Maziko a Mphamvu za Boma

Mphamvu ya boma imachokera ku zolembedwa zambiri zimene zonse pamodzi zimalongosola ukulu wake ndi kuyenerera kwake. Magwero otchuka kwambiri ndiwo chivomerezo cha olamulidwa, lamulo losonyezedwa ndi anthu anzeru onga John Locke ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau. M'madongosolo a democracy, chivomerezo chimenechi chimaperekedwa mwa masankho, kuimira, ndi mapangano alamulo. Malamulo amasinthanso malire a ulamuliro, kutchula manthambi a boma amene angagwire ntchito ndi pansi pa mikhalidwe yotani. Zitsanzo zakale zimapanganso mphamvu kuchokera ku milandu ya mabwalo lamilandu kapena madongosolo apamwamba a boma amakhazikitsa madongosolo a m'tsogolo. Malamulo, kuphatikizapo malamulo, malamulo, malamulo, ndi mapangano, kukhazikitsa mphamvu zenizeni zoperekedwa kwa mabungwe ndi akuluakulu. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumathandiza anthu kupenda ngati a boma akugwira ntchito m’malo awo.

Mphamvu ya boma ingaikidwe m'mitundu ingapo: malamulo alamulo (kupanga malamulo), akuluakulu a boma, ndi oweruza (kumasulira malamulo). Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi mathayo osiyanasiyana ndi kuthekera kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zalamulo zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuwonjezera malamulo a anthu kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa munthu. Mphamvu za ulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo zilengezo zamwadzidzidzi, kamenyedwe ka nkhondo, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mphamvu za boma zimasankha malamulo a malamulo ndipo zingatumikire monga kuyang'anira olakwa. Kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro, monga koikidwa m’malamulo ambiri, kunapangidwa kuletsa gulu lililonse la anthu kuti asapeze ulamuliro popanda kuletsedwa. Komabe, pochita zinthu, kulinganiza pakati pa manthambi ameneŵa, zosonkhezeredwa ndi zisonkhezero zandale, malingaliro a anthu, ndi mavuto.

Malamulo ndi Chigwirizano cha Mayanjano

Kuphwanya lamulo ndiko mkhalidwe umene umachititsa ulamuliro wa boma kukhala wovomerezeka mwamakhalidwe abwino kwa nzika. Popanda kuvomereza, ulamuliro uli chabe kukakamiza. Nthanthi yachikhalidwe ya anthu yakuti anthu avomereza kutaya ufulu wina kuti apereke chitetezero ndi dongosolo. Pamene boma liswa pangano limeneli . Kuswa ufulu umenewu, kulephera kupereka chitetezo, kapena kuchita mwadala kuyenera kwa mphamvu zake. Kusintha kwa mbiri yakale, monga ngati kusintha kwa Amereka kapena Chipanduko cha France, kunalungamitsidwa ndi kunena kuti olamulira aleka kutha kukwaniritsa panganolo. M'maufumu wamakono, kumakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbanira ndi masankhoti, majeremusi odzi, ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, ngakhale maboma ovomerezeka ayenera kusonyeza nthaŵi zonse kuti ntchito zawo zikutumikira zabwino, kapena kutaya ulamuliro wawo.

Kufotokoza Zabwino za Anthu Onse

Mfundo ya ubwino wa anthu imatsutsidwa mwachibadwa. Akatswiri a nzeru za anthu kuyambira pa Aristotle mpaka John Rawls anatsutsana za chimene chimapanga chitaganya chabwino. Pamutu pake, zabwino za anthu zimatanthauza zotsatira ndi mikhalidwe imene imapindulitsa anthu onse a m’mudzi, osati chabe zinthu zochepa. Zinthu zambiri zimaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa madzi oyera, mpweya, ndi chakudya; maphunziro a anthu; maziko monga misewu, mabuloho, ndi intaneti yogwirizana; mautumiki a zaumoyo; ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala. Zinthu zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri sizili zoyenerera ndi zopanda pake , ndiko kuti, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa munthu wina sikumachepetsa, ndipo nkovuta kuletsa munthu aliyense kupezekapo. Kuunika, kuteteza dziko, ndi kuteteza dziko.

