Table of Contents
Kufotokoza Malamulo Andale: Maziko a Ulamuliro Wolungama
Ufulu wandale uli maziko a ulamuliro wa boma kapena bungwe lolamulira. Sikukhala kokha kukhala ndi ulamuliro, koma kuyenera kwa makhalidwe ndi lamulo kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro umenewo. Ulamuliro umene umalingaliridwa kukhala walamulo uli umene nzika zimalingalira kukhala thayo lakumvera, osati chifukwa cha kuwopa kukakamiza, koma chifukwa chakuti zimakhulupirira kuti ulamuliro uli woyenera ndi wolungamitsidwa. Lingaliro limeneli limasiyanitsa boma ndi gulu la anthu oukira, ndipo limalongosola chifukwa chake olamulira ena amavomerezedwa pamene ena agwetsedwa.
Liwulo limachokera ku Chilatini lija lokhala ndi mphamvu zoyenerera. Malinga ndi katswiri wandale David Beetam, saali chuma chimodzi koma mfundo yovuta yokhudzana ndi mfundo zitatu: Kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo (kulolera), kulungamitsa malamulo amenewo mwa zikhulupiriro zofanana (kuvomerezeka), ndi kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa (kachitidwe).
Maziko odziŵika bwino a kumvetsetsa kuyenera kwa kuyenera anayambitsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamakhalidwe a anthu Max Weber, amene anazindikiritsa mitundu itatu yoyera ya ulamuliro woyenerera:
- Malamulo a m'makwalala: Zimenezi zili pa chikhulupiriro chokhazikitsidwa cha kupatulika kwa miyambo yakale ndi kuyenera kwa awo amene ali ndi ulamuliro pansi pawo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo mafumu, akalonga a mafuko, ndi madongosolo a zaufuko kumene ulamuliro umabadwa kapena kuzikidwa pa mwambo. Kulimba kumachokera ku zizoloŵezi za nthaŵi yaitali ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti "kwakhala kotero nthaŵi zonse."
- [[FLT: 0] Carismatic Legitacy: [[FLT: 1] Zimenezi zimachokera ku kudzipereka kwapadera ku upatulika, ngwazi, kapena mkhalidwe wa munthu wachitsanzo. Atsogoleri onga Mahtma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., kapena Nelson Mandela anali ndi ulamuliro wosonkhezera wosonkhezera otsatira. Komabe, mtundu umenewu ngwosakhazikika chifukwa umadalira pa mikhalidwe ya mtsogoleri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umayang'anizana ndi vuto "kusintha" pambuyo pa kunyamuka kwa mtsogoleri.
- Ligal-Ragital Legitacy: Iyi ndi njira yofala kwambiri m'mademokrase amakono. Ili pa chikhulupiriro cha kuyenera kwa malamulo a malamulo otsatizana ndi kuyenera kwa awo okwezedwa ku ulamuliro pansi pa malamulo otero kufalitsa. Ulamuliro umakhala mu ofesi, osati munthu. Olamulira, konsichura, ndi malamulo amadalira pa mtundu umenewu. Imapereka kuneneratu ndipo imazikidwa pa kulondola kwa procrature.
Pamene kuli kwakuti thapsics ya Weber idakali yotchuka, akatswiri amakono afutukula kupenda. Mwachitsanzo, John Rawls wandale zadziko ananena kuti kuyenera kumagwirizana ndi lingaliro la chilungamo monga chilungamo: ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko uli wovomerezeka ngati ukanavomerezedwa ndi nzika zonse zimene zikuchita bwino. Jürgen Habermas anagogomezera kufunika kwa kulankhula ndi nkhani yapoyera: kuyenera kupezeka pamene zosankha zichitidwa mosabisa, makambitsirano omveka amene amapanga chivomerezo. Malingaliro ameneŵa amagogomezera kuti kuyenera sikuyenera kuikidwa mwa kulankhula ndi kuvomereza.
Kuti muphunzire zambiri ponena za kapangidwe ka Weber, onani [[FLT: 0] Britannica's kulowa pa ulamuliro [[FLT: 1].
Chifukwa Chake Kuvomereza Kuli Kofunika pa Ulamuliro Woyenera
Kuŵerengeredwa ndi olamulidwa sikuli kokha kwabwino; ndiko mpweya wa ulamuliro walamulo. popanda kuŵerengeredwa, ngakhale mabungwe amphamvu koposa amalephera. Kuŵerengeredwa kumatanthauza kuti nzika zimatsatira malamulo modzifunira, kulipira misonkho, kutumikira m’makhoti, ndi kutengamo mbali m’moyo wa anthu chifukwa chakuti amakhulupirira kuti dongosololo nlolondola. Kuvomereza kumeneku kwaufulu kumachepetsa kwambiri kufunika kwa kukakamiza ndi kuyang’anira, kumachititsa kulamulira kukhala kwamphamvu ndi koyenerera ndi kolamulira mwa demokrase.
