Chisankho chachikulu ndicho maziko a democracy ya ku America, monga njira imene zipani za ndale zadziko zimatsalira anthu oyenerera kusankhidwa pa masankho. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyazidwa ndi ovota wamba, mapulatifomu ndi mabuleki amasankha amene amawonekera pa mipando yapamwamba ya pa November ya zonse kuchokera pa mipando ya sukulu kufikira ku democracy. Ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi otomeretsa nzika, kuzindikira njira imeneyi ya kufalikira kwa anthu onse m'mapulatifomu ndi kumapeto kwa ulamuliro. Pansipansi pali mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane, ndi njira yaikulu yosankhira, kuphatikizapo mbiri yake, kusintha, ndi mavuto ake amayang'anizana ndi masankho amakono.

Chiyambi cha Chiyambi ndi Chisinthiko cha Zosankha Zoyambirira

Malamulo monga momwe timawadziŵira lerolino sanapezeke m'zaka zoyambirira za Republic. Kuyambira 1790 mpaka kuma 1900, a m'gulu la agulu adasankhidwa m'misonkhano yotsekedwa ndi akuluakulu a gulu — njira yotchedwa “khaucus” kapena“ pangano. Imeneyi inapatsa gulu mphamvu zazikulu ndipo nthaŵi zambiri inatsogolera ku ziphuphu ndi kuchita ntchito zapambuyo. Mwambo wa Zakuti (pafupifupi 1890-1920) unasonkhezera kuukira democracy yowonjezereka, kutsogolera ku masankhoti oyambirira a boma. Wisconsis anatengera njira yoyamba yachindunji mu 19037 pansi pa ulamuliro wa Genear Genear Robert Follette, ndipo ndi mayiko ambiri anatsatira. Komabe, dongosolo lapamwamba la democralitiodecracy linatsalira mpaka 1970, pamene mapangano adziko la Democratic Convention adakhazikitsa njira yosankha zinthu yaikulu ya chigamu ya chigawa cha dziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti n’zo, gulu la anthu lachiŵiri la Ghol, likusintha malamulo ndi kusintha kwa malamulo.

Kodi Mafotokozedwe ndi Malingaliro Okhudza Upandu N’chiyani?

Pankhani yake yosavuta, chisankho chachikulu ndicho mpikisano wa kukana mwa njira imene osankha angasankhepo kuti wosankhayo adzaimira chipani cha onse pa chisankho chimene chikubwera. Mosiyana ndi masankho a anthu onse ovota, amene ali otseguka, mapulani amalamulidwa ndi malamulo a zipani ndi malamulo a boma amene amasankha amene ali woyenera kutenga nawo. Chotulukapo cha munthu wamkulu chingakhale chogwirizana mwachindunji — wopambanayo amakhala woimira wa gululo — kapena wotsogolera, ndi oimira pa msonkhano. Kuzindikira mtundu waukulu nkofunika popenda mmene njirayo iliridi.

Malo Otsekeredwa

Pa mfundo yaikulu, ovota okha olembetsedwa ndi gulu lina ndi amene angavote m'chipani chachikulu cha chipani chimenecho. Mwachitsanzo, Democrat wovomerezeka sangavote m'dziko lalikulu, ndi kutsutsana ndi . Ochirikiza amanena kuti ma primenti otseka amasunga uthenga wa chipanicho kukhala wogwirizana ndi kuletsa “kuvota . — pamene ziŵalo za gulu lotsutsalo zimayesa kusokoneza mbali ina mwa kuvota kwa wodwala wofooka. Otsutsa amati primensions zimatseka otembenuza ufulu wa munthu ndi kuchirikiza kuwonjezera ufulu wa anthu. Tsopano, monga Florida, Kentucky, New York, ndi Oregon akugwiritsa ntchito malo otsekera a gulu lina lalikulu.