Komabe, anthu ambiri sachita bwino. Kupita patsogolo kwa zaumoyo, kusintha kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu n’kusintha n’kusintha zinthu zimene zikuonedwa kukhala zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, intaneti yotchuka tsopano imaonedwa kukhala yothandiza kwambiri pa zachuma ndi za anthu. Kusintha kwa nyengo kwawonjezera chitetezo cha malo okhala monga chinthu chabwino kwa anthu onse, kukufuna kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Nkhani za malonda a anthu ambiri zimakhudzana ndi chuma: kuti payenera kuyendetsedwa bwanji ndi masukulu ogwirizana ndi misewu ya chilengedwe? Zosankhazi ndi zandale ndipo zikusonyeza kuti anthu onse aziona ngati akulimbana. Maboma ayenera kuyendetsa bwino zinthuzi pamene akutsimikizira kuti malamulo sakugwira ntchito kwenikweni.

Mavuto Ochitira Zabwino Anthu Onse

Chitokoso chimodzi nchakuti ubwino wa anthu ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa malamulo auchigawenga. Atsogoleri anganene kuti kutsendereza kutsutsana kapena kuchepetsa ufulu kumatumikira “zabwino kwambiri.” Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo malamulo osonkhanitsa a Soviet Union, amene analungamitsidwa kukhala kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa anthu koma kuyambitsa njala yaikulu. Mofananamo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachitetezo za dziko polungamitsa maprogramu oyang’anira zinthu zimene zimadodometsa. Democracy imafuna kuti mafotokozedwe a ubwino wa anthu kuchokera ku mkangano wotsegulidwa poyera, osati ndi oikidwa ndi oweruza apamwamba. Chiyenetsekezo china ndi kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi chithandizo chachimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, kutsutsana ndi malamulo kungayambitse mapangano otsutsana ndi mfundo zaumwini.

Kuvuta kwa Ulamuliro ndi Udindo

Ulamuliro ukutanthauza kuyenera kwalamulo kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu; thayo likutanthauza thayo la kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvuyo mwalamulo ndi mogwira mtima. Kupsinjika kumabuka pamene atsogoleri a boma aika ulamuliro wosungitsa udindo wawo pa kukwaniritsa maudindo awo. Izi zingaonekere m’njira zosiyanasiyana: kugwiritsira ntchito chuma cha boma kuti apeze phindu, kunyalanyaza umboni wa sayansi wopanga malamulo, kapena kutsendereza kuletsa kukhalabe m’manja. Kuchepetsa zimenezi, maluso a kuŵerengera mlandu nkofunika. Kuŵerengera kwa akuluakulu a boma kutanthauza kuti ayankhe zochita zawo kwa anthu onse kapena nthambi zina. Zigamu za boma ndizo mtundu wodziwirirapo mlandu wochuluka, koma sizingakwanidwe ngati kugawana chidziŵitso. Zolemba za Translitivetion, programmes, jpective , ndi ma propective . .

Mfundo ina yofunika ndi malamulo, amene amagwirizanitsa malamulo a boma. Pamene atsogoleri achita zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo, ulamuliro umakhala wongodziimira. Oweruza a Independent amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa malamulo, kupenda machitidwe a akuluakulu ndi a malamulo a malamulo. Mabungwe a boma, monga magulu olondera ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu, amapatsanso maboma mlandu mwa kuvumbula khalidwe loipa ndi kulimbikitsa kusintha zinthu. Kutenga nawo mbali kwapoyera m’mabungwe a tauni, kutchula nyengo, makomiti a zaudindo, ndi kulongosola malamulo a democracy , monga ngati kuyang'anira mapangano a anthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapatsa mtengo m'malamulo amene akukhudza iwo. Njira zimenezi sizimangowonjezera kuŵerengera mlandu chabe koma kuwongolera malamulo mwa kusinthasinthasinthasinthasinthasintha.

