Chiyambi

Kumvetsa njira ya mlandu waupandu kumatsatira kuyambira pa kukayikira koyamba mpaka pachigamulo chomaliza nkofunika pomvetsa dongosolo lachilungamo la ku America. Ulendo umenewu umayendetsedwa ndi malamulo okhwima olinganizidwa kulinganiza mphamvu zazikulu za boma ndi ufulu wa munthu. Kulingalira za njira yoyenerera kumatsimikizira kuti wonenezedwayo amachitiridwa bwino pa sitepe lililonse. Mbali iliyonse, kuyambira pa kufufuza koyamba mpaka pa chilengezo chomaliza, imatumikira ntchito inayake ndi kupereka chitetezo chovomerezeka chalamulo. Pamene dongosololo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto ogwirizana ndi kuyenera, kukwaniritsa bwino, ndi chilungamo, maziko ake ndi ovuta ophunzira, aphunzitsi, otomera. Nkhaniyi imapereka mapu atsatanetsatane a njira zazikulu za kukambirana kwa milandu, kumvetsa bwino mmene maluso a chilungamo akugwirira ntchito.

Chipilala 1: Kufufuza

Cholinga chachikulu n’kupeza umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira kuti munthu wagwidwa ndi kutulukira chifukwa chake.

Umboni Wolembedwa ndi Kusungidwa

Umboni ungagwirizanitsidwe m'mitundu yachindunji ndi yachilendo. Umboni wachindunji, wonga ngati cholembedwa chowona ndi maso kapena kuulula, umatsimikizira mwachindunji. Umboni wachisungiko, wonga DNA yopezedwa paupandu, umafuna kuyerekezera kugwirizanitsa kumapeto. Kusungitsa malamulo kuyenera kusonkhanitsa mosamalitsa, kusunga, ndi kusunga umboni wa kukhulupirika kwake kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito pambuyo pake m’khoti. Unyolo wa kusunga kusunga kusunga kusunga kusunga kusunga kusunga kusunga kusunga mwana kuyenera kulembedwa motsimikizirika kuletsa kusokoneza kapena kuipitsa.

Kusintha kwa Chinayi ndi Ulamuliro Womaliza

Chitsenderezo cha lamulo chosuliza mkati mwa kufufuza ndi Chikalata chachinayi, chimene chimatetezera nzika ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Kufufuza nyumba, munthu, kapena katundu, apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira chilolezo choperekedwa ndi woweruza mothekera. Lamulo la Precussionary [, lokhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu ku [FLT:] [FLT] [2]] mu [FLT]. United States ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro [[FLT:] ma] v. , imalamulira kuti umboni wopezeka m’kuswa ku malamulo achisanu ukhale wokhoza kuganitsika m’khoti. Kuyang'anira kwamphamvu, kuyang'anira mayendedwe kwamphamvu, ndi kutsutsana ndi kuletsa lamulo lopanda lamulo lomveka.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za ['FLT:0] Lamulo la Precullation pa Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute [[FLT: 1].

Chipilala 2: Kumangidwa

Kumangidwa kumatanthauza kulanda kwamwambo wokayikiridwa ndi kubwezera kwapadera m'malamulo. Malamulo angagwire ndi chikalata choperekedwa ndi woweruza kapena, mofala kwambiri, popanda chilolezo ngati awona upandu ukuchitidwa kapena kukhala ndi chifukwa chothekera cha kukhulupirira kuti walakwa. Muyezo wa wowopsa umafunikira chikhulupiriro choyenera, chozikidwa pa mfundo, kuti munthu wachita kapena wachita upandu.

Kusindikiza Mabuku

Atawagwira, wokayikirayo amamka naye ku polisi kuti akam’lembere. Kachitidwe kameneka kamaphatikizapo kujambula chidziŵitso cha wokayikitsayo, kutenga zidindo za minwe ndi zithunzi, kupanga cheke cha kumbuyo, ndi kuŵerengera katundu wa munthu. Wokayikiridwayo amasungidwa m’selo yodikira kuwonekera kwake koyamba kwa khoti.

