Kumvetsetsa Mphamvu: Kufufuza Kochititsa Chidwi

Mphamvu ndi imodzi mwa mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri koma zosatheka kuzipeza m'chitaganya cha anthu. Imaumba kugwirizana kulikonse, kuyambira pa kukambirana kwa anthu aŵiri mpaka kulamulira kwa mitundu. Pamene timamva ziyambukiro zake — kuntchito kwathu, maunansi athu, ndale zathu — kumasulira mphamvu imodzi yokha yodabwitsa. Pamphamvu zake, mphamvu ndiyo mphamvu ya kulamulira kapena kuyendetsa khalidwe la anthu, zochitika, kapena chuma . Koma mafotokozedwe ameneŵa amasungunuliratu mphamvu. Kumvetsadi mphamvu, mapangidwe ake, kugaŵira kwake, ndi mphamvu zimene zimalamulira ntchito yake. Nkhaniyi imapereka SEO-o - programme kuti atsogolere zimene zimatanthauza ndi zimene zimakhudza anthu amakono.

Mphamvu siiri yachibadwa yabwino kapena yoipa; iri chiŵiya chauchete chimene chimakhala chotsimikizirika kapena chosagwirizana ndi mmene chimaphunziridwa, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi kutsutsidwa. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu, asayansi andale, ndi anthanthi atsutsana za mkhalidwe wake kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Kuchokera ku mafotokozedwe a Max Weber a mphamvu kukhala “kuthekera kwakuti munthu wina wokhala mu unansi wa anthu adzakhala mumkhalidwe wokhoza kuchita chifuniro chake mwini mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsa kwake. kwa Michelucault kukhala kutha ndi kuumirira mchitidwe wa mayanjano, kuphunzira za mphamvu kumalemera ndi kofala. Nkhaniyi imalongosola malingaliro ameneŵa kuti akupatseni lingaliro lothandiza, 360-dekree a mphamvu m’zaka za zana la 21.

Kodi Mawu Ofotokoza za Mphamvu ndi Mfundo Zake N’zotani?

Choyamba, tifunikira kupyola mafotokozedwe apamwamba. Mphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri imamvedwa kupyolera mwa magalasi angapo aakulu oyerekezera. Chosonkhezera chachikulu ndicho kuwona mphamvu [[FLT: 0] zitatu zapadera za mphamvu , zolingaliridwa ndi akatswiri andale Steven Lukas m'ntchito yake yapansipansi [[FLT:] mphamvu: Mawonekedwe apamwamba .

  • Mtundu woyamba: Kukhoza kuchititsa munthu kuchita chinthu chimene sangachite (mphamvu yopanga zosankha). Umu ndi mtundu wooneka kwambiri — A amapambana nkhondo yolimbana ndi B.
  • Ukulu: Kukhoza kulamulira ndandanda — kusankha kuti ndi nkhani ziti zimene zikulingaliridwa ndi zimene zimatsekeredwa pathebulo (mphamvu yosapanga zosankha). Zimenezi zimasunga mikangano ina kuchokera pamene inayamba.
  • Unyinji wa mawu: Kukhoza kuumba zokonda za anthu, zikhulupiriro, ndi zikhumbo kotero kuti alandire mbali yawo m'dongosolo la zinthu (mphamvu ya dziko kapena ya hegemonic). Umu ndi mkhalidwe wonyenga kwambiri, pakuti umaletsa anthu kuzindikira zofuna zawo.

Kuzindikira milingo imeneyi nkofunika kwambiri popenda amene alidi ndi mphamvu, chifukwa chakuti oseŵera amphamvu kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito mosawoneka pa mlingo wachiŵiri ndi wachitatu. Kuti aloŵe kwambiri m'nthanthi ya Luka, onani Encyclopedia ya kulowa kwa Philosophy pa mphamvu.

Nthanthi zina zazikulu zimaphatikizapo Foucault’s “microsysics ya mphamvu,". imene imatsutsa kuti mphamvu siimakhala ndi anthu koma imagwiritsiridwa ntchito mwa zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, mabungwe (ndende, sukulu, zipatala), ndi nkhani. Mphamvu imabala ndi yopindulitsa — imayambitsa chidziŵitso ndi ziganizo, osati kungopondereza. Palinso mphamvu ya Arect's [, zimene zimawona kukhala mphamvu ya gulu la anthu kuchitapo kanthu m'maseŵera, kaŵirikaŵiri motsutsana ndi mphamvu kapena chiwawa cha wolamulira mmodzi.

