Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Kusintha kwa Zakusukulu kwa 14 Kudakali Kofunikabe

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment chili chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndipo nthaŵi zambiri chinalembedwa m'makonzedwe a ku United States. Chikalata choikidwa mu 1868, chinakonzedwa kuti chisungitse ufulu wa akapolo ongomasulidwa kumene ndi kukonzanso unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi mayiko. Chitsimikiziro chake chachikulu ndi chitetezero cholingana pansi pa lamulo, ndi njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu. Kumvetsa zimene kusintha kumeneku kukunena ndi mmene kwagwiritsidwira ntchito kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa lamulo lamakono la America, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kutsutsana kofanana pa chiweruzo ndi kulingana kwa ufulu.

Nkhaniyi ikuswa Lamulo la 14 la Mpando Wakuti Zinthu Ziyendetsedwe m’chinenero chosavuta kumva, ikupenda nkhani yake ya m’mbiri, kupenda ziphunzitso zazikulu zalamulo zimene linayambitsa, ndi kusonyeza mmene likuyambukirirabe moyo wanu lerolino.

Mbiri Yakale: Kusintha Zinthu Kochokera ku Nkhondo

Demendment ya 144 sinalembedwe pa malo opangika. Inali imodzi ya Malamulo atatu okonzanso okhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, yolinganizidwa kuthetsa chipwirikiti cha lamulo ndi cha anthu chotsala pamapeto a kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo. Thiretententh Amendment [ [1865]) adayesa kutsimikizira unzika ndi ufulu wolingana, koma ulamuliro wake unakhazikitsa mofulumira “Malamulo a ” amene analetsa kwambiri ufulu wa Aafirika. Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu a ku Africa. [CIV] Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1866

Kupanga zitetezero zachikhalire ndi zosatsutsika, Congress inalinganiza Chikalata cha 144. Chinavomerezedwa pa July 9, 1868, pambuyo pa nkhondo ya ndale za ndale. Okonza mafaelo anafuna kugwetsa malo a Supreme Court Ded Scott v. Sandford [FLD:1] [1857] chigamulo chimene chinakhulupirira kuti Aafirika sanali nzika ndipo sangakhale nzika. Chiyeneretsocho chinafunanso kupereka malo alamulo ku Chilamulo cha Chiletso cha Chikunja ndi kutetezera zoyenera za anthu onse molimbana ndi boma.

Chigawo 1 mpaka 4 chili ndi dzina lakuti Claus, Malo kapena Malamulo a Claus, Claus Century Claus, ndi Sex Process , ndi Sex Protection Claus .

Unzika: Kodi Nzika Ndani?

Chigamulo choyamba cha Chigawo 1 chilengeza kuti: “Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndipo olamulidwa ndi dzikolo, ndi nzika za United States ndi Boma kumene amakhala. Chigamulo chopepuka chimenechi chinakhazikitsa lamulo lofanana la kukhala ndi ufulu waufuko. Pasanakhale Demendment ya 14th, unzika unzika unagamulidwa ndi boma lililonse, zimene zinachititsa kusagwirizana. Chigamulo cha pa lamulo la [FLT:] . [1] DAD Scottp ndi kuchipangitsa kuonekera bwino kuti munthu aliyense wobadwira ku U.S. Dziko lapansi . . .A.A. .A. .A.A.

Chochitika Chosonyeza Kuyenda Panyanja: United States na Wong Kim Likasa 1898)

The Supreme Court affirmed the breadth of the Citizenship Clause in United States v. Wong Kim Ark. The case involved a man born in San Francisco to Chinese parents who were lawful permanent residents. The government tried to deny him entry when he returned from a trip abroad, claiming he was not a citizen. The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment’s plain language granted citizenship to anyone born on U.S. soil, with only narrow exceptions (such as children of foreign diplomats or hostile occupying forces). This precedent has stood for over a century.

Mkangano Wamakono pa Kubadwa kwa Unzika

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, andale ndi othirira ndemanga pa zamalamulo ena akayikira ngati kukhala ndi ufulu waudindo kuyenera kugwira ntchito kwa ana a anthu osamukira kudziko lina. Mawu a kukonzako amaphatikizapo mawu akuti “kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake,” amene ena akutsutsa kuti ana awo ali m'dzikolo mosemphana ndi lamulo. Komabe, kumasulira kwalamulo kofala, kochirikizidwa ndi Wang Kim Ark [1] ndi akatswiri ambiri a zamalamulo, ndi kuti pafupifupi aliyense wobadwa ku United States (kuphatikizapo za madera ena ndi mapangano) aunziko) aunziri woyenerera kukhala nzika. Kusintha lamulo limeneli kungafunikire kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano, osati lamulo kapena lamulo lapamwamba chabe.

