereza, koma imatulutsa ndi kutulutsa zinthu. Malinga ndi Foucault, mphamvu imagwira ntchito kudzera m'mabungwe a zachikhalidwe cha anthu / zipinda za sukulu, zipatala, ndende , kulangiza matupi ndi kuumba chidziŵitso. Mphamvu imakhazikika m'zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi nkhani, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kupeza mwa munthu mmodzi kapena gulu. Lingaliro limeneli limasonyeza mmene mphamvu zingakhalire zobisika ndi zofalikira, zikusonkhezera zimene tikuganiza, kunena, ndi kuchita.

Mbiri Yamphamvu

Kumvetsa bwino mphamvu za mbiri yakale kumatithandiza kumvetsa nkhani za masiku ano monga kusankhana mitundu, kusiyana kwa chuma, ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale.

Makhalidwe Akale ndi Kuyenera kwa Mulungu

M'mikhalidwe yakale, mphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri inagwirizanitsidwa ndi ufumu wa monarchy ndi kuyenera kwaumulungu. Mafumu ndi mafumu achifumu analamulira ndi ulamuliro wonse, wolungamitsidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zimene zinawaika kukhala oimira milungu. Mwachitsanzo, afarao a Igupto analingaliridwa kukhala milungu yamoyo, pamene mafumu a China anali ndi "Dzuwa la Kumwamba". Kuphatikiza ulamuliro wandale ndi wauzimu kunapangitsa kutsutsa ponse paŵiri kupandukira boma ndi kuyeretsa fano, kutsendereza chipambano ku zitoko ku ulamuliro wa boma.

Kutengeka Maganizo ndi Mphamvu Yoledzeretsedwa

Ambuye analamulira malo ndi chuma ndipo anadalira ambuye apamwamba kapena achifumu. Aserf ndi alimi analibe mphamvu zambiri, anamangidwa kudziko ndi kugonjera kwa ambuye awo. Dongosolo limeneli linapitirizabe kwa zaka mazana ambiri, lisanatsutsidwe ndi kusintha kwa chuma ndi malingaliro atsopano a ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kukula kwa Demokalase ndi Mtundu

Kupangidwa kwa madongosolo a democracy kunasintha mphamvu kuchoka ku mafumu kupita kwa anthu, ngakhale mwalamulo. Magna Carta (1215), Bill wa ku England wa Ufulu (1689), American Declaration of Independent (1776), ndi Chipanduko cha ku France (1789) zonsezo zinasintha zinthu zazikulu kwambiri posamutsira ulamuliro wa mafumu pang’onopang’ono kwa nzika. Mphamvu zamakono za mademokrase okhazikitsidwa mwa malamulo, masankhoti, ndi kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro, ngakhale kuti kugaŵidwa kwenikweni kwa chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko kwakhala kosalingana kwenikweni ndi gulu lonse, fuko, ndi mizera ya kugonana ndi .

Kulanda Dziko ndi Mphamvu ya Dziko Lonse Zikuchepa

Utsamunda wa Ulaya, kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 15 mpaka la 20, unakhazikitsa mphamvu zazikulu padziko lonse. Maulamuliro a atsamunda anagwiritsira ntchito chuma ndi ntchito, kuchotsa maulamuliro a anthu a m'dzikolo, ndi kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe chawo ndi chipembedzo. Choloŵa chimenechi chikupitirizabe kuumba mgwirizano wa ndale zadziko, kudalira chuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu m'madera akale. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu za atsamunda kuli kovuta kwambiri kupenda nkhani zamakono monga ngati kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa dziko ndi kusiyana kwa dziko lonse.

Kodi Ndani Ali ndi Mphamvu Lerolino?

Ngakhale kuti zolinga za demokalase zimalonjeza kuti mphamvu kwenikweni imakhala ndi anthu, m’zochita zake nthaŵi zambiri zimasumikidwa pakati pa magulu amphamvu ndi apamwamba.

Maboma ndi Azandale

Akuluakulu osankhidwa, oikidwa kukhala oweruza, ndi oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya boma mwa malamulo, malamulo, ndi kusungitsa. Komabe, mphamvu zandale sizigawidwa. Opereka chuma, otsatsa, ndi magulu achidwi amasonkhezera kwambiri pa zochitika za lamulo mwa zopereka za polisi ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito malo ogwirira ntchito. Maphunziro a katswiri wa Princeton Martin Gilens ndi ena amasonyeza kuti anthu apamwamba a zachuma ndi malonda ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri pa lamulo la U.S.

Mabungwe ndi Mphamvu ya Zachuma

Makampani akuluakulu a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zachuma, akusonkhezera chilichonse kuyambira pantchito mpaka pa malamulo a msonkho mpaka ku malamulo a malo. Ndalama za padziko lonse za makampani monga Walmart , Amazon [1] [, ndi [[FLT] Exbobil] Exbobil [ imaposa GDP ya mitundu yambiri. Kupyolera, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zaubale, makampani amaumba zolinga za ndale zadziko m'malo awo. Chochitika cha "poctiverate" cha makampani omanga malonda owonjezera malonda a anthu onse.