Zofunika Kwambiri pa Mphamvu

Kuti mumvetse bwino mfundo imeneyi, lingalirani mikhalidwe yofunika iyi:

  • MPHAMVU ndi yogwirizana. Siimakhala popanda kanthu; imachokera muunansi pakati pa anthu kapena magulu. Wolamulira wopanda nzika alibe mphamvu.
  • Mphatso yapadera ndi yodalirana ndi nkhani yonse. Munthu mmodzimodziyo angakhale ndi mphamvu m'nkhani imodzi (m’chingaumo, CEO akugwira ntchito) ndi mphamvu yochepa m'chipatala china (m’m’chingamo, wodwala m’chipatala).
  • Mphamvu ikhoza kuonekera kapena kuonekera. Kusagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu sikumatanthauza kuisoŵa; kukhoza kokha kusonkhezera khalidwe.
  • Mphamvu njamphamvu. Imasintha m'kupita kwa nthaŵi, ndipo kusalinganizika kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kungatsutsidwe, kusinthidwa, kapena kusungidwa mwa kulimbana.

Maziko Asanu a Mphamvu (French ndi Raven)

M’ma 1950, katswiri wa zamaganizo a anthu John Fransa ndi Bertram Raven anapanga mathebulo a mphamvu ophunzitsidwa kwambiri omwe adakali othandiza kwambiri pofufuza nkhani zokhudza anthu, gulu, ndi utsogoleri. Iwo anatulukira zinthu zisanu zoyambirira za mphamvu (ndipo pambuyo pake anawonjezera chisanu ndi chimodzi). Amenewa ndi zitsanzo zamakono ndi kufufuza mofufuza.

Mphamvu ya Khofi

Mphamvu ya chiwongola dzanja ndizo kukhoza kupereka chilango kapena kuwopseza. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu yakuthupi, kuwopseza, kuwombera, kululuza, kapena ngakhale kuchotsa anthu. Kuntchito, manijala wa mphamvu yogwirira ntchito angaletse mabhonasi, kupereka ntchito zosafunika, kapena kuchotsa ntchito. M'ndale, mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi ntchito zankhondo. Komabe, mphamvu ya mgwirizano wa anthu imakhala yosalimba; imayambitsa mkwiyo, imachepetsa chidaliro, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imafunikira kuyang'aniridwa. Kudalira pa kukakamiza munthu kuti agwire ntchito, kupanduka, kapena malo angozi.

Mphoto ya Mphamvu

Mphamvu yopereka mphotho ndi zosiyana: kukhoza kupereka zisonkhezero zabwino. Izi zingakhale zowona (ndalama, kukwezedwa, mphatso, nthaŵi yosadziŵika) kapena kusoŵa (kutamandidwa, kutchuka, malo). Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu ya kubwezera ingasonkhezere ndi kukulitsa kukhulupirika, kungayambitsenso kudalirana. Ngati mphothozo zilingaliridwa kukhala zosayenerera kapena zosakwanira, mphamvuzo zimafooketsa. Kuwonjezerapo, mphamvu zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene mphothoyo ipatsidwa ndi wolandirayo ndipo imaonedwa kukhala yolungama.

Atsogoleri Aakulu

Mphamvu za lamulo zimachokera ku malo odziŵika, ntchito, kapena udindo. M'mabungwe, CEO, manijala, kapena wosankhidwa wa boma ali ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka chifukwa cha ulamuliro wawo wokhazikitsidwa. Mphamvu imeneyi imaperekedwa ndi dongosolo la zinthu — ndi kuyenera kuyembekezera kugonjera pa malire odziŵika. Komabe, mphamvu zovomerezeka zimagwira ntchito kokha malinga ngati anthu avomereza kuyenera kwa malowo. Pamene kukhulupirira kumawonda kapena dongosolo kukuwonedwa kukhala koipa, mphamvu zovomerezeka zimagwa. Ichi nchifukwa chake kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsa ndi kusintha zinthu sikunamikira anthu koma zizindikiro za ulamuliro.