Kuphunzira za Mlandu: Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi ndi Malire Ake

M’nthaŵi za mavuto, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wowonjezereka kutetezera anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID-19, maiko ambiri amakhazikitsa ziletso za kayendedwe, ndi masuku. Njira zimenezi zinalungamitsidwa kukhala zotumikira anthu mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuulutsa ndi kuletsa dongosolo la zaumoyo. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zangozi kunadzutsanso nkhaŵa za kulephera. Maboma ena anagwiritsira ntchito mliriwo monga chifukwa chotsekereza adani andale kapena kutsekereza ufulu. Ku Hungary, Nduna yaikulu ya boma Viktor Orbán anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo amwadzidzidzi, kuyang'anizana ndi kusuliridwa ndi European Union. Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza kufunika kwa malamulo omveka bwino amene amachepetsa mphamvu zangozi m'malo ndi kuyang'anira zinthu zofunika zamwadzikulu. Kulinganiza kwamphamvu pakati pa zochita ndi kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito ntchito kwaudindo la mlandu kuyenera kutsekemera kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zokhudza Mlandu: Zolephera ndi Zolephera

Kupenda zitsanzo za m'mbiri kumapereka maphunziro a ulamuliro wamakono. Nkhani imodzi ya chipambano ndiyo kukhazikitsa madongosolo a zaumoyo a anthu onse m'maiko ambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Mu United Kingdom, National Health Service (NHS) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1948 ndi lamulo lakuti chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chiri chabwino kwa onse, mosasamala kanthu za ndalama zimene amapeza. Bomalo linagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wake ku kukhoma msonkho ndi kufalitsa chuma, ndipo linakhala ndi thayo la kutsimikizira kuti dziko lonse likhale lokwanira. Zimenezi zinawongowongolera kwambiri moyo ndi kuchepetsa umphaŵi. Mofananamo, New Farence ku United States panthaŵi ya kusoŵa kwa zachuma kupangira ntchito, kupanga nyumba zomanga nyumba (monga Hover Dam), ndi kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha anthu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anachirikizidwa ndi kusonyeza mmene ulamuliro angathandizire anthu onse.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kulephera kwa anthu padziko lonse kuchitika pamene ulamuliro wa boma ugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika. Kulephera kwina ndi kulephera kwa mphepo Katrina mu 1994: Boma linagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wake kulinganiza ndi kuchititsa chiwawa chachikulu kwa anthu a mtundu wa Tutsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika kumeneku kunapha anthu mazana zikwi zambiri. Kulephera kwa mayiko onse kuloŵerera kwakhala kotsutsana kwambiri. Kulephera kwina ndi kulephera kwa mphepo ya Katrina mu 2005, kumene boma la U.S. kulephera kukonza ndi kubwezera kochedwa kunapangitsa kuvutika kwakukulu. Tsokali linavumbula kulephera kwa dongosolo la zinthu, kugwirizanitsa zinthu, ndi kubwezera mlandu. Nkhani zimenezi zikugogomezera kufunika kwa zipani, utsogoleri wa makhalidwe abwino, ndi kudikira. Pamene maboma akulephera kukwaniritsa mathayo awo, zotsatira zake zingakhale zatsoka.

Zimene Tikuphunzira kwa Atsogoleri Achipembedzo

Maboma a boma akupereka machenjezo onena za ulamuliro wosaletsedwa. Mu Nazi Germany, boma linagwiritsira ntchito mabodza, apolisi achinsinsi, ndi misasa yachibalo kukakamiza chifuniro chake, kukana ubwino wa anthu onse woyanja zolinga za malingaliro. M'dziko la Syria lamakono, boma la Assad lagwiritsira ntchito zida za mankhwala ndi mabomba ophulikira ophera anthu pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma, kuyambitsa mavuto a anthu. Maboma ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti popanda kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza, mphamvu ziphuphu. Komabe, ngakhale democracy siiputowe ya kuwonongeka kwa malamulo a democracy m'mayiko onga Hungary ndi Poland. Kugwetsa pang'onopang'ono kwa oulutsa nkhani, kusintha kwa zachiweruzo, ndi kuletsa anthu a boma kuti ulamuliro pakati pa udindo ndi kuyenera kusungidwa mwamphamvu. Anthu a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ayenera kukhala ogaluza kuti apeŵere kulanda m'aweruzi.