Chitetezo Chofanana: Kupeŵa Tsankho

The Aumement Protection Clause imati: “Palibe Boma limene lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Mawu achidule ameneŵa akhala njira yalamulo yothetsera tsankho la mitundu yonse. Kumafunikira kuti anthu onse achitidwe mofanana pansi pa lamulo, pokhapo ngati boma lili ndi chifukwa chachikulu chochitira malamulowo mosiyana.

Ziyeso za Kufufuza Malamulo

Khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsa njira zitatu zofufuzira zimene zinalembedwa m’buku lakuti Auncilime Protection Claus:

  • Kufufuza kwachikulu [[FT: 1] - Kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamene lamulo latsata fuko, mtundu, kapena ufulu waukulu. Lamulo liyenera kukhala lokakamiza boma ndipo lisamalinganizidwe bwino. Malamulo onse otero amalephera kuyesa kumeneku.
  • Kufufuza kwa m'mitengo [[FLT :1] – Secured for narmagetimizations . Lamulo liyenera kukhala logwirizana kwambiri ndi chiwonjezeko chofunika cha boma.
  • maziko a pulogalamu kubwereramo [[FLT :1] - Kulephera kwa magawo ena onse. Lamulo lifunikira kokha kugwirizana ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma lovomerezeka. Malamulo ambiri amapulumuka mayeso ameneŵa.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Mapeto a Chigwirizano cha Malamulo

Mwinamwake mlandu wotchuka kwambiri wotetezera ndi Brown v. Board of Education , yomwe inathetsa tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse. Khotilo linagwetsa chiphunzitso cha “wosiyana koma wolingana” kuchokera ku Plass v. Ferguson (1896]), kunyamula malo a maphunziro osiyana ndi osalingana kwenikweni. Chigamulo chimenechi chinayala njira ya kuyenera kwa anthu ndipo chimakhalabe maziko a lamulo lachikhalidwe cha ku America.

Long v. Virginia (1967) ndi Interracial Marriage

Mu yochokera ku Virginia [1], Bwalo Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito Kutetezera Claus pamodzi ndi Claus Wadongosolo la Mchitidwe wa Accolas kuchotsa malamulo oletsa maukwati a mafuko. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi ufulu wofunika ndi kuti kusankhana kwa mafuko kuyenera kukhalabe koyang'aniridwa bwino. Mlanduwo wakhala maziko a zosankha za ukwati zolingana pambuyo pake.

Comment

Virginia [FLT: 1] (1996), Bwalo lamilandu la Virginia linafuna kuti Virginia avomereze akazi ku Virginia Military Institute, akumanena kuti boma liyenera kukhala ndi “kulungamitsa kochititsa kukopa” chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa amuna kapena akazi. Posachedwapa, mu Obergefell v. Hodges , Khoti linanena kuti ukwati wofanana ndi chiletso cha kugonana uyenera kuswa zonse ziŵiri. Khoti linazindikira kuti ukwati uli wofunika ndi kuuyenera ndi kukana kuti ukwati ukhale wofanana ndi wofanana ndi ukwati.

Dongosolo la Claus: Kutetezera Moyo Wanu, Ufulu Wanu, ndi Malo Anu

The System Claus imati: “Palibe boma limene... lidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Mawuwa ali ndi matanthauzo aŵiri osiyana: njira yoyenerera (makonzedwe a m’mlengalenga) ndi njira yoyenerera (kutetezeredwa kwa zoyenera zazikulu).

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti boma silingachotse moyo wa munthu wina, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda kuwapatsa njira yabwino. Nthaŵi zambiri zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kudziŵitsidwa milandu kapena zochita zake, mwaŵi woti amvedwe, ndi wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, boma lisanachotse ufulu wa kholo, liyenera kuyankha mlandu. Mofananamo, ngati boma likufuna kukulandani nyumba yanu m’dziko lotchuka, muyenera kulandira chidziŵitso ndi mpata wotsutsa mtengo wake. Zofunika zenizenizo zimasiyana malinga ndi chiwongola dzanja ndi mawu apatsogolo.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Mbali yotsutsana kwambiri ndi yamphamvu ya Tsitsi la Claus ndi njira yoyenerera. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimanena kuti mawuwo amatetezera ufulu wina wofunika ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati boma limagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenerera. Izi ndizo ufulu wozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya ku America ndi miyambo mwakuti amaonedwa kukhala “wosagwirizana ndi lingaliro la ufulu wolamulidwa.”

Kuyenera Kokhala Wekha ndi Kudzipatula

Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira choyamba kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kukhala chinsinsi mu [FLT: 0] Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), imene inaletsa kuletsa kulera kwa okwatirana. Pambuyo pake, Eisenstadt v. Baird [77] [77] anawonjezera kuyenera kwa anthu osakwatira. Rae v. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [777]], khoti linapeza kuti kuyenera kwa kuphatikiza chigamulo cha mkazi cha kuchotsa mimba, ngakhale kuti chigamu chija cha pambuyo pake chinali chochepa ndi kupanduka.