Ufulu wa Miranda

Mwachidziŵikire, pamfundoyi, wonyumwirayo ayenera kudziŵitsidwa za zoyenera zawo zalamulo, zodziŵika monga Machiza ufulu . Kusungirira kuchokera ku Manda v. Arizona[[FLT]] [1966], ufulu umenewu umaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukhala chete, chenjezo lakuti chilichonse chimene amanena chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa iwo m’khoti, ndipo kuyenera kwa loya, ngakhale ngati sangathe kukhala ndi mmodzi. Cholinga cha chenjezo ndicho kutetezera ufulu wachisanu wodzitetezera kudziko lopatula. Lamulo liyenera kuleka kukayikira ngati kukayikira ufulu umenewu. Mawu alionse operekedwa mkati mwa kufunsa popanda kufunsa mlandu.

Chipinda 3: Kuimba

Atapeza umboni ndi kuimbidwa mlandu m'ndende, mkaidiyo amaperekedwa kuchokera ku apolisi kupita kwa loya. Woweruza wa milandu akupenda malipoti a kufufuza kuti aone ngati pali umboni wokwanira walamulo wolembera milandu. Iyi ndi mbali ya kugamula koyenera ndi kopanga zosankha zapadera.

Nzeru Yoweruza

Loya wa boma angagamule kuti alembe milandu, kukana kuzenga mlandu (monga prosequi , kapena kutumiza mlanduwo kwa ajuli akuluakulu kuti apende moongoletsetsa. Zochititsa zimenezi zingaphatikizepo mphamvu ya umboni, ukulu wa upandu wonenedwa, mbiri ya upandu woka, kudalirika kwa mboni, ndi kupezeka kwa chuma. Ozunza amayesanso kupenda zikondwerero za chilungamo ndipo angaone maprogramu ena kukhala ngati kutsendereza milandu yapamwamba.

Kumva Mitsempha Yaikulu ndi Kuyamba Kumva

Pa milandu yaikulu ya boma, Fit 5 Amendment imafuna kuweruza kokulira. ndi gulu la anthu a m’dziko amene amamva umboni wa woweruza ndi kusankha ngati pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti mlandu wachitidwa. Ndi mlandu wochitidwa; kutetezera sikumapereka umboni, ndipo chofufuziracho sichimaonekera bwino. Kapena, maboma ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito kumvetsera koyambirira , kumvetsera kotseguka kwa pulogalamu, kumene woweruza amamva kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri (kufikira kumlingo wochepa) kutsimikizira ngati mlanduwo uli wofunikira. Chochitikacho chimapereka mpata wodzitetezera kutsutsa mlanduwo.

Konzani [[MLT: 0] chikho cha ajuli aakulu a boma kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo [1].

Kuseŵera pa Bwalo Lomangira

Kukambitsirana kwa milandu kaŵirikaŵiri kunayamba mkati mwa mbali imeneyi. Upandu ungapereke mpata kwa woimbidwa mlandu ku mlandu wochepa kapena ku mlandu wochuluka wopereka chinenezo cha mlandu. Pafupifupi 909 peresenti ya milandu yaupandu ku United States imathetsedwa mwa kuchonderera kosiyana mmalo mwa kuzenga mlandu, kupanga uwu umodzi wa mbali yofunika kwambiri ya njira yalamulo.

Chiyeso 4: Kuphwanya

Kuweruza ndiko kuonekera koyamba kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo pamaso pa khoti lozenga mlandu. Chigamulocho nchachifupi koma chofunika kwambiri. Woweruza amaŵerenga milandu yalamulo imene ili m'chiweruzo kapena chidziŵitso, kutsimikizira woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti amvetse milandu yake. Woimbidwa mlanduyo kenaka amapemphedwa kuloŵa m’khoti.

Njira Zochizira

  • Oimbidwa mlandu sadziimba mlandu: Woimbidwa mlanduyo akutsutsana ndi mlandu ndi kufuna kuzenga mlandu. Zimenezi zimasunga ufulu wonse ndi zosankha zachibadwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] . Woimbidwa mlandu avomereza kuchita upandu. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera mlanduwo ku gawo loperekera chilango.
  • Palibe Conset (Nolo Surfe): [Woimbidwa mlandu :1] Savomereza liwongo koma amalandira chilango ngati kuti ali ndi liwongo. Ubwino waukulu ngwakuti pempho limeneli silingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga kuvomereza mlandu m'mabwalo a boma.
  • Kupanda Liwongo ndi Chifukwa cha Kupanda Ubwino: [[FL:1] Mapembedzero ochepera ochititsa mkhalidwe wa maganizo ku nkhani.