Kutsegulira Malo Otseguka

Otsegulira alola wovota aliyense wovomerezeka kukhala ndi phande m'chigawo chachikulu, mosasamala kanthu za kulembetsa kwawo. Ofufuza ayenera kusankha chisankho cha chipani chimodzi pamalo oonera koma safunikira kulengeza chipani. Dongosolo limeneli nlofuna kuwonjezera kukhalamo ndi kuwonjezera mawu. Maboma okhala ndi otsegula amaphatikizapo Alabama, Georgia, Michigan, Texas, ndi Wisconsin. Upandu umodzi ndiwo “kuvota,” kumene ziŵalo za gulu lina lapadera la gululo zimasankha kugamulapo kanthu kuti lisinthe — ngakhale kuti kufufuza kukusonyeza zimenezi sikuchitika kaŵirikaŵiri.

Semi- Otseka ndi Semi Otsegula

Semi-ocled primiry (nthaŵi zina yotchedwa “hybrimed” primes) imalola kuti osankha okha asankhe chipani chimene akufuna kuvota, koma mamembala a chipani cholembetsedwa angoikidwa pa chipani chawo. Malamulo ameneŵa akugwirizana ndi kulimba kwa gulu. Mawu enieni angasokonezeke, monga mmene amanenera mawu osiyanasiyana; kufunsa [FOLD:] Conflictive convect ndi gulu la osankha tsiku la kuvota. United States monga Illinois, New Hampshire, ndi North Carolina angagwiritsire ntchito matanthauzo a zinthu. Mawu enieniwo angasokoneze, monga mmene amachitira mawu osiyanasiyana; mapepala odalirika, kufunsa [FOLD: 0] Convention of State of gractture ofs ofs of state. [FFF]

Kufunika kwa Upandu m’Ndendereza

Upandu uli woposa kwambiri kulinganiza kwa mapulatifomu a ndale zadziko; amaumba malo onse andale. Mwa kulola mamembala a gulu lapamwamba ndi a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu kusankha mamembala awo apamwamba, ma prominary amatsimikizira kuti oyembekezera adzayankha mlandu wawo mmalo mwa opereka kapena oloŵa m’gulu. Osonkhezera ameneŵa a m'mabudzu amene amapanga zigwirizano ndi malumbiro apadera ndi oyenerera amasintha mapangano awo a gulu lawo m’mbali zimenezo. Ndiponso, mapulogalamu amatenga ntchito yobwezera: oyembekezera amene amapulumuka kutentha kwa chinthu chachikulu kaŵirikaŵiri amakonzekera bwino kaamba ka kaseŵero. Njira yaikulu ya kukhazikitsanso mgwirizano, makamaka pakati pa achichepere amene angamve kuti achotsedwe kuchokera ku mbali ya ndale zadziko. Pamene amasinthanso m'malamulo amphamvu kwambiri.

Kunyonyotsoka Pansi pa Njira Yoyambirira ya Kusankha

Masitepe otsatirawa amathandiza kwambiri kuti timvetse bwino mmene zinthu zikuyendera m’mbuyomu.

Sitepe 1: Chilengezo ndi Kususukira Zomwe Zaperekedwa ndi Zotsatira Zake

Asayansi atha kukhazikitsa chikalata chovomerezeka cha boma. Anthu amalengeza kuti ndi olondola kwambiri polengeza za kudalirika kwa ntchito yawo. Chilengezo chimenechi chingakhale chosavuta ngati kutulutsa nyuzipepala kapena monga kuvomereza chikalata cha kutsimikizira ofesi ya chisankho. Oyenera kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso zosiyanasiyana: msinkhu ndi kukhala ndi ziyeneretso, kupereka ndalama zoikizira (zomwe zingasiyane ndi ndalama zokwana madola mazana angapo za boma pa ntchito ya boma ku ofesi ya boma, ndi kugonjera chiŵerengero chofunikira cha kusainidwa ndi olembetsa. Chitsanzo, munthu wa ku California ayenera kulipira ndalama zokwana pafupifupi $1, 740 (zofunika kusintha) kapena kusainikirana ndalama zambiri za boma ku makampani (FC). Ofezi amafunikiranso kuti alembe mapepala a m'maumboni a m'dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wotchuka wa ku California ayenera kulowa m'dziko la chigawo cha X200,000, koma amalephera ndi kusankhidwa ndi chigawa cha boma chosankhidwa pakati pa mapangano a boma. [FF1], ndipo akuona chikalata chovomereze chovomerezeka chovomerezeka cha boma chovomereze ndi chikalata