4. Mphamvu Zaluso

Mphamvu zapamwamba zimachokera pa chidziŵitso chapadera, maluso, kapena luso. Dokotala, injiniya wa mapulogalamu, wasayansi, kapena loya ali ndi mphamvu imeneyi chifukwa chakuti ena amadalira pa chidziŵitso chawo chapamwamba. Mphamvu zapamwamba zimalemekezedwa kwambiri ndipo zingasonkhezere zosankha ngakhale popanda ulamuliro walamulo. Ndi mtundu wa mphamvu imene iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso ndipo ingatayike ngati luso lakale kapena kudalirika kwa ena kukukayikiridwa. Mbadwo wa chidziŵitso, mphamvu zaluso zakhala ponse paŵiri zofunika ndi zopikisana, ndi maulamuliro amwambo otsutsa nkhani zabodza.

5. Mphamvu Yopatsa

Mphamvu yofuna kutchuka imachokera ku makhalidwe amene amakopa anthu, ulemu, kapena kuzindikiritsa. Atsogoleri a anthu otchuka, otchuka, ndi anzawo apantchito amagwirizana ndi mphamvu. Anthu amamvera chifukwa chakuti amafuna kukondedwa kapena chifukwa chakuti amaona munthuyo kukhala chitsanzo. Mphamvu imeneyi ingakhale yochititsa chidwi kwambiri, komanso yosalimba ndipo imadalira pa kupitiriza kusirira.

Pambuyo pake, Raven anawonjezera maziko chisanu ndi chimodzi: Mphamvu ya chidziŵitso , yomwe iri mphamvu yochokera ku kulamulira chidziŵitso chimene ena amafunikira. M'dziko lamakono, mtundu wa mphamvu umenewu uli wokulira: awo amene amalamulira chidziŵitso, malamulo, kapena njira zolankhulirana (masiteshoni a zaumoyo, manyuzi a nyuzi) ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu.

Kodi Ndani Amene Amalamulira M’chitaganya?

Mphamvu sizigaŵidwa mofanana. Magulu amavomerezedwa ndi chuma, fuko, chiwerewere, maphunziro, ndi kupezeka. Understanding amene ali ndi mphamvu amafuna kusanthula malo ambiri: ndale zadziko, chuma, chikhalidwe, ndi luso la zopangapanga. Pambuyopa timafufuza anthu okhala ndi mphamvu za democracy m'magawo amakono, ndi chisamaliro ku nyumba zonse zooneka ndi zobisika.

Ulamuliro wandale: Maboma, Maboma a Maboma a Anthu, ndi Alamu

Mwachiwonekere, mphamvu ya ndale zadziko imachitidwa ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, atsogoleri a boma, opanga malamulo, ndi ntchito ya boma. Komabe, ulamuliro wandale zadziko umakula kwambiri kuposa kuvota. mphamvu ya Buddha [ ] — yochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a ntchito, olamulira, ndi oweruza — amapanga malamulo amene nthaŵi zambiri amasintha njira zimene anthu sakuona kwambiri. Ndiponso, mphamvu zandale zimasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi ndalama ndi kukopa. [[FLT:] Opalects. [FLT:] org [FLT:] [3] kulongosola za ndawala ndi zothandizira anthu ambiri andale, ndipo akupanga zigamu za anthu olemera. Apulogalamu ya zandale. Asperlars adatchuka [FFFFF:]

Mphamvu ya Zachuma: Mabungwe, Ma Billionaires, ndi Mabungwe a Zachuma

Mphamvu zachuma zimaikidwa m'manja mwa makampani aakulu, mabungwe a zachuma, ndi chuma chopambanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, anthu 10 olemera kwambiri padziko lonse ali ndi chuma chochuluka kuposa 50% ya anthu onse, mogwirizana ndi Oxfam . Mphamvu zachuma zimenezi zimasintha mwachindunji kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chandale kudzera m'zotsatira, kukhala ndi atolankhani, ndi ndawala. Mabungwe a mayiko osiyanasiyana monga Apple, Amazon, ndi Google ali ndi mphamvu zimene zimalimbana ndi mayiko ambiri, kuyendetsa unyolo, chidziŵitso, ndi malonda a antchito. Mphamvu za zachuma zimapanganso dongosolo lapadziko lonse: mabungwe a zachuma monga International Monetary Fund Fund ndi World Bank ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa maiko omatukuka kupyolera zinthu ndi malamulo ndi machenjera.