Bail ndi Kutulutsidwa kwa Makompyuta

Khotilo limayankhanso nkhani ya beil kapena kutulutsidwa kwa milandu. Woweruza amalingalira za upandu wa kuthaŵa kwa ndege ndi ngozi imene woimbidwa mlanduyo akupereka kwa anthu. Demendment Eighth Amendment imaletsa "active beil," koma oimbidwa mlandu wa milandu yaikulu kapena yachiwawa angaikidwe popanda bere (mlandu lapambuyo). Gulu lamakono la Reager lapendulo lapeputsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ndalama, likutsutsa kuti litsogolera kumangidwa kwa oimbidwa mlandu wotsika osati chifukwa chakuti iwo ali owopsa, koma chifukwa chakuti iwo sangathe kulipira kaamba ka ufulu wawo.

Chithunzi 5: Zoyenda ndi Zopezedwa Pasadakhale

Nthawi imene munthu akuzengedwa mlandu ndi nthawi imene anthu otsutsana ndi malamulo amatanganidwa kwambiri.

Zimene Zinachitika

Difirecty ndi njira yamwambo imene kuweruza ndi kupatsana chidziŵitso ndi umboni. Mlandu uli ndi ntchito yalamulo, yokhazikitsidwa mu Brady v. Maryland [1], kuvumbula umboni uliwonse wotsegulidwa umene uli wovomerezeka kwa woimbidwa mlandu ndi zinthu zodzitetezera kapena chilango. Chitetezerocho chiyenera kupereka chidziŵitso cha chitetezo china, monga alibi kapena kuchonderera kwa misala. Kulephera kugwirizana ndi malamulo opezedwa kungatsogolera ku chilolezo, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa umboni kapena ngakhale kuchotsedwa kwa milandu.

Zoyesayesa Zofala Pasadakhale

Kuzenga mlandu kusanayambe ndi kupempha woweruza kuti apange chigamulo chalamulo chotsimikizirika mlanduwo usanayambe.

  • Kutsendereza: Kaŵirikaŵiri] kamodzikamodzi kamodzi kamodzi kakuyenda kowopsa. Chidziwitso chimatsutsa kuti umboni wina, wonga ngati kuulula kwa mboni, kapena umboni wowoneka, unapezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo ndipo uyenera kuchotsedwa pa kuzengedwa mlandu. Kutsendereza kwachipambano kungafooketse mlandu.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuti kufalitsa nkhani zambiri kapena chitaganya kumapangitsa kusalandira kuweruza kolungama m'dziko lamakono.
  • Motion mu Limine:[[FLT :1] Pempho kaamba ka khoti kulamulira pa kulephera kwa umboni wakutiwakuti isanatchulidwe pamaso pa oweruza. Zimenezi zimaletsa chidziŵitso cha tsankho kuulutsidwa.
  • Kuchotsa: Chidzichinjirizo chitsutsa kuti mlandu walephera kunena, kuti pali kulakwa kwakukulu kwa lamulo m’nkhaniyo, kapena kuti ufulu wofulumira wa woimbidwa mlandu waswedwa.

Chigawo 6: Kuzenga Mlandu

Kuzenga mlandu kuli mbali yowonekera kwambiri ya mlandu waupandu, mbali ya lamulo kumene boma liyenera kutsimikizira mlandu wake " kupyola chikaikiro choyenera" ku kupezedwa kwa zenizeni zauchete [1] woweruza (kuzenga mlandu) kapena jaji. Mlanduwo uli kwenikweni kupitiriza kolinganizidwa kuyesa mphamvu ya umboni wa oweruza.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

Ntchito yosankha juli imadziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] yoopsa kwambiri. Woweruza ndi maloya amafunsa oyenera kugamula mlandu kuti apeze tsankho. Mbali iliyonse ili ndi mavuto osatha "kupangitsa" (m’m., jala wakuvomereza kuti sangakhale wopanda tsankho kapena akudziŵa umboni) ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha mavuto amene amatsutsidwa, amene safunikira chifukwa chotchulidwa (ngakhale kuti sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pa fuko kapena chisembwere monga momwe anayambira mu Batson v. Kentucky . ]). Cholinga cha onse aŵiriwo ndicho kusankha komiti yoweruza kuti ikhale yokomera.