Zimene Zikuchitika Masiku Ano: Mabomba ndi Zinthu Zina

Mu Dobs v. Jackson Akazi a Umoyo [202], Khoti Lalikulu linalamulira Roe v. Wode ndi [[FLT]] [FLT]] ndi [Makolo osungidwa ndi. Casey , posunga kuti malamulo sapereka kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Mlandu wachititsa mkangano waukali ponena za njira yoyenerera yoperekera. Otsutsa kuti Khoti siliyenera kupanga ufulu womveka bwino; otetezera chiphunzitsocho n’chofunika kuteteza ku nkhanza yaikulu. Mosasamala kanthu za munthu wina, chida chapamwamba chopereka chiŵiro choyenera cha kukhazikitsa nkhani za kumanga, ndi kutsutsa kuchirikiza kuchiritsa, ndi kutsutsa kuchiritsa kwabwino kwabwino.

Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizanitsa: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chikalata cha Ufulu Waufulu ku Dziko

Pambuyo pa Kusintha kwa Zaufulu kwa 14 ndi 14, Bill of Rights inaika malire a boma lokha. Maboma angaswe ufulu wa kulankhula, kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kapena kukana milandu ya ajuli popanda chiyambukiro cha boma. Auth Procession Claus inasintha kuti kupyolera mwa “chiphunzitso chogwirizanitsa. Khoti Lapamwamba limagwiritsira ntchito mawuwo kugwiritsira ntchito mosankha makonzedwe ambiri a Boocracy of Rights ku maboma. Mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula cha Woyamba kuikidwa m'malamulo mu [[FLT:] 0] Gelow. [2] Getlow . [7] ndi kutetezera kwaupandu kufupi ndi kuyenera kwa Bill Bill:25], ndipo Kuyenera kwa Sikisiti kuti aperekedwe mu uphungu. Wanfred v [FLD]

Mwayi Wogona: Chimphona Chogona

Chigawo 1 chilinso ndi Malo Oikidwiratu kapena Immunion Claus: “Palibe Boma limene lidzapanga kapena kusungitsa lamulo lirilonse limene lidzatsekera mwaŵi kapena kuchinjiriza nzika za United States.” M'mbiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba linathetsa pepalali m' Cases Cases [1873] [zimene zidzatetezera [ziyenee]), kuchepetsa kuyenera kwake kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse (monga kuyenera kwa kuyenda ku boma la boma la boma la United States kapena kupempha). Kwa zaka zoposa 150, chiganizo chakhala chopanda pake. Komabe, akatswiri ena alamulo osunga malamulo anena kuti asungidwe monga malo ena oyenerera ufulu wa dzikolo. Khoti Lolamulira lolamulira silinavomerezabe lamulo lokhudza ufulu wa pa lamulo limeneli.

Mmene Kukonza Malamulo Kumakhudzira Anthu: Mmene Kusintha Zinthu Kumakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kuwonjezera pa milandu yosaiŵalika, Mpando Wachinayi Wosintha zinthu umakhudza mbali zosaŵerengeka za chitaganya chamakono.

  • Kuvomereza kuyenera: Pamene kuli kwakuti kuwonjezera pa Detimenti ndi Demetria la Delete ndi Lachisanu ndi chiŵiri la Malamulo osankha, Test Protection Claus yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutokosa malamulo osankhira, osankha, ndi madongosolo a kuŵerengera msonkho (Kukonzanso kwa makumi aŵiri ndi aŵiri ndi kuwonjezera kwa chigawo pambuyo pake anachotsa misonkho ya kusankho m'masankho).
  • Kachitidwe kotsimikiza: Mawuwa akhala maziko a mikangano yokhudza malamulo ovomereza fuko mosazindikira. Mafanizo a Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [2023], Khoti linagonjetsa maprogramu oletsa makoleji, kuvomereza kwa mafuko kuswa Chitetezo Chofanana.
  • Kusintha kwa chiweruzo chalamulo: zitetezero zoyenerera zimatsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlandu alandira ziyeso zolungama, uphungu woyenerera, ndi kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni. Chisinthiko chimakhazikitsanso lamulo lopatula kaamba ka umboni wopezeka mosemphana ndi lamulo (Umboni wa malamulowo umakhala ndi nkhani za Kusintha kwa Zachinayi, njira zake zosungitsa zikugwirizana ndi njira yochitira zinthu kumbuyo kwa dongosolo loyenerera).
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusamukira kudziko ndi kukhala nzika: Chigawo Claus chikupitiriza kulongosola amene ali nzika ya United States, kuyambukira nkhani zonga kukhala mbadwa kwa ana a anthu osalembedwa, monga momwe kwafotokozera poyamba.
  • Lamulo la banja ndi zoyenera za kugonana zofanana: Dondelo la Acconda litetezera kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kuyenera kwa kukhala pamodzi monga banja, ndi kuyenera kwa kulera ana, monga momwe kwasonyezedwera mu "Obergefell ndi nkhani zina zogwirizana.
  • Kuyenera kwa kusokonezeka: [1] The Expact Protection Claus yagwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa tsankho kwa anthu olumala, ngakhale kuti chitetezo chachikulu cha lamulo tsopano chimachokera ku malamulo onga a Amereka okhala ndi Chiletso.