Sitepe 2: Kupanga Mkupiti ndi Kutulukira

Pambuyo pake, oyembekezerawo aloŵa m'mbali yaikulu ya ndale zamakono. M'ndale zamakono, zimenezi zimaphatikizapo njira zamwambo ndi zamakono: kuseŵerera khomo ndi khomo, maholo a tauni, makambitsirano a pawailesi, kufunsa kwa wailesi, kutsatsa malonda a anthu, ndi makalata olunjika. Opikisananso ndi kuvomereza kuchuluka kwa anthu otchuka, maukwati, ndi magulu achisangalalo. Ofuna ndalama ndizo ayenera kukweza ndalama zolipirira antchito, ndi zoyendera mawailesi. 20202020 za democratic steold anakweza mazana ambiri a madola. Mbali imeneyi ingakhalenso kwa miyezi ingapo kupitirira chaka chimodzi. Kukambirana ndi kulola ofufuza kuyerekezera nkhani, ndi manyuzipepala ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito popanga mapepala otchuka kuti apeze ndalama.

Sitepe 3: Kulunjika Njira ndi Kupezeka kwa Zida Zotchedwa Ballot

Patsiku loyamba loikidwa (kapena masiku, kaamba ka maboma opanga mavoti owonjezereka mwamsanga), ovota olembetsedwa anaponya mapepala awo oitanira.

  • Kuvota pa tsiku la chisankho: Mavoti amapita ku malo opangidwira, chizindikiritso chimene chiripo (kudalira pa malamulo a maID a boma), ndi kuika chizindikiro cha pepala. Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala oonera, ena amagwiritsira ntchito makina osankha.
  • Kuvota koyamba: Maboma ambiri amapereka chivoti choyambirira kwa masiku kapena milungu isanafike deti lalikulu lalamulo, kuwonjezera kusavuta ndi kuchepetsa mizera.
  • Acconsoe ndi kusanthula pepala: Mavota angapemphe pepala lochotsedwa (pachifukwa chilichonse, kapena kokha ndi chodzikhululukira, kudalira pa lamulo la boma) ndi kulibwezera mwa kutumiza makalata kapena kuponya bokosi. Maboma ena, monga Oregon, Washington, ndi Colorado, kuchititsa ma tripring pafupifupi mwa kutumiza makalata.
  • Kulembetsa kwa tsiku la magetsi: Chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha maboma amalola ovota kulembetsa kapena kusintha kugwirizana ndi gulu lachipembedzo patsiku loyamba — zimenezi zingawonjezere kwambiri chiŵerengero cha achichepere ndi magalimoto.

Malamulo ena amandandalika madanga a gulu limodzi la oyembekezera onse (amatchedwa “jangle stat " kapena“ blankt preadget”), pamene kuli kwakuti ena amagwiritsira ntchito mabwalo amilandu apamwamba a U.S. mlandu Kalinia Democratic Party v. Jones [2000] anagwetsa chivunde cha zipinda zazikulu monga kuswa zoyenera za mayanjano a magulu, koma “pamwamba-2". Osakhala apartishanti (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku California, Washington, ndi Nebraska) ali ndi lamulo chifukwa chakuti amalola ofunsira onse kuwonekera pa gulu lapaderalo, ndi kubwera kwake kwa magulu aŵiri.