Mphamvu ya Mayanjano: Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, Zoulutsira Nkhani, ndi Chikhalidwe

Mphamvu za chikhalidwe kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo likulu la anthu osawoneka kwenikweni koma ofalikira kwambiri. Zimachitidwa ndi anthu apamwamba — otchuka, osonkhezera a manyukishoni, akuluakulu a manyukiliya, atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndi akatswiri — amene amaumba malamulo, makhalidwe, ndi nkhani zapoyera. Sacolic likulu la [[, lingaliro lofala ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, limakhudza zinthu zopezedwa mwa makompyuta, kugwirizana, ndi gulu. Anthu okhala ndi likulu la anthu angasonkhetsere zinthu, ndi maluso. M'nyengo ya mapulaneti, a a a a adzipalebu, az, Mark Luckerberg, Elonsk) ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu chifukwa cha kulamulira maluso a pa Intaneti. Mgwirizano zingawonjezeke kapena kugoma pulogalamu ozikidwa pa pulogalamu yowonjezereka.

Mphamvu ya Chikhalidwe ndi Yophiphiritsira

Mphamvu ya chikhalidwe ndiyo kutha kufotokoza zinthu zachibadwa, zofunidwa, kapena zofunika. Zimachitidwa ndi aphunzitsi, oulutsa nkhani, mabungwe achipembedzo, ndipo ngakhale opanga mafashoni. Mphamvu yophiphiritsira, m’mawu a Bourdiedu, ndi mphamvu yochititsa anthu kuona zinthu monga zomveka. N’chifukwa chake zinenero zina, mawu, kapena maphunziro amaonedwa kukhala zofunika kuposa ena. Anthu amene amapanga ndi kufalitsa chikhalidwe — kuyambira ku Hollywood Studios mpaka ku Tik Toik opanga zinthu — amakhulupirira mphamvu ya kuumba, kulakalaka, ndi nzeru.

Mphamvu Zogometsa: Mmene Makompyuta Amagwirira Ntchito

Mphamvu sizimasinthasintha. Mphamvu zimene zimapangitsa kuti munthu athe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi.

Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana kwa Mphamvu

Magulu a maulamuliro amayambika pamene anthu kapena magulu apikisana kuti apeze mphamvu, chuma, kapena ulamuliro. Zimenezi zingakhale zothamanga (makampani, zigaŵenga, zionetsero) kapena zobisa (zochitika zapambuyo, khalidwe lopanda ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu). M'mabungwe, maulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri amabuka pokonzanso, polinganiza, kapena poika bajeti. M'ndale, zingatsogolere ku ku malo apamwamba, kusintha, kapena kusintha kwa boma. Chidziŵitso chachikulu nchakuti kulimbana ndi mphamvu sikungapangidwe nthaŵi zonse; nthaŵi zina mphamvu zingayambidwe kapena kukulitsidwa mwa kugwirizana ndi kumanganso.

Mphamvu ndi Kulimbana Nazo

Mphamvu ndi njira imene anthu kapena magulu angapezere mphamvu pa miyoyo yawo — kukulitsa kudzidalira kwawo, kudzidalira, ndi kukhoza kuchitapo kanthu. Kwa anthu otsika, mphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo ntchito yaunyinji, maphunziro, ndi kusintha kwa lamulo. Kulimbana kuli mbali ina ya ndalama: awo opanda mphamvu yalamulo angaletse ulamuliro mwa kutsutsa, kuukira, kuswa, kusamvera kwa anthu, luso, ndi machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku a kusalemekeza (zimene James C. Scott akutcha “infrapolitics".). Chigwirizano chachikwane ndi kuyendayenda kwa akazi, ndi kachitidwe kamakono ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka zanyengo kolimbana ndi dziko kakusonyeza mmene kutsutsana kungachitire mphamvu zosintha mphamvu.