Osunga Chidziŵitso ndi Zoulutsidwa

Malo oulutsira nkhani, mapulogalamu a zamanyuzipepala, ndi makampani a zaumoyo amalamulira chidziŵitso ndi kukonza nkhani zapoyera. Zosankha za majournal ponena za zimene zingakumbukire ndi mmene zingakhudzire zolinga zandale ndi malingaliro a anthu. Kuyang'anira malonda ndi chitsanzo, kuyang'anira makampani monga [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT:] ManyuziveloP [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FFFF:]

Magulu ndi Magulu Amayambitsa Mphamvu

Mphamvu imakhalanso ndi anthu wamba amene amalinganiza pamodzi kufuna kusintha. Magulu a anthu onga [[FLT: 0] Malo Okhala Ofera, , Me Too, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana , ndi [[FLT:] maukwati] [maukwati] [[FLT:] [FLT]] amasonyeza kuti ngakhale popanda ulamuliro wokhazikika, nzika zingatsutse mphamvu zomangika. Mwakutumiza chitseko, kutsutsa, ndi kusamvera kwa anthu, magulu ameneŵa asintha malamulo, kusintha kwa makampani, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kupambana kwawo kuyendera limodzi kwa mayanjano ndi kuyendera limodzi kwa anthu.

Mphamvu ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Mphamvu yoikidwa imachititsa ndi kulimbikitsa kusalingana. Anthu amene ali ndi mphamvu angapange malamulo ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti atetezere ubwino wawo, kupangitsa kuti magulu otsika apeze chisonkhezero. Zimenezi zimapanga kuvomereza: mphamvu imapatsa mphamvu zambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti kuyesayesa kosalimba kwa kupeza zinthu, kuimira, ndi ulemu. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu n’kofunika kwambiri pothetsa kupanda chilungamo kwa dongosolo monga kusankhana mitundu, kugonana, ndi kudyerera ndalama.

Mwachitsanzo, mpata wa chuma ku United States sungathe kufotokozedwa mokwanira popanda kusanthula kusalingana kwa mphamvu za mbiri yakale . Kukongoletsa, kukongoletsa, ndi kuthandizira maphunziro olakwika. Mofananamo, kusalingana kwa chuma kumapitirizabe chifukwa cha miyambo ndi nyumba za anthu zimene zimalepheretsa akazi ndi anthu ena autsogoleri, kulipira, ndi kupanga zosankha.

Kuzindikira Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi za Mphamvu

Kuzindikira amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi mmene imagwiritsidwira ntchito nkofunika pazifukwa zingapo:

  • Kudziŵa kukhala nzika : Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro kumatheketsa anthu kutengamo mbali m’njira ya demokalase. Mavoter angapende bwino zonena za oyembekezera kulowa ndi kuzindikira pamene kubisa mawu kumaika zikondwerero zapamwamba.
  • Choweruza cha ezachuma [1]: Kuzindikira kusalinganizika kwa magetsi kungachititse kusokonezeka kwa anthu a m’madera otsika. Kumathandiza ochirikiza kusiyanitsa mfundo za m'makhonde ndi njira zothandiza kuti asinthe.
  • Kalingaliridwe kolakwika [1]: Kusanthula mphamvu kumasonkhezera maluso osuliza ndi kulimbikitsa kukayikira ulamuliro. Imatsutsa lingaliro lakuti makonzedwe amene alipo ndi achilengedwe kapena oyenera.
  • Insight [1]: Kuphunzira za kutsutsana kwa mphamvu zakale kumathandiza kulinganiza zochitika zamakono. Njira zofananazo za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kukana zimayambiranso zaka mazana ambiri, kupereka maphunziro a lerolino.
  • Mphamvu Zaumwini[[FLT: 1]]: Kumvetsetsa mmene mphamvu ingakhalire ingathandize anthu kuyendetsa malo, kukambirana zotulukapo zabwino, ndi kukhazikitsa bungwe lawo m’moyo waukatswiri ndi waboma.

Madongosolo a maphunziro, makamaka, ali ndi thayo la kuphunzitsa ponena za mphamvu. Ophunzira amene amamaliza maphunziro popanda kuzindikira mmene magulu andale zadziko, azachuma, ndi a chikhalidwe amalinganizira miyoyo yawo aliri osakhoza kuchita monga nzika zoikika. Curcula yomwe imaphatikizapo kuphunzira za ulamuliro, kusalingana, ndi magulu a anthu a m’chitaganya imakonzekeretsa ophunzira kupenda dziko motsutsana ndi kuchirikiza chilungamo.