Kuloŵa m’Chigwirizano cha Boma Kukutsutsa

Kutomerana kwa nzika za boma ndi chinthu chothandiza kwambiri kuyerekezera ndi boma. Chipanganochi chimaphatikizapo zambiri kuposa kuvota; chimaphatikizapo kupita ku misonkhano ya onse, kulembera oimira, kugwirizana ndi magulu a anthu ofunsira ufulu wa anthu, kugawana nawo zionetsero, ndi kuthamangira ku ofesi. M'mademokrase apadera, nzika zimalimbikitsidwa kuyesa malonda ndi kuthandiza kukonza zinthu. Zipangizo zamakono zawonjezera mipata ya pangano: intaneti, intaneti, ndi pulogalamu ya makampani a pulogalamu angachititse anthu ambiri. Komabe, kugawana kwa makompyuta kwachititsanso kuchepa kwa makampani, monga zipinda zomveka ndi nkhani zosonkhanitsidwa. Malamulo amafunikira kupeza chidziŵitso chodalirika, kulemba mawu, ndi kuphatikizaponso m'mabungwe amene salephera kuvutitsa.

Magulu oletsa kusankhidwa kwa dziko lonse mu South Africa asintha kwambiri. Bungwe la Chisungiko cha Ufulu wa Anthu ku United States linagwiritsira ntchito zitsutso zopanda chiwawa, zitokoso za lamulo, ndi kulinganiza kwa anthu kukakamiza boma limene linathetsa kuchotsa ndi kutetezera ufulu wosankha. Gulu loletsa kusankhidwa ku South Africa linapeza chichirikizo cha dziko lonse ndipo potsirizira pake linatsogolera kuchotsa utundu wa mafuko. Posachedwapa, kuukira dziko kotsogozedwa ndi achichepere (m., Lachisanu kaamba ka mtsogolo) lakakamiza maboma kuyambitsa zisonkhetso zachiwawa. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti nzika zingasunge maboma okhala ndi mlandu ndi kulinganiza ubwino wa anthu. Chifukwa chakuti magulu otero kuti apambane, iwo afunikira kutetezeredwa pansi pa lamulo la kukambitsirana, msonkhano, ndi kusindikiza nkhani. Pamene maboma atsendeka ufulu wawo, ufulu wawo wa kuyenera kugonjera ufulu wa kuukira kuukira ku ufulu wa kuukira kwa anthu.

Kutengamo Mbali Kolinganizidwa: Zitsanzo

Maboma ena apanga njira zothandizira anthu kutenga nawo mbali. Ku Brazil, bajeti yogawira ndalama za boma imalola nzika kusankha mmene zingaperekere ndalamazo, kuchititsa kuti ziyende bwino ndi kuchepetsa ziphuphu. Ku Iceland, ntchito yokonzanso malamulo imakhudza anthu wamba pokonza malamulo atsopano (ngakhale kuti siinatengedwe). Kufufuzaku kumasonyeza kuti pamene anthu apatsidwa mphamvu yeniyeni, zosankha zikhoza kuvomereza kwambiri zinthu zofunika. Komabe, kutengamo mbali kukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati akuluakulu a boma alamulira ntchitoyo. Chipangano chenicheni chikufuna kuti mawu onse, makamaka ochepetsedwa, amvedwe. Enning’ona kuti kutengamo mbali kumafuna kuchita zinthu monga mautumiki otembenuza, mabungwe, mabungwe, ndi kuyendera pulogalamu.

Mavuto Amakono Ndiponso Kusinthasintha

Chipani chamakono chikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu amene amayesa kulinganiza ulamuliro ndi udindo. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumafuna kuloŵerera kwa boma pamiyeso ya kutulutsa mpweya imene sinachitikepo ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu, ndi malamulo oyendera. Komabe, kuloŵerera koteroko kungaonedwe kukhala kupondereza ufulu wa zachuma kapena ufulu wa munthu aliyense (m’mphindi, ziletso za galimoto). Mliri wa CHOID-19 wosonyezedwa pa mphamvu za boma ndi kudalirana. Mayiko okhala ndi chidaliro chachikulu, monga South Korea ndi New Zealand, anatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandiza zaumoyo wa anthu onse potsatira malamulo a boma. Kusiyana ndi kudalirana ndi kuletsa mankhwala ndi malamulo. Asayansi ayambanso kuyambitsa mavuto: maboma a boma ayenera kulamulira malo a za anthu ofalitsa nkhani zachinsinsi kuti ateteze ndi kuteteza, koma malamulo otero angagwiritsiridwe ntchito.

