Kumvetsetsa Kumathandiza

Dongosolo la macheke ndi mayeso ndi kulinganiza ndi likulu la maziko a boma la United States, lolinganizidwa kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri. Mantha atatu . "Agawenga, ndi a judge , ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana ndi kukhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu za ena. Makonzedwewa anakonzedwa mwadala ndi maFramers of the Constitution, osonkhezeredwa ndi akatswiri a nzeru monga Montesquieu, amene anatsutsa kuti kusiyanitsa mphamvu kunali kofunika kuti ufulu ukhalepo. Mu [FLT:] Mapes , makamaka 51, James Magedison analemba kuti "Chidziŵitso chiyenera kuchitidwa kuti chikhumbo, pofotokoza mmene nthambi iliyonse ikanachitira kuti chitsutse ndi zina.

Cheke za macheke a ntchito m'njira zambiri. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress; Congress angaike lamulolo ndi masunamitala aŵiri , kutsimikizira kapena kukana kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti, ndi kuchotsa Pulezidenti. jajija jaji ingalengeze machitidwe a Congress kapena machitidwe a akuluakulu osagwirizana mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Nyumba za malamulo zingasinthe kapangidwe ndi ulamuliro wa makhoti (ngakhale kuti ndizozo kuchotsako zigamu za unduna), ndipo Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma ndi chitsimikizo. Dongo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingalamulire, koma kugwira ntchito kwake pa nthambi iliyonse kukhala yofunitsitsa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zake. Ndi pamene Khoti Lapamwamba limakhala pamene Khoti kaŵirikaŵiri limatsatira malamulo.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Pansipa pali zigamulo zapadera zimene zimasonyeza mmene Khoti Lalikulu laperekera lamulo, kumveketsa, ndipo nthaŵi zina kulinganizanso kulinganizika pakati pa nthambi. Mlandu uliwonse umafufuzidwa kaamba ka chiyambi chake chenicheni, malingaliro a Khoti, ndi chiyambukiro chake chosatha pa kulekana kwa mphamvu.

Marbury vesi. Madison (103)

Mlandu wochititsa chidwi umenewu unakhazikitsa lamulo la kupendanso milandu, kulola Khoti Lalikulu kuchotsa malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi Malamulo. Ilo linakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha ntchito ya Khoti pomasulira lamulo ndi kuyang'anira mphamvu za nthambi zina. Mlanduwu unayambira pa kugawidwa kwa maufumu omalizira ndi Pulezidenti John Adams. William Marbury, Federal Court, anaikidwa monga woweruza wa mtendere koma ntchito yake sinaperekedwe asanaikidwe. Mlembi wa Jefferson wa Boma, James Mavison, anakana kuipereka. Marbury anasuta mwachindunji ku Bwalo Lapamwamba la Jediary la 1789, limene linapereka mphamvu ya Khoti la Chigamu ya anthu a ku ma smusmusmo.

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anayang'anizana ndi vuto: Kulamula Madison kupereka ntchitoyo mothekera kukanyalanyazidwa, kuvulaza ulamuliro wa Khoti. Mmalomwake, Marshall analamulira kuti Marbury anali ndi thayo ku ntchito yake koma kuti mbali ya Chikalata cha Judicary inalola Bwalo kumvetsera mwachindunji mlanduwo kukhala wosagwirizana ndi lamulo chifukwa chakuti linakulitsa ulamuliro wa Khoti la III kuposa umene Malamulo analola. Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kachitidwe ka Congress. Marshall analemba motchuka kuti "ndice chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena zimene lamulolo liri. Mlanduwu unatsimikizira udindo wa Khotilo monga nthambi yofanana ndi nthambi yokhoza kuyang'anira zonse ziŵiri za bungwe la oyendetsa malamulo.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Pankhani imeneyi, Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza mphamvu ya Congress yopanga banki ya dziko lonse ndi kukana boma la Maryland kuyenera kwa kulipirira. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalimbikitsa ukulu wa lamulo la boma pa lamulo la boma ndi kutsimikizira mphamvu za Congress. Mlanduwo unayamba pamene Maryland anakhazikitsa msonkho pa nthambi ya Baltimore ya Bank yachiŵiri ya United States, akumayembekezera kuichotsa pabizinesi. James McCulloch, wopereka ndalama, anakana kukhoma msonkho. Makhoti a boma anamlamulira, ndipo mlanduwo unafika ku Khoti Lapamwamba.