Mphamvu ndi Mwaŵi

Mwayi wapadera ukutanthauza mapindu osachitidwa amene magulu ena azikidwa pa kakhalidwe kawo (kayambo, kalasi, kugonana, kukhoza kwa kugonana, ). Ufulu umenewu sumawoneka kwa awo amene amausunga. Mwachitsanzo, mwaŵi woyera umatanthauza kuti anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zopinga zimene oyera samachita. Kumvetsetsa kudutsana kwa mphamvu ndi mwaŵi — lingaliro loyambitsidwa ndi Kimberlé Crenshaw — nlofunika kusanthula kuti mitundu yambiri ya mphamvu ndi kutsendereza. Mkazi wapamwamba wa kuyera angakhale ndi vuto la kugonana koma a m'gulu ndi phindu la fuko. Mphamvu yowona iyenera kukhala yopatuka.

Zimene Mbiri Imanena Zokhudza Mphamvu

Mbiri yakale imapereka njira yokulira ya kuphunzira za mphamvu. kuyambira maufumu akale kufika ku mademokrase amakono, njira zimene ulamuliro wapeza, wagwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi kutsutsidwa zakhala zosintha modabwitsa.

Ulamuliro Wakale Ndiponso Wachifumu

M'kutsungula koyambirira, mphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri inaikidwa mwa mfumu, mfumu, kapena Farao amene ananena ulamuliro waumulungu. Ufumu wa Roma unawongolera dongosolo lankhondo, lamulo, ndi kugwirizana kumene kunailola kulamulira magawo aakulu. Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya mbiri ya mphamvu imeneyi kumatithandiza kuona mizu ya ulamuliro wamakono. Kufukulidwa kwabwino, kuŵerengedwa ponena za mphamvu yankhondo mu Britannica [[FLT:]

Kuunika ndi Kutsutsa Ulamuliro

Kuunikiridwa kwa zaka za zana la 17 ndi la 18 kunatsutsa kwambiri mphamvu zamwambo. Afilosofi onga John Locke ndi Montesquieu anatsutsa kulekana kwa maulamuliro, kuvomereza kulamulidwa, ndi kuyenera kwachibadwa. Apandu a ku Amereka ndi a ku France anayesa kukhazikitsa malingaliro ameneŵa, kugaŵira mphamvu m’nthambi zambiri ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu za mafumu. Komabe, ngakhale kusintha kumeneku kunasiya mitundu yambiri ya ulamuliro (ukapolo, utsamunda) wosasintha — kusonyeza kuti mphamvu siisintha nthaŵi zonse.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Kwamakono: Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kukula kwa Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Anthu

M’zaka za zana la 20 ndi la 21, mphamvu zakhala zofalikira kwambiri. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse, mabungwe apadziko lonse (UN, World Trade Organization), ndi oseŵera (NGO, magulu a zigaŵenga) tsopano akudutsa malire, kutsutsa ulamuliro wa mayiko. Kusintha kwa makompyuta kwayambitsa malo atsopano: maatomu aakulu olamulira zinthu, mapulatifomu, ndi nzeru zopanga zinthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, magulu a udzu angapange zinthu padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za mayanjano. Mphamvu zamphamvu tsopano zasinthasintha kwa makompyuta zamakono ndi zocholoŵana kwambiri kuposa kale.

Kumaliza: Mphamvu ndi Udindo

Mphamvu si nkhani wamba; ndi mfundo yeniyeni imene imaumba mbali iliyonse ya moyo wathu. Kumvetsetsa zimene mphamvu imatanthauza — magwero ake, amene ali nayo, ndi mphamvu zake — ndizo njira yoyamba yoigwiritsira ntchito mwanzeru kapena kuitokosa. Kwa amene ali ndi mphamvu, funso lalikulu ndilo limodzi la thayo: Kodi ndimotani mmene mudzagwiritsira ntchito chisonkhezero chanu? kwa amene akuona kuti mphamvu zanu sizilipo, maphunzirowo angapangidwe, kugawana, ndi kupatsidwa ntchito mwa maphunziro, gulu, ndi kupitiriza.