Kufufuza za Mphamvu za Mphamvu ya Mphamvu ya Mphamvu

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chivomezi cha Chisungiko cha Ufulu mu United States ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha ntchito yotokosa mphamvu ya udzu. Atsogoleri onga Martin Luther King Jr. ndi mabungwe onga [[FLT:]] N’kusinthana ndi kulephera kwamphamvu kwa Komiti ya Boma (SNCC) [[FLT]] yosonkhanitsa magulu kuti afune ufulu wofanana ndi kuchotsa tsankho la mafuko. Kupyolera, masitepe, ndi zitokosokoso, gulu lalamulo lovumbula mphamvu ya maulamuliro a boma ndi kuloŵerera kwa boma kokakamiza. Kutengapo Maufulu [FLD:4] kwa ufulu wa mu 1964: [FFoctive:5] ndi kutsutsa kwa mphamvu zandale zandale zamakono, monga momwe zikuyendera mphamvu zandale.

Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti nyumbazi zikhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zambiri zimene zingasokoneze zinthu monga mgwirizano, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera mavuto, kuponderezana, ndiponso kufalitsa nkhani zokopa maganizo a anthu.

Kasupe wa Aluya

Arabian Spring anasonyeza mphamvu ya makompyuta a anthu ndi zochita za achichepere m'maulamuliro otokosa a authoritarian ku Middle East. Kuyambira mu Tunisia mu 2010 ndi kufalikira ku Igupto, Libya, Syria, ndi kupitirira, mamiliyoni a nzika analoŵa m’makwalala ofuna ufulu wa ndale zadziko, mwaŵi wa zachuma, ndi kutha kwa ziphuphu. Mapepala onga Buku la Aspec ndi anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pokonza zitsutso, kufalitsa, ndi kukopa chidwi cha padziko lonse.

Pamene kuli kwakuti zotulukapo zina zosiyanasiyana .Kutsogolera ku kusintha kwa democracy m'maiko ena ndi nkhondo zachiŵeniŵeni zankhanza m'maiko ena . . Chipwirikiti cha Aluya chinagwedezeka ndi kusonyeza kuti ngakhale a a oyendetsa maautocracy ali osavuta kutumizidwa ndi otchuka. Inasonyezanso malire a ntchito ya pa Intaneti; popanda madongosolo okhazikika ndi chichirikizo cha maiko onse, kusonkhanitsa kungaletsedwe kapena kuikidwa pamodzi. Chipwiringi cha Arabiya chimakhalabe mbiri yochenjeza ponena za kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi kufunika kwa ziungwe zokhalitsa zotetezera zipambanizo za demokrase.

Mphamvu ya Kayendedwe ka M’nyengo

Makampani a mafuta a pansi pa nthaka akupereka kufufuza kwamakono kwa mmene mphamvu za makampani imasinthira njira yochitira zinthu kuipsa kwa anthu. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Exxon Mobil [1] ndi makampani ena a mafuta anachirikiza ndawala zokana kutentha kwa nyengo, zotsutsana ndi malamulo, ndi kusonkhezera andale zadziko kuletsa ntchito yatanthauzo pa kutentha kwa dziko. Mphamvu yawo ya zachuma inawalola kulamulira ndale zadziko, ngakhale kuti asayansi anagwirizana kwambiri pa kusintha kwa nyengo.

Komabe, kukwera kwa kayendetsedwe ka nyengo kwayamba kusintha kulinganizika. Otsatira malamulo agwiritsira ntchito ndawala za kuchepetsa mphamvu, zigamulo za anthu, ndi kugwirizanitsa makampani ndi maboma. Paris Active [1] (20: 5) ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuchirikiza kwa anthu kaamba ka mphamvu zobwezeretsedwa zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu yamphamvu ingatsutsidwe ndi kutsendereza kwamphamvu ya udzu, ngakhale kuti kupita patsogolo kumakhala kochedwa ndi kosagwirizana.

Kumaliza: Kulimbikira Kufunafuna Udindo

Mphamvu m'chitaganya iri lingaliro locholoŵana ndi losintha. Siimakhala yosalekeza koma yotsutsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa. Mwa kuphunzira amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi ziyambukiro za ulamuliro umenewo, anthu angakhale nzika zodzipereka ndi odziŵa, kuchirikiza chitaganya cholingana. Mphamvu ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kumasula kapena kutsendereza, kumanga magulu achilungamo kapena mwaŵi. Ntchito ya aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi ochirikiza kuchirikiza ndiyo kumvetsetsa njira zake ndi kutengamo mbali mokangalika m’kugaŵira kwake.

Pomalizira pake, kuphunzira za mphamvu kumatikumbutsa kuti demokalase, chilungamo, ndi kufanana sizimaperekedwa koma ziyenera kutetezeredwa. Kaya mwa kuvota, kulinganiza, kulankhula, kapena kuphunzitsa ena, aliyense wa ife ali ndi mphamvu zosonkhezera mphamvu zimene zimalamulira miyoyo yathu.