Malamulo a Kuzenga Mlandu

  1. Mfundo zotseguka: mbali zonse ziŵiri zimapereka umboni umene akufuna kutsimikizira. Umenewu suli umboni koma mapu a msewu a oweruza.
  2. Umboni wa Case-in-Chief: Chiweruzo chimapereka umboni wake ndi kuitana mboni. Chitetezo chili ndi kuyenera kwa surstamine [[FL:3] mboni iliyonse, kuyenera kofunika kwambiri kuyesa kudalirika kwa umboni.
  3. Nkhani ya Defense: Kudzitetezera kumapereka umboni wake ndi mboni. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kusapereka umboni, ndipo oweruza akulangizidwa kuti sangakhoze kukhala chete motsutsana nawo.
  4. Nkhani zofotokoza: Mbali iriyonse imafupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake oweruza ayenera kuwona woimbidwa mlandu kukhala wolakwa kapena wosalakwa.
  5. Mitengo ya Chipulumutso: Woweruza amalangiza ajuli pa lamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo limene ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito ku nsonga. Mawu achindunji a malangizo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsidwa mwamphamvu ndi maloya.

Malamulo a Umboni

Chiweruzocho chimalamulidwa ndi malamulo okhwima a umboni, monga Federal Rules of Umboni. Malamulo ameneŵa amalongosola umboni ndi zisonyezero zimene zingaperekedwe kwa oweruza. Mfundo yaikulu ndi Lamulo 403, limene limalola woweruza kuchotsa umboni woyenerera ngati phindu lake lakupitira kutsogolo kuli kopambana ndi upandu wa tsankhu losalungama, kusokoneza nkhani, kapena kusokeretsa oweruza. Imeneyi ndi njira yochititsa chidwi imene woweruza woweruzayo amaisamalira panthaŵi yeniyeni.

Kupendani njira yozenga mlandu [[ML:0] yochokera ku United States Courts .

Chikalata 7: Chilango

Atalandira malangizo kuchokera kwa woweruza, ajuli amapuma m'chipinda cha ajuli kuti apite mwadala ku chinsinsi. Ayenera kugamula mogwirizana pa mlandu uliwonse kuti abweze chigamulo. Ngati ajuli satha kugamula mogwirizana, imatchedwa " jagupt," ". ndipo woweruza angalengeze mlandu. Mlandu, woweruzayo angasankhe kuyesa mlanduwo ngati akhulupirira kuti atha kuweruza mlandu wina.

Ngati chiweruzo chiri "chopanda liwongo," woimbidwa mlandu amamasulidwa mwamsanga ku milanduyo, ndipo boma silikhoza kuziyesa chifukwa cha chitetezo cha lamulo pa [[FLT: 0] ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri . Kupezedwa kwa "kulakwa" kumatsogolera mlanduwo ku chigawo chotsatira: kuweruza.

Chilango 8: Kupereka Mlandu

Kaŵirikaŵiri, kuweruza kumeneku kumakhala kuweruza kosiyana ndi mlanduwo, kulola khoti kulingalira nkhani zosiyanasiyana zimene oweruzawo angakhale sanamve.

Kumva Mlandu

Asanapereke chigamulo, woweruza amalingalira lipoti la kufufuza kochitidwa (PSI) [pambuyo pake] [PLT:1] lokonzedwa ndi ofisala wozenga mlandu. Izi zimafotokoza chiyambukiro cha upandu pa mikole (zikalata za mphamvu za oimbidwa mlandu), chiyambi cha banja, mbiri ya banja, maphunziro, ntchito, ndi zolembedwa za upandu. Odzitetezera ndi otsutsa ali ndi mwaŵi wa kutsutsa chigamulo chachindunji chozikidwa pa zopezedwa m'PSI.

Kuyenda Mogometsa ndi Zochititsa Zowonjezereka

Woweruza adzapima zinthu zowonjezera (zinthu zimene zimachititsa upanduwo kukhala wowopsa kwambiri, monga ngati mnkhole wosavuta kugwidwa, utsogoleri wa upandu, kapena kuchititsa upandu kulipira) ndi zinthu zotsutsa (zinthu zimene zimachepetsa kulakwa kwa woimbidwa mlandu, monga ngati kusoŵa mbiri ya upandu, kugwira ntchito pansi pa zitsutso, kapena kusonyeza kuipidwa).