Chitokoso china chamakono n’chokwera kwambiri. Pamene malamulo a boma achepetsa chuma, anthu amalephera kuyendera bwino. Gulu la Occupy Wall Street ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko kumasonyeza kuti maboma amatumikira anthu apamwamba mmalo mwa zinthu zonse. Kusalingana kumafuna kuti anthu ayambe kulipira msonkho, maukonde amphamvu, ndiponso kuti apereke chuma cha anthu monga maphunziro ndi kusamalira thanzi. Komabe, anthu amphamvu amatsutsa njira zimenezi. Kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro ndi udindo kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri. Anthu a m’mayiko ayenera kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro ndi wosatenga mbali iliyonse; ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuchepetsa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kusalingana. Woweruza wodziwa bwino ntchito ndalamayo amathandiza kuti athandize anthu onse.

Ntchito ya Mabungwe Apadziko Lonse

Mabungwe apadziko lonse monga ngati malamulo a zanyengo, mliri wokonzekera, ndi kukhazikika kwa zachuma . Mabungwe apadziko lonse onga United Nations, World Health Organization, ndi International Monetary Fund ali ndi chisonkhezero pa maboma a dziko. Komabe, mabungwe ameneŵa amayang'anizana ndi kuyenera ndi kuŵerengera. Zosankha zopangidwa ndi maiko olemera zingapanikize pa osauka. Kulinganiza ulamuliro ndi thayo la mitundu yonse kuli kocholoŵana kwambiri chifukwa chakuti palibe boma lapadziko lonse lokhala ndi mphamvu yogwirizana. Zifukwaniritso ndi malamulo zimadalira pa kugonjera ndi kutsendereza kwa ausinkhu wa anthu. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mabungwe a zapamwamba ayesa kutsutsa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse, akutsutsa kuukira ulamuliro wa dziko. Chipsinja chimenechi chikugogomezera kufunika kwa kusintha kwa ulamuliro wadziko lonse pamene kuli kogwirizana ndi kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa democracy.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ubwino wa anthu ngwamphamvu ndipo n’ngotsutsidwa. Ulamuliro ndi wofunika kuti maboma apereke mautumiki ofunika, ufulu, ndi kuyankha mavuto. Komabe, popanda udindo . "emboads kuonekera, kuŵerengera, ndi malamulo a lamulo(authority amakhala oopsa. Nzika sizili nzika wamba; zili ndi mbali zokangalika m'zochita zopitiriza zokambirana malire a mphamvu. Kupambana ndi kulephera kwa zochitika za m'mbiri kumapereka chitsogozo, koma mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kusintha ndi mfundo zake mogwirizana ndi nkhani yakeyake. Mbadwo uliwonse ukasinthasintha mwamsanga, kuchokera ku ku kusokonezeka kwa sayansi, kufunika kwa kuyenera kukhala kwa mwamsanga kuposa ndi kalelonse. Mwakuchita mbali m'moyo, kuyang'anira, kulongosola kwa anthu abwino, ndi kutsimikizira m’malongosoledwedwedwera a boma omwe amakwaniritsa cholinga chake cha boma: ubwino wa anthu onse.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, talingalirani zinthu zotsatirazi: John Locke’s Surectd of Boma imapereka malingaliro a maziko pa chivomerezo ndi ulamuliro; Chikalata chosagwirizana cha ufulu wa anthu [ chimalongosola zoyenera zimene maboma ayenera kuchirikiza; [[FLT:] Economic Forum yodalira boma panthaŵi ya mavuto; ndi [[FLT6:] International [[FLT:]] imapereka chidziŵitso pa kuŵerengera mlandu ndi chiphuphu. Zithandizo zimenezi zingathandize kumvetsetsa kokhala ndi kulephera kwa ulamuliro kwa ulamuliro wa anthu onse.