Polemba za Bwalo la Malamulo logwirizana, Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall ananena kuti ngakhale kuti Malamulo sanapereke motsimikiza mphamvu ya kuyambitsa banki, inapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yochitira maulamuliro ake otchulidwa "ofunika ndi oyenera". Banki inali chiŵiya choyenera kuyang'anira nkhani za dziko. Pankhani ya msonkho ya boma, Marshall analamula kuti "mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaloŵetsa mphamvu ya kuwononga," ndipo popeza kuti malamulo ndi malamulo a boma ali aakulu, maboma sangasokoneze ntchito za boma. MCulch. [4] ndi Mary . [FLT] ndi . [FLT] ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika cha kupenda ulamuliro kochitidwa ndi boma lopinga, kuyang'anira ulamuliro, kuyang'anira ulamuliro ndi kutsimikizira mphamvu za ulamuliro wa bungwe la boma.

Youngstown Comment=Bet & Tube Co v. Sawyer (1952)

Mlanduwu unayesa mwachindunji malire a ulamuliro wa pulezidenti pa nthawi ya ngozi ya dziko lonse. Mu 1952, pankhondo ya ku Korea, pulezidenti Harry Truman anakhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza ntchito zambiri zachitsulo za dzikolo kuti apeŵe chigawenga chimene chingasokoneze ntchito ya nkhondo. Makampani achitsulo anaimba mlandu, akutsutsa kuti Pulezidenti analibe ulamuliro wotenga katundu waumwini popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo.

Khoti Lapamwamba, m'chigamulo 6-3, linaima kumbali ya makampani achitsulo. Jasitisi Hugo Black analemba kuti lamulo la Truman linali lopanda ntchito chifukwa chakuti mphamvu ya Pulezidentiyo iyenera kubwera ndi ntchito ya Congress kapena ku Malamulo enieni. Commission adalingalira ndi kukana mwachindunji kupatsa Pulezidenti ulamuliro wa ntchito zaukapolo pa mikangano ya Taft-Hartley Act. Khoti linagogomezera kuti Pulezidenti, monga Mkulu, sakhala ndi mphamvu zamwamsanga zolamulira. Woweruza Robert Jackson adayala maziko apadera a ntchito yoyang'anira ntchito zaudindo: pamene Pulezidentiyo achita ndi chilolezo chake chokulira; pamene iye achita m'kusoŵa chivomerezo ( "kugwa kwa"), amadalira pa zochitika zake; ndipo posiyana ndi mphamvu zake za ulamuliro wake: [F.1]

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mlanduwu unalengeza kugaŵana mafuko m'masukulu a boma popanda kuganizidwa, kugwetsa chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa ndi Plessy v. Ferguson. Chigamulocho chinasonyeza mphamvu ya Khotilo yotsutsa ndi kusintha malamulo amene amaswa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kutumikira monga kuyang'anira kovuta pa lamulo la boma. Brown kwenikweni] anakhazikitsa milandu inayi yosiyana ndi Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, ndi Delaware. Oweruzawo anatsutsa kuti sukulu zopatulidwa zinali zosayenera kwenikweni, kuswa chitetezo cha Claus wa ku 1448 Desmestry.