Mitundu ya Milandu

  • Chikalata: Woimbidwa mlandu amatulutsidwa m'mudzi woyang’aniridwa, kuyang’anizana ndi mikhalidwe yakutiyakuti monga kuyesa mankhwala kapena madeti a panyumba.
  • [[MT.0] Mapine ndi Kusintha: [[FT:1] Zilango za Monetini zolipiridwa ku boma (mafashoni) kapena mwachindunji kwa wotayidwa (uhule) kaamba ka kutayikiridwa kwawo.
  • Kuikidwa: [[FLT :1] Chilango cha ku ndende (mwachidziŵikire kaamba ka mafelo) kapena ndende (kwa maupandu).
  • Alternatives: Kumangidwa kwa nyumba, kuyang'anira pa magetsi, ntchito ya m'chitaganya, kapena kutengamo mbali m'programu ya chithandizo.

Federal Sentensing Guidelines zimapereka maziko oŵerengera ziganizo, ngakhale kuti tsopano ndizo zopereka lamulo mmalo mwa kukakamiza kutsatira chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu United States v. Buku

Funsani [[FLT: 0] United States Sevending Commission kaamba ka zitsogozo zalamulo ndi chidziŵitso .

Chisitepe 9: Chikopa

Chigawo cha mlandu ndicho mwaŵi wa woimbidwa mlandu kutsutsa chigamulo kapena chigamulo m’khoti lapamwamba. Kuchonderera sikuli kuzenga mlandu kwatsopano; ndiko kupenda mbiri ya milandu imene ingakhale itayambukira molakwika zotulukapo.

Malo Okopa

Woimbidwa mlandu (tsopano ndi [[FLT: 0]] atchule chophophonya chalamulo chimene chinachitika. Zifukwa zambiri zimaphatikizapo zigamulo zolakwika zoperekedwa ndi woweruza pa umboni kapena malangizo a ajuli, umboni wosakwanira kuchirikiza chigamulo, thandizo losagwira ntchito la uphungu, kapena khalidwe lolakwika la aloya. Muyezo wa apilo wachipambano ngwapamwamba; woweruza ayenera kusonyeza kuti cholakwa chilichonse sichinali ‘ chopanda pake" ndipo mwinamwake unayambukira chigamulo.

Miyezo ya Kubwereramo

Makhoti a apilo amagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya kupenda malinga ndi nkhani. Zotulukapo zalamulo zimapendedwa " devo" (m'chatsopano), kutanthauza khoti la apulogalamu silimavomereza kumasulira kwa woweruza woweruza lamulo. Zomwe zapezedwazo zimapendedwa kaamba ka ntchito zosiyanasiyana za " cholakwika chachindunji . zigamu zachigamulo za kuyesa " kugwiritsira ntchito luntha la kuweruza. Miyezo imeneyi imasonyeza mabwalo osiyanasiyana a milandu ndi mabwalo a milandu.

Habeas Corpus

Pambuyo pa kuchonderera kwachindunji kwa boma kwatha, woimbidwa mlandu wa boma angalembe chikalata cha magetsi a corpus m'khoti la boma, akumanena kuti ufulu wawo walamulo unaswedwa. Uku ndi kuukira kocholoŵana ndi koletsedwa kotsekedwa pa mlanduwo. Makhoti a boma samva kaŵirikaŵiri mawu amene sanaperekedwe moyenerera m’khoti, pokhapokha ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo asonyeza kulakwa ndi tsankho, kapena kuswa lamulo lalikulu.

Understand the writ of habeas corpus at Cornell Law School's Legal Information Institute.

Kumaliza

Njira ya mlandu waupandu ndiyo njira yalamulo yolinganizidwa mosamalitsa yotetezera anthu osalakwa pamene akutsimikizira kuti ali ndi mlandu mwa njira zolungama. Kuchokera ku Kuletsa kwa Choyamba kwa Chombo Chosintha zinthu ku kutsimikizira komaliza kwa kufunsira kwa habeas corpus, siteji iriyonse imatumikira monga chitetezo chalamulo ku kachitidwe kodzisankhira ka boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosololi silili langwiro ndipo limayang'anizana ndi mavuto ogwirizana ndi kuyenera ndi kukhoza, kumvetsetsa chimenechi kugogomezera lamulo la maziko la chilungamo cha ku Amereka: boma nthaŵi zonse liyenera kutsimikizira mlandu wake, ndipo ngakhale awo oimbidwa mlandu wa upandu waukulu ali ndi ufulu wotetezera kotheratu wa kachitidwe kachitidwe kabwino.