Wafilosofi wandale Hannah Arendt anafufuza mfundo imeneyi m’ntchito yake yokhudza ulamuliro. Iye ananena kuti ulamuliro umasiyana ndi kukakamiza (mphamvu) ndi kukopa. Ulamuliro walamulo, kwa Arendt, umafuna kuti anthu amene akupemphedwa kumvera aziwazindikira. Pamene kuvomerezako kwagwa, ulamuliro ukugwa, ndipo boma liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti lisunge lamulo.
Mfundo zingapo zimayambukira mwachindunji kaya ngati anthu amavomereza ulamuliro kukhala woyenerera:
- Kudzinenera kwa Malamulo: Nzika ziri zothekera kwambiri kuzindikira ulamuliro pamene ziwona kuti malamulo amapangidwa ndi kutsatiridwa kupyolera mwa kuwonekera, kupanda tsankho, ndi njira zosasintha. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo achiweruzo odziimira paokha, masankho aulere, ndi malamulo alamulo osakhala alamulo amakulitsa chidaliro.
- Kulephera kutetezera nzika pamavuto achilengedwe (matsoka achilengedwe, miliri, kutsika kwa chuma) kumawononga kuzindikira.
- Malamulo a Chikomyunizimu ndi Chikhalidwe: Malamulo amapangidwa ndi nkhani zofanana, mikangano ya mbiri yakale, ndi kukumbukira kogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lapambuyo pa kuwonjezera South Africa lazindikiro limaonedwa kukhala lalamulo chifukwa chakuti linachokera ku nkhondo ya ufulu yolemekezedwa kwambiri ndi njira ya Choonadi ndi Reconciliation Commission.
- Kusintha ndi kuimira: Pamene mbali zonse za chitaganya ziwona kukhala zikuimiridwa [1] Mwa kuimira kwa kulinganiza, ufulu wa anthu ochepa, kapena makonzedwe a boma, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kuzindikira dongosololo. Kuchotsa kozikidwa pa ufuko, chipembedzo, kapena kugonana kumachepetsa kuyenera kwa lamulo.
Kuwona kufufuza pa mmene mabungwe odziwitsa amapangira kuyenera, gwiritsani ntchito nkhani ya ya chiProtical Science Review ya ku America yonena za kuyenera ndi kuphatikizidwa.
Mavuto a Ulamuliro wa Zandale: Pamene Ulamuliro Ugukira
Kumvetsetsa ziwopsezo zofala za kuyenera kwa lamulo nkofunika kwa akatswiri ndi atsogoleri omwe.
Ziphuphu ndi Kudzivulaza
Pamene nzika ziwona kuti akuluakulu a boma adzilemeretsa okha mwa kuwonongetsa anthu, ulamuliro wa makhalidwe a boma umasweka. Ziphuphu zimaswa pangano lotsimikizirika pakati pa olamulira ndi olamulira. Malinga ndi Transparency International, mlingo wa ziphuphu zolingaliridwa kukhala zogwirizana mwamphamvu ndi kudalira kochepera kwa boma. Ku Brazil, "Operation Carash" chinyazi chinawononga kwambiri kuyenera kwa boma la Party ndi gulu la ndale zadziko.
Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu Molakwa ndi Kulemba
Ngakhale maboma amene amati ndi oyenerera kuikidwa mwalamulo angadzichepetse okha mwakuyesayesa mopambanitsa. Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zachitetezo kutsendereza kutsutsa, kuyendetsa masankho, kapena kuletsa zizindikiro za ofalitsa nkhani zakuti boma likuchita zinthu kaamba ka phindu lake, osati ubwino wa anthu. Kuukira kwa Alab Spring (200-2012) kunasonkhezeredwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri za kulamulira kolamulira kopondereza ndi kupondereza ufulu wa anthu kolinganiza zimene zinawononga lamulo lirilonse lotsalalo.
Kulephera Zachuma ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe
Kuphwanya malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa kukhoza kwa boma kupereka chisungiko cha chuma. Ulova wokhalitsa, kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama, kapena kusalingana kwakukulu kungapangitse nzika kukayikira chilungamo cha dongosolo. Vuto la zachuma lapadziko lonse la 2008 linatsogolera ku vuto la mademokrase ambiri a ku Western, kukumayambitsa magulu osonkhezera kuukira ponse paŵiri kumanzere ndi kulamanja omwe amatsutsa dongosolo lomwe liripo.