Chigamulo chachikulu cha Justice Earl Warren, polemba khoti limodzi, chinapeza kuti tsankho m'maphunziro a anthu onse linayambitsa lingaliro lakuchepetsa limene linali ndi chiyambukiro chovulaza kwa ana akuda. Khotilo linalengeza kuti "kugaŵanitsa maphunziro sikusiyana mwachibadwa. Chigamulochi chinatsutsa mwachindunji "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso cha [. Ferguson [18696] [1] [1] [1] [magazi a boma-dictionction wing , Khoti inatsimikizira mphamvu ya boma imene inakhazikitsa Jim Crowrow, kuphatikizapo zoyenera zachigamu za kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuonetsanso zoyenera zachigamu zachigamu: [FFF]

Kuyenda m’mahema

Roe v. Wade anazindikira kuyenera kwa mkazi kusankha kuchotsa mimba pansi pa ufulu wachinsinsi. Chigamulochi chinasonyeza ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu yotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kuloŵerera kwa boma, kusonyeza kulinganiza pakati pa ufulu wa munthu ndi zolinga za boma. Nkhaniyo inakhudza "Jane Roe" (Norma McCorvey), mkazi wa ku Texas amene anatsutsa lamulo la boma loletsa kuchotsa mimba kusiyapo kupulumutsa moyo wa mayi. Khoti, m'chigamulo cholembedwa ndi Woweruza Harry Blackmun, linakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala wachinsinsi, kosonyezedwa ndi Doko la Klausskosom, lophatikiza chigamu cha mkazi kuti asiye kukhala ndi mimba yake.

Khotilo linapanga dongosolo loyenga: m'kanthaŵi koyamba, boma silinathe kulamulira kuchotsa mimba; m'kachiŵiri, likakhoza kutetezera kokha thanzi la amayi; m'mbali yachitatu, pambuyo pa kuthekera, lingaletse kuchotsa mimba kusiyapo kupulumutsa moyo wa mayi. Roe anatumikira monga kuyang'anira nyumba za boma zimene zinatsekedwa ndi kupha kwaupandu, ndipo linatsenderezanso nthambi yaikulu kuletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo otero. Komabe, chigamulo chinayambitsa kubwezera kubwezera kwa kumbuyo kwa ndale yandale zimene zikupitiriza kufikira tsiku lino. Nkhaniyo ina inayo inaperekedwa ndi [FLT:] [FLD2] [4] [kulimbana ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuchotsa mimba]. [Mastern]

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Mlanduwu unalongosola malire a mphamvu ya pulezidenti ndi lamulo lakuti palibe aliyense amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti Pulezidenti Nixon anafunikira kutulutsa matepi ojambulidwa okhudzana ndi manyazi a Watergate, kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa a khoti la jaji kuyang'anira mphamvu ya pulezidenti. Pofufuza Watergate, woweruza wapadera wa matepi a White House. Nixon ananena kuti ali ndi mwayi waukulu, akutsutsa kuti makambitsiranowo anali achinsinsi ndi kuti jadiary analibe ulamuliro wokakamiza kuulula nkhani zawo.

Pa chigamulo chogwirizana 8-0 (Justice Rehnquist anadzitsutsa yekha), Woweruza Wamkulu Warren Burger anakhulupirira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti pali mwaŵi waukulu wakutetezera asilikali, atsamunda, kapena zinsinsi za dziko, mwaŵi wa kubisa chinsinsi sunathe kuchotsapo kufunika kwenikweni kwa umboni m'kuzenga mlandu. Khotilo linalamula Nixon kuti atembenuze matepi, amene ali ndi umboni wa Prezidentiyo m'chikuto. Nixon anavomereza, ndipo matepiwo anatsogolera ku kuleka kwake mwamsanga pambuyo pake. [FLT: 0] United States v. Nixton ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha bungwe la judiary kuyang'ana nthambi. Limatsimikizira kuti Pulezidenti sali wosiyana ndi lamulo la lamulo lapamwamba la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la boma.

INS v. Chanha (1983)

Mlanduwu unagwetsa chivomezi cha lamulo, bungwe lopanga zinthu la nyumba lakhala likugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka makumi ambiri kugwetsa ntchito za nthambi za akuluakulu popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano. Nkhaniyi inakhudza Jagdish Rai Chanha, wophunzira wa ku Kenya amene anasunga pepala lake lokhala . Immigration and Natural Leavization Service (INS) inaimitsa kuthamangitsidwa kwake, koma Nyumba ya Oimira Aumessation inapereka chigamulo chakuti asunge pansi pa lamulo la Immigration ndi Nationality Act.

Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula 7-82 kuti lamulo loletsa kulekana kwa maulamuliro. Woweruza Wamkulu Burger analemba kuti Congress inangosintha lamulo kapena kugwetsa machitidwe apamwamba kupyolera m'dongosolo lonse la malamulo . Kupatula nyumba zonse ziŵiri ndi kupereka kwa Pulezidenti kaamba ka kusainidwa kapena kuveto. Kulola nyumba imodzi ya malamulo a boma kuletsa kusiyanitsa ulamuliro ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu ya Pulezidenti. SINV. Chachaha: 1] adapeputsa malamulo ofanana ndi 200. Mlandu woyang'anira kuyesa kulamulira ulamuliro ndi kubwezeretsa kulinganiza kwa malamulo ndi kubwezeretsa malamulo a Frame. Imakhalabe chitsanzo pa malamulo a ulamuliro a gulu la pa malamulo.

Clinton v. Mzinda wa New York (1998)

Mlanduwu unayesa lamulo la Line Inter Veto Act ya 1996, limene linapatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu yochotsa makonzedwe ena ndi msonkho pambuyo posaina chikalata cha lamulo. Prezidenti Clinton anagwiritsira ntchito cholembera cha pepala cha will vento kuchotsapo makonzedwe atatu, kuphatikizapo kutsekedwa kwa msonkho wa New York City ndi makonzedwe a Medicaidr . Mzinda ndi magulu ena oyambukiridwa ndi chiyambukiro anasudzulidwa.

Khoti Lapamwamba, m'chigamulo 6-3, linavomereza kuti lamulo lokhala ndi mutu wireti linaswa Chikalata cha Claus wa Malamulo. Polembera ambiri, Woweruza John Paul Stevens anafotokoza kuti Prezidenti ayenera kusaina kapena kutumiza lamulo lonse; iye sangathe kulilembanso kapena kulilembanso pambuyo pa chigawo. Lamulolo linaloladi Pulezidenti kubwezera mbali za lamulo popanda kudutsa Bidaralism ndi kupereka njira yofunikira kaamba ka malamulo. [[FLT: 0] Clinton v. Mzinda wa New York [1] FLT [FL:1] unapendanso woyang'anira ulamuliro ndi kutsimikiziranso ntchito ya nthambi yalamuloyo popanga lamulo. Nkhaniyo imasonyezanso kufunitsitsa kwa Khotilo kuswa malamulo, pamene Pulezidentiyo inachirikizanso mfundo yake, ngakhale Pulezidentiyo.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Mlanduwu unakhudza kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro pansi pa Chikalata cha Zotetezera ufulu wa boma cha 1965. Act inafuna maboma ena ndi malo ndi mbiri ya tsankho la fuko posankha kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma ("preclaration") asanasinthe malamulo alionse ovomerezeka. Kakonzedwe ka kugamulako kanachokera pa zolembedwa kuyambira 1964 ndi 1972. Shelby County, Alabama, anatsutsa lamulolo kuti silogooma.

Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts, polemba kaamba ka 5-44, anatsutsa njira yoperekera mlandu, akumati inaswa lamulo la ulamuliro wolingana wa boma ndipo sinalungamitsidwenso ndi mikhalidwe yamakono. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti boma la boma silingaike mtolo wotero pa maboma ozikidwa pa umboni wakale. Mabungwe a boma angapange njira yatsopano, koma sinachite zimenezo. Shelby County v. Harder . anatsimikizira mphamvu ya boma la boma la boma [1] Congress ndi nthambi yapamwamba yoyang'anira ufulu wa kugamula. Chigamulo chinasintha kwambiri malire pakati pa uyang'aniro ndi ulamuliro wa mavoti, kutsogolera nkhondo yalamulo pa malamulo ovota ndi ku Redition Idcial. Nkhaniyo ikusonyeza mmene khoti lalikulu la bungwe la Coumeti la United States (lo)

Madobs ndi mkazi wina dzina lake Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Chigamulo chaposachedwapa chimenechi chinathetsa Roe v. Wade ndi Parenthood Parenty . Casey, polingalira kuti malamulo a malamulo samaletsa kuchotsa mimba kwa Mississippi pambuyo pa milungu 15. Khoti, m'chigamulo cholembedwa ndi Woweruza Samuel Alito, linalamula kuti ulamuliro wa kuletsa kutaya mimba ndi osankhidwa, osati kwa oweruza.