Sitepe 4: Kuŵerenga Masitayelo ndi Kusintha

Atamaliza kufufuza, akuluakulu a masankho alembetsa mavoti. Kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi 50%, wosankha amene ali ndi mavoti ambiri amapambana chipanicho, malinga ngati alandira kuchuluka kwa anthu (kaŵirikaŵiri ambiri m’mayiko ena). Ngati kuthamanga kukufunika — makamaka pamene palibe wobatizidwa afika pachipata choikidwa, monga 40% kapena 50% — omaliza aŵiriwo amapikisana m'masabata achiŵiri pambuyo pake. Kuthamanga kwa makampani ambiri kumakhala kofala m’mayiko akumwera monga Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, ndi Arkansas ku boma ndi mafuko ena. Zotsatirapo za chivotiko zimavomerezedwa ndi mabungwe a chisankho cha chivoti cha boma pambuyo pa nyengo imene imaphatikizapo kupenda ndi kutchula ngati malire. Njirayo imakonzedwa kutsimikizira kulondola, ngakhale kuti kuŵerengera koteretsa koteretsa kwa mabomba 2020 — kuŵerengera konga kwa m'makalata a New York York — kuchedwa kopeka m'ka.

Mfundo 5: Muzitumiza Anthu kumayiko ena ndi kudzachita Misonkhano Yachigawo

Kwa mapulani a bungwe la Republica, kachitidweko sikatha ndi voti yotchuka. M’malo mwake, oyembekezera kupikisana ndi nthumwi zimene zidzawasankha mwalamulo pamsonkhano wa dziko lonse. Malamulo ogaŵira alendo ngocholoŵana ndipo amasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mapwando a Democratic ndi Republican.

  • Chipani cha Democratic Party : [[FLT :1] Nthumwi zimapatsidwa molingana ndi mbali yaikulu ya voti, ndi wofunsira amene amafunikira chifupifupi 15% cha voti m'dziko kulandira nthumwi. Palinso “mageti a gulu la opasa ndi akuluakulu a chipani — amene ali osatsekedwa ndipo angachirikize woloŵa aliyense. Chiyambire 2020, mavoti a a a mavoti a ma dracenti a sati aponyedwa pa chisankho choyamba pokhapo ngati fuko lagamulidwa kale.
  • Chipani cha Republican:[[FLT :1] Magawo a Oimira amasiyana ndi boma: ena ogwiritsira ntchito kupambana- onse (wolandira wosankha wa dziko lonse amapeza nthumwi zonse), ena amagwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu oimira kapena ophatikizapo. RNC alibe mawindo aakulu, koma magawo angakhale ndi nthumwi zosakhala.

Pa misonkhano ya masiku ano, anthu ambiri amazindikira kuti padzakhala zotsatirapo zake, koma misonkhano imakhala yofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale mgwirizano, kuti pakhale anthu osankhidwa pa pulatifomu, ndiponso kuti pakhale kutchuka kwa ofalitsa nkhani m’masankho onse.

Mafuta a m’mafakitale amasintha: Kodi pali kusiyana kotani?

Ngakhale kuti mawuwo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosinthasintha, maprimitala ndi mavoti ali njira zowonekera. Choyambirira ndicho chisankho cholunjika, kumene ovota amapanga malo achinsinsi pa nyengo yoikidwa (makamaka tsiku limodzi). Chikho cha caucus, ndi msonkhano wapafupi kumene ovota amakumana panthaŵi yakutiyakuti ayambe kukambirana ndi kuvota poyera. Kuphatikiza 2020, Aowa amaphatikizapo, oimira ofunsira, ndipo nthaŵi zina zambiri amapanga mavoti a voti ambiri. Iwo amakopa oloŵamo mbali za ndale. Monga chotulukapo, kasupe wapo wasuli watsutsidwa chifukwa cha kugawana ndi kugawana ndi kufalikira kwa makampani ambiri. Ofufuzawo adatsutsa kuti asungedwe ndi kuwonjezera, lerolino, osati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa prezidenti wachiŵiri, (ponse aŵiri) ndipo amatsutsa nkhani zapamwamba. [Aponsi]

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Dongosolo Loyambirira

Ngakhale kuti cholinga cha demokalase n’chosamveka, ntchito yaikulu yosankha anthu imakhala ndi mavuto aakulu amene angalepheretse kuyenerera ndi kugwira bwino ntchito kwake.