Kuloŵererapo ndi Kupereka Malamulo Achilendo
Maboma amene amaonedwa ngati zidole za mayiko ena nthawi zambiri sachita zinthu moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, boma la Iraq limene linakhazikitsa pambuyo pa nkhondo ya dziko la United States ya 2003, linalimbana kwa zaka zambiri kuti lionedwe ngati loyenera ndi anthu ambiri a ku Iraq, omwe ankaona kuti ndi lopanda mphamvu. Uchifumu wa dziko ndi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri chimene chimachititsa kuti zinthu zikhale zolondola; ntchito kapena zoloŵerera m’mayiko ena zingachotse ngakhale maulamuliro oyenera.
Kulephera Kuteteza Ufulu ndi Kupereka Chilungamo
Boma litalephera kuteteza nzika zake mwankhanza za apolisi, ziphuphu m’zigawo za boma, kapena kulephera kuletsa chiwawa. Mapangano a anthu a ku United States a Black Live Confect anakopa anthu kuti aone vuto lomveka m’madera amene apolisi ndi madongosolo a za malamulo amaonedwa kuti ndi opanda chilungamo. Zifuniro za kukonzanso chilungamo ndizo kukhazikitsanso lamulo.
Kuti mufufuze mozama mmene ziphuphu zimawonongera ulamuliro, onani [[FLT: 0] Traxable International frecurectory's
Kufufuza za Malamulo a Zandale: Maphunziro Ochokera ku Mbiri
Kupenda nkhani zenizeni za dziko kumathandiza kuunikira mmene kuyenera kwa kupangidwa, kutsutsidwa, ndi kumangidwanso.
Kusintha kwa America: Kuphwanya Malamulo Mwa Kuvomereza
Chipanduko cha atsamunda a ku America motsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Briteni chinali chovuta chachikulu. Palamende wa Briteni ananena kuti ulamuliro wa kukhoma msonkho kwa maiko olamulidwawo popanda kuwapatsa iwo. Atsamunda anatsutsa kuti ichi chinaswa lamulo la kuvomereza [1] maziko a ulamuliro walamulo. Chilengezo cha ufulu chimanena poyera kuti maboma amapeza “maulamuliro awo olungama kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Chipambano cha kusinthako chinakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano la ndale zadziko lozikidwa pa malamulo a dziko, komanso chinayang'anizananso ndi zitokoso zake zalamulo, makamaka kuchotsa anthu ndi akazi ogwidwa ukapolo.
Chipwirikiti cha Aluya: Kutha kwa Malamulo a Authoritarianism
Kuyambira mu 2010, zionetsero zinafalikira ku Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, ndi mayiko ena. Magulu ameneŵa anayendetsedwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri za ziphuphu, kupondereza, kusoŵa chuma, ndi kusoŵa ufulu wa ndale. Maboma a Ben Ali ku Tunisia ndi Mubarak ku Igupto anagwa mofulumira chifukwa chakuti adataya kuonekera kochepa kwalamulo. Komabe, zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti n’zovuta kumanganso mwalamulo. Ku Igupto, boma la Abisilamu losankhidwa ndi asilikali, linagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali, ndipo linatsogolera ku ku kuponderezedwa ndi kupikisana kumene kukupitirizabe lerolino.
Pambuyo pa South Africa: Kumanga Malamulo pa Dialogue
Kusintha kwa South Africa kuchoka ku tsankho kupita ku demokrase kuli chitsanzo champhamvu cha kupangidwa kwalamulo. Ulamuliro wa tsankho wakhala wosaloledwa kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa nzika zake zambiri. Malowa adakambirana, Truth ndi Reconciliation Commission pansi pa Bishopu Wamkulu Desmond Tutu, ndi kutengera malamulo a malamulo oyendera bwino kunathandiza kupanga kuyenera kwatsopano. Bungwe la National Congress (ANC) pansi pa Nelson Mandela linakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, zaka zaposachedwapa zaona kuti likutha kuchotsa chifukwa cha kusaona chilungamo, kusalingana kwa chuma, ndi kulephera kwa ntchito, ndi kulephera kwa bungwe kuchititsa ntchito kuyenera kusungidwa nthaŵi zonse.