Jasitisi Alito anatsutsa kuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunazingidwe "m’mbiri ya Dziko" kapena kutsimikiziridwa m’lingaliro la ufulu wolamulira. Mwa kubwezera funsolo ku maboma, khotilo linasintha mokhutiritsa macheke a kuchotsa mimba kuchokera ku malamulo a boma. Madobs [Malamulo] ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha kuletsa kwachiweruzo kapena kuchotsa mimba (kuletsa kuikidwa). Khoti lenilenilo linayambitsanso kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo. Limasonyezanso mphamvu ya kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza: malamulo tsopano ali ndi mphamvu ya kulola kapena kuletsa kuchotsa mimba, pamene Mabungwe angapangire lamulo lalamulo kaya kapena kutetezera (kutsatira malamulo a boma). Chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu chimene chinayambitsa kutsutsana ndi chigamu cha ndale cha ndale yolamulira m'dziko, chigamu chachikulu pakati pa magawo a boma.

Chiyambukiro cha Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Zigamulo zopangidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwambalo zili ndi ziyambukiro zofikira kutali pa lamulo ndi chitaganya cha America. Izo sizimangothetsa kokha mikangano yalamulo koma zimapanganso lamulo la anthu ndi kusonkhezera kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi za boma. [[FLT: 0] Mathbury v. Madison [FLT] anapatsa Bwalo chida chachikulu kwambiri. [FLT .FFFF:] ndi [FLT:] United States. [FFFF:] [FLT] [FFF:]

Ndiponso, zigamulo za Khotilo zingasonkhezere nthambi zina kuchitapo kanthu. Pambuyo pa Brown v. Board of Education , Congress inapereka lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Pambuyo pa Shelby County [1] Shelby County [1], Nyumba inapereka malamulo atsopano osankhira (John Volct Rights Act Act ), ngakhale kuti sinakhale lamulo. Pambuyo pake [[FLT:], ambiri amasonkhezeredwa kutetezera kapena kuletsa kuchotsa mimba, ndi Nyumba zolingaliridwa kukhala zochotsa mimba. Kujambula pakati pa nthambizo sizimasinthana; kufalikira ndi chigamulo chilichonse chatsopano kapena chivomezo chilichonse.

Otsutsa nthaŵi zina amatsutsa kuti Khoti Lalikulu limapereka mphamvu zambiri mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a demokalase. Ena amatsutsa kuti Khoti liyenera kukhala lamphamvu kwambiri potetezera ufulu wawo, makamaka pamene nthambi zina zalephera kuchitapo kanthu. Malingaliro onse aŵiri amazindikira kuti ntchito ya jaji m’kufufuza ndi kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza imayambitsa mkangano. Mafukowo anafuna kuti mwanjirayo, ndiamphamvu koma otsenderezedwa a boma amene amagwira ntchito m’malamulo. Zitsanzo zapamwambazi zikusonyeza kuti zigamu za khotizo sizili zomalizira; kaŵirikaŵiri zimayambitsa mayankhidwe ochokera ku nthambi zina, kutsimikizira kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa ulamuliro wa boma.

Kumaliza

Milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba imatumikira monga zitsanzo zosuliza za mmene mapendedwe ndi kulinganizika ku United States. Mwa kumasulira Konsichushoni ndi kutsimikizira kuti nthambi iliyonse ya boma imagwira ntchito mkati mwa malire ake, Bwalo Lapamwamba limachita mbali yofunika kwambiri posunga malamulo ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu. Kuchokera ku [[FL:] Marbury v. Madison [[FLT:]] ku [[FLT]] [2] ku [mantha]]. Akazi achita mbali yaikulu ya thanzi [, Bwalo lasonyeza mobwerezabwereza kulongosola malire a mphamvu ya boma, mwa kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa boma, wopambana wochita mwa kuukira, kapena kubwezera zosankha ku dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Understatestryssssssssssss progrectivestions of American. [Fomist F]