Kusinthako kumaperekanso chiwongolero chachikulu pa machenjera a boma. Nthaŵi iriyonse pamene boma kapena boma la kumaloko lichitapo kanthu kokhudza moyo wanu / kaya mwa kuchotsa laisensi ya dalaivala, kulamula kuchotsedwa kwa mwana wanu panyumba panu, kapena kuletsa kukhoza kwanu kulankhula ndi [1] Kukonzanso Kochita Zinthu Kokwanira Kukulu kwa Zaka 14 kumafuna kuti boma litsatire njira zoyenera ndi kukhala ndi chifukwa choyenera cha kuchiritsa kosiyana kulikonse.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yomweyi

Mpando wa 14 wa Kusintha sunasinthe; tanthauzo lake limasintha mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo, makambitsirano andale, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe. Nkhani zamakono za gulu la anthu lamphamvu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Unzika woyenerera wobadwa ndi kusintha kwa anthu oloŵa m'dziko: Osuliza ena akupitirizabe kutokosa ukulu wa ufulu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitsanzo chalamulo nchamphamvu, chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko chingachititse kukonzanso kapena kupempha chisinthiko cha malamulo.
  • Chitetezero chapadera ndi kusiyana kwa zachuma: Mawuwo amagwira ntchito ku malamulo a zachuma (pansi pa maziko oyenera opendera), koma Khoti silimagwiritsira ntchito iwo kuchotsa tsankho lozikidwa pa chuma. Ochirikiza mfundo za lamulo amatsutsa kuti mawuwo ayenera kulongosola kusiyana kwa dongosolo la maphunziro, nyumba, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo.
  • Kutsatira kwa ndandanda ya manambala: Kodi njira yoyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito motani pa Intaneti ya chilango cha pa Intaneti / mofanana ndi ziletso za makampani oulutsa nkhani za anthu, zigamulo za algoric, kapena kuyang’anira boma? Khoti Lapamwamba langoyamba kupenda mafunso ameneŵa.
  • Kutsatira: Nthanthi ya kugwiritsira ntchito zitsimikizo zalamulo za boma za chitetezo chofanana pa boma la boma, ngakhale kuti Firstment’s Clause yachisanu ya Procession Claus imaphatikizapo kale mbali yotetezera yofanana.

Mikangano imeneyi imasonyeza kuti Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha zinthu lidakali chikalata chamoyo, chosinthira ku mikhalidwe yatsopano pamene kuli kwakuti limasunga chitsimikizo chake chachikulu cha kulungamo ndi kulingana.

Mapeto ake: Maziko a Ufulu wa ku America

Demendment ya 14 ndi yoposa kungokhalako mawu amtsinde a mbiri yakale. Ndilo maziko a malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ambiri a ku America amene amakonda kwambiri: kuyenera kwa kuchitiridwa mofanana, kuyenera kwa kuweruza bwino, kuyenera kwa kukwatira amene mumakonda, ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala nzika mwa kubadwa kuno. Mawu ake . “chitetezero cholingana,”“ kudalirana kwa zaka za", [“akhala akupemphedwa ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa kugamula, maloya, ndi oweruza kuchotsa ufulu wa kuvota, kutetezera ufulu wa banja, kutetezera malo achinsinsi, ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo kwa onse.

Kumvetsa bwino mfundo imeneyi kungakuthandizeni kuti mudziwe zoyenera kuchita, kupempha chilolezo cha akatswiri, kuletsa apolisi m’misewu, kapena kuwerenga za chigamulo cha khoti Lapamwamba pa nkhani za m’manyuzipepala, nthawi zambiri chikalata chotchedwa Court Supremement chimateteza kwambiri boma kuti lisamachite zinthu mopanda chilungamo komanso kuti lisamachite zinthu mopanda chilungamo.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, mungafufuze mawu onse a kukonzanso ndi mbiri yake pa National Archives kapena [[FLT :2] LGEGAL interation Institute . Nkhani ya chochitika imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, [[FLT:] Project [[FLT:] project