M’malere

Kutembenuka kwachidule kwa mbiri yakale kuli kochepa kwambiri kuposa kutsegula kwa masankho a onse. M'ma 2022 apakati pa 202, pafupifupi 20% okha a ovota oyenerera anagawana nawo, poyerekezera ndi 46% m'chosankha cha onse. Kubwerera kumatanthauza kuti kaganizidwe kang'ono, kambiri kake ka maganizo ka ovoti kaposedwa kamapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kugamula kuti apeze a m'tsogolo. Zimenezi zingatsogolere kwa ofunsirawo amene ali opambanitsa kuposa osankhidwa wamba, chinthu chodziŵika monga “kusintha kwa . .". Zoyesayesa kuwonjezera, monga kulembetsa kodzisankhira ndi opanga makalata apadziko lonse, zasonyeza lonjezo koma zagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kugwiritsidwa Mwala kwa Maginito Odzidalira

M'maboma otsekedwa, ovota amene salembetsa ndi chipani chachikulu — pafupifupi 40% ya Aamereka tsopano akudziŵika kukhala odziimira, malinga ndi Gallup — amatsekedwa bwino lomwe ku njira yopangira ma foni. Zimenezi zingachotse mbali yaikulu ya osankhidwa ndi kulimbikitsa kugaŵikana. Maboma ena ayankha mwa kulola odziimira okha kutengamo mbali m'madongosolo oyandikana ndi apansi, koma mkangano wonena za “kumasuka” udakali nkhani yaikulu ya lamulo.

Chisonkhezero cha Ndalama ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani

Kampeni yopereka ndalama m'mabande ingayambitse kusiyana kwakukulu. Ofuna kuthawa kapena amene ali ndi anthu biliyoni yopereka ndalama angalamulire mapeseji ndi kulinganiza, pamene kuli kwakuti oyembekezera kubadwa kwa udzu amavutika kuti amvedwe. Khoti Lalikulu la U.U.S. Khoti lapamwamba la [[FL:0]] Citimans United[[FL:1] chigamulo chakudzisankhira (2010]) chotsegulira chitseguduko chothera padera ndi ma PC, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimafuna kusokoneza zotsatira zake. Kulankhulana kwa Media kumakondanso kuyanja kutsogolera, kupanga mzere wa kudzifufuza kumene atsogoleri oyambirira amalandira chisamaliro chachikulu, kuchipanga icho mosatheka kulephera kwa opimira kuswa. “Framsting progalamu imeneyi yosadziŵika bwino.

Kupondereza ndi Zopinga

Malamulo a ovota a mpambo, maola opatulira, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo ofufuza m'madera aang'ono kumakhudza kwambiri kutengamo mbali. Brennan Center ya Chilungamo yalemba mmene zopinga zimenezi zimachepetsera, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata ndi ovota ochepa. Kuwonjezera apo, kuchuluka kwa “zomera zokopa ” — kumene woloŵayo wapeza kale ufulu pamaso pa maboma ambiri ovota — kungatsogolere ku ku kusankhira phera ndi lingaliro limene voti ya munthu safunikira.

Kumaliza: Kukweranso kwa Malire

Chisankho chachikulu, ndi kucholoŵana kwake konse, chidakali mzati wofunika wa dongosolo la osanthula a ku America. Chimasintha chifuno cha ziŵalo za chipani kukhala zosankha zotsimikizirika, kuyendetsa udzu, ndi kuchititsa oyembekezera kuŵerengera kwa nthaŵi yaitali chisankho cha onse. kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuchititsa masankho aakulu kumapereka phunziro lachindunji m'maboma, kuimira, ndi kufunika kwa kutengamo mbali. Pamene malo andale akusintha — ndi maina a kusanthula kwapadera, ndi kutsegulira ndalama — kuzindikira nzika za kampani kupatsa mphamvu anthu kuti apereke njira imene ili yowonekera ndi yoimira kwambiri. Kaya muli wovota kapena wodziŵa bwino zandale, kutenga nthaŵi ya kuphunzira ndi kutenga mbali m’chigwirizano wanu chachikulu m’chigwirizano chanu cha m’dziko ndi m’chigwirizano wanu wa m’tsogolomungathe kukonzanso kukonza njira za chigwirizano cha dziko lanu.