China Chapanthaŵi Yathu Ino: Malamulo Okhazikika
Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China chimapanga kuyenerera kwake osati makamaka mwa masankho koma mwa kuchita zinthu . Kupereka chitukuko cha chuma mofulumira, kukweza mamiliyoni mazana ambiri kuchokera ku umphaŵi, ndi kusunga bata . Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa "kuyenerera . Komabe, akatswiri amatsutsana ngati mtundu umenewu ngwotheka kusungika. Pamene kukula kwa chuma kukuchedwera, kapena pamene anthu akufuna ufulu waukulu wandale, bomalo lingayang'ne ndi vuto loyenerera. Chitsanzo cha ku Chachitchaina chimatsutsa malingaliro a kuyenera kwa demokrase ndi mfundo zazikulu zakuti anthu osiyanasiyana angakhazikitse ulamuliro m'mabuku osiyanasiyana.
Kuti muwone kusanthula kolinganiza kwa kuyenerera m'madongosolo osiyanasiyana andale zadziko, onani kulowa kwa [Oxford Bibliographies pa kuyenera kwa ndale zadziko .
Ntchito ya Mabungwe Ochirikiza Udindo wa Uchikulire
Mabungwe ndi ochirikiza kuyenera kwa ndale zadziko. Iwo ali malamulo, malamulo, ndi magulu amene amalamulira ndi kupereka kuneneratu. Popanda mabungwe amphamvu, kuyenera kumasinthasintha ndipo kumadalira pa zinthu zotchuka monga chipambano cha mtsogoleri wotchuka kapena kanthaŵi kochepa ka chuma.
M’buku la Oweruza: Guardian of the Law Triage
Chigamulo chovomerezeka cha lamulo chimatsatira lamulo lakuti palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo . Ufulu wachiweruzo, kupanda tsankho, ndi kupezeka kwa anthu n’zofunika. Pamene dongosolo la khoti lionedwa kukhala lolungama, nzika zimavomereza malamulo ake ndi kukhulupirira kuti ufulu wawo udzatetezeredwa. Komanso, "kuika m'manja mwalamulo" kapena kugamula mlandu kosonkhezeredwa ndi ndale zadziko kumafooketsa ufulu wa a Judiary ndi kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka kwa boma lonse.
Malamulo: Kuimira ndi Kulunjika
Nyumba ya malamulo yogwira ntchito imene imaimiradi zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndiponso yochita dala poyera ndiyo magwero aakulu a lamulo lovomerezeka. Pamene masankho ali aufulu ndi oyenera, ndipo pamene akuluakulu osankhidwa alabadira ku mbali zawo, njira yopanga malamulo imafikira kudaliridwa. Kumbali ina, makhonsati amene ali kokha mabungwe a mphira kapena amene akugwira ntchito yotsendereza anthu mopambanitsa angawononge chikhulupiriro chawo m’dongosolo landale zadziko.
Woyang’anira: Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera
Nthambi yaikulu (wolamulira, nduna yaikulu, kabati) iyenera kusonyeza kukhoza m'kuyendetsa malamulo ndi kuŵerengeredwa mlandu mwa kupenda ndi kulinganiza, kuyang'anira nkhani, ndi masankho okhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kunyalanyaza bungwe la malamulo kapena kulephera kuyankha mwamsanga pakabuka mavuto.
Chipani cha Anthu ndi Ofalitsa Nkhani
Mabungwe osakhala a boma, magulu achinyengo, manyuzipepala aulere, ndi mawailesi a wailesi ndi mawailesi akanema amagwira ntchito monga magada ndi njira zoperekera malamulo. Zimapereka chivomerezo kwa boma ndi kuthandiza nzika kuŵerengera atsogoleri. Kuukira atolankhani kapena ziletso pa NGOs kaŵirikaŵiri kuli zizindikiro zochenjeza za tsoka loyenera, monga momwe boma limayesera kuletsa kubisa kuukira.
Kulimbitsa mabungwe ameneŵa kuli ntchito yanthaŵi yaitali. Monga momwe wasayansi yandale Francis Fukuyama amanenera mu [FLT: 0] Programme ya Political ndi Chigamulo chandale zadziko, mabungwe angavunde mkupita kwa nthaŵi ngati agwidwa ndi magulu achikondwerero kapena kukhala oumirira. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kopitirizabe ndi kudikira kwa anthu nkofunika kuti asunge lamulo la boma.
Tsogolo la Malamulo a Zandale Padziko Lonse
Kuyenera kwa ndale sikuli kopanda malire; kumasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zandale ndi zachikhalidwe, zaumisiri, ndi za mapulaneti.
Maulamuliro a Mayiko ndi Malamulo Oletsa Kuphwanya Malamulo
Mabungwe monga European Union, United Nations, ndi amalonda apadziko lonse amayang'anizana ndi kupereŵera kwa "kulephera kwa ufulu" chifukwa chakuti iwo ali otalikirana kwambiri ndi nzika ndi kusoŵa kwawo kuŵerengera kwa demokrase. Ufulu wa EU unayesedwa mowopsa m'vuto la Eurozone ndi Bretitrendendum, kumene osankha ambiri analingalira kuti zosankha zinapangidwa ndi ma bureaucrates osasankhidwa. Kulamulira kwa mtsogolo kudzafuna njira zatsopano zomangira ulamuliro wa demokrase kupyola pa dziko lonse, mwinamwake kupyolera ku mabungwe a mabungwe a dziko lonse kapena madongosolo a za boma.
Ulamuliro wa Magetsi ndi Malamulo a Malamulo
Makampani a zaumisiri monga Google, Meta, ndi Amazon tsopano ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa chidziŵitso, malonda, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Komabe iwo saali ndi mlandu wa democracy . Zimenezi zachititsa mafunso a "mapulatifomu" kuyenera kwa mapulatifomu kukhala oyenera kumvetsera, ofufuza, kapena opanga nkhani zapoyera. Maboma akulamulira kwambiri mapulatifomu ameneŵa, koma kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi wa makampani kukukhalabe malire opikisana.
Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo ndi Chitokoso kwa Elite
Magulu otchuka a opatulira a projekiti padziko lonse akutsutsa kuyenera kwa mabwalo amwambo, oulutsa nkhani, akuluakulu a boma. Oimba Populia amati amaimira "anthu" kwa anthu apamwamba achinyengo. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingasonkhezere kugawana kwa demokrase, ikhozanso kufooketsa lamulo ndi nyumba zenizeni zimene atsogoleri amaŵerengera. Funso lanthaŵi yaitali ndilo kaya ngati kutembenuza maufumu kwa populalizimu kungayambike kukhala magwero atsopano a ulamuliro walamulo kapena kaya kudzatsogolera ku kusakhazikika ndi kulamulira kolamulira.
Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo
Zosankha zandale zokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo zimakhudza kwambiri mibadwo. Achinyamata amakayikira kwambiri kuti maboma amene amalephera kuchitapo kanthu pa zinthu zoopsa zachilengedwe. Lipoti la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) likuonetsa kuti kuyenera kwa madongosolo andale kumadalira kwambiri pa kutha kuteteza tsogolo lawo, osati pa zimene zilipo panopa. Kusintha kumeneku kumawonjezera mfundo yatsopano yokhudza kuvomereza anthu a m’tsogolo amene sangathebe kufotokoza zimene akufuna.
Kaamba ka kuyenera kwa kulamulira kwa dziko lonse, onani nkhani ya Global Constitutionism ya magazini yonena za kuyenera kwa boma [[FLT: 1].
Mapeto ake: Ntchito Yosasintha ya Ulamuliro Wosaloleka
Ufulu wandale sindiwo mkhalidwe woikika umene boma limapeza ndi kusunga kosatha. Ndi unansi wamphamvu pakati pa ulamuliro ndi nzika zimene zimafuna kusungidwa nthaŵi zonse. Magulu okhazikika kwambiri ndiwo aja amene amamangidwa pa kuphatikizana kwa chilungamo chachibadwa, nyonga ya kakonzedwe, kuchita, ndi kulankhulana kophatikiza. Mtsogolo adzafuna kuti atsogoleri azisamalira zinthu zatsopano zopezera ufulu ufulu wa kuyenera kwa ufulu , ulamuliro wa dziko lonse, chilungamo cha mbadwo wawo .
Kwa nzika, kuzindikira kuyenera kwa ndale zadziko kumazipatsa mphamvu kufunsira zambiri kuchokera ku maboma awo ndi kuzindikira pamene ulamuliro wapitirira malire ake. Anthu amene amayembekezera ulamuliro walamulo ndiwo anthu amene amaŵerengera atsogoleri awo mlandu. M'nyengo ya kusatsimikizirika, kugaŵikana, ndi kusintha kofulumira, lingaliro la kukhala woyenerera kwa ndale zadziko lingakhale lofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kalelonse. Ndilo nkhosi imene imagwirizanitsa mbali zonse za chitaganya, kufunitsa olamulira onse aŵiri ndi kulamulira mwamphamvu, tsiku ndi tsiku.