Kodi Njira Yoyendetsera Zinthu N’njotani?

Madongosolo a Electoral ndi malamulo amene amasankha mmene mavoti a nzika amatembenuzidwira ku mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo kapena mu ofesi ya akuluakulu. Amalongosola zonse kuchokera ku mmene mavoti amalinganizidwira ku kuŵerengera mavoti ndi mmene opambana amasankhidwira. Pamene kuli kwakuti opanga makampani angaoneke ngati aluso, kusankha dongosolo losankha kuli ndi zotsatira zazikulu za kuimira kwa ndale zadziko, kukhazikika kwa boma, khalidwe la wovota, ndi thanzi lonse la demokrase.

Pamaziko ake, dongosolo la osankhidwa limayankha mafunso atatu ofunika kwambiri: ndani amene angavote, kodi mavoti amasinthidwa motani kukhala ulamuliro? Mayankhowo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri m’maiko onse, kusonyeza zochitika zosiyanasiyana za m’mbiri, chikhalidwe, ndi zolinga za ndale zadziko. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa nkofunika osati kokha kwa asayansi andale komanso kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene akufuna kuzindikira chifukwa chake ma democracy ena amapanga madongosolo aŵiri pamene ena akuchirikiza mapangano osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake masankhoti ena amatulukapo chilakiko cha dziko ndi nyumba za malamulo zina zopachikidwa, ndi chifukwa chake wovota angasiyane mokulira kuchokera ku dziko limodzi kupita ku lina.

Kukula kwa Njira Zoyendera Zakale

Maziko a masankho amakono a masankho ali m'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19, monga ngati zolinga za demokrase zinafalikira ku Ulaya ndi America. Madongosolo oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri anali njira zosavuta kuchuluka, kumene wosankhidwa ndi mavoti ambiri anapambana. Bungwe la United Kingdom la First-Past-The Post (FTPP), mwachitsanzo, linasintha kuchokera ku masankho a m'nyengo zapakati. M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, osintha zinthu anayamba kukayikira ngati madongosolo amenewo anali kuimira bwino chifuniro cha anthu, makamaka monga mmene kuwonjezera pepala la United Kingdom kuphatikizapo anthu ambiri ndi osiyana.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, anthu oganiza bwino ku Ulaya ndi kwina anayamba kujambula motsatira mfundo zapakati. Katswiri wa masamu wa ku Belgium Victor D’Hondt anapanga njira yopangira mipando yoyendera, ndipo mayiko onga Belgium, Finland, ndi Switzerland anatengera PR kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Dziko, mayiko ambiri odziimira ndi maiko amene akumanganso zinthu zina zogwirizana ndi kuyesa madongosolo ophatikizapo, kuphatikiza mbali za maatomu aakulutarianism ndi kulinganiza. Lerolino, oposa theka la ma democracyism adziko lapansi amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa kuimira kugaŵana, pamene ena akusunga njira zoyendera kapena zophatikizana. [FLT:] AA [FLD]

Mbali Zazikulu za Madongosolo a Zinthu

Tisanadumphe m’njira inayake, n’kofunika kwambiri kumvetsa zinthu zimene zimapanga zinthu zongosankha.

Kukongola kwa Chigawo

Ukulu wa chigawo ukutanthauza chiŵerengero cha oimira osankhidwa kuchokera ku chigawo chimodzi chokha chosankhidwira . Zigawo za chigawo chimodzi (SMD) zimasankha woimira mmodzi, pamene kuli kwakuti zigawo zambiri (MD) zimasankha ziŵiri kapena kuposa. Kukula kwa chigawo kuli ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu pa kulinganiza: madera aakulu amapanga zotulukapo zambiri chifukwa amalola zigawo zazing'ono kupata mipando ndi mbali yochepa ya voti.

Malo Oloŵeramo

Madongosolo ambiri olinganiza amaika mlingo wochepa wa voti imene gulu liyenera kukwaniritsa kuti lipeze mipando. Khomo limeneli, kaŵirikaŵiri loikidwa pakati pa 3% ndi 5%, lalinganizidwira kuletsa zipani zazing'ono kwambiri kapena zowopsya kuloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo. Komabe, lingasiyenso mawu oyenerera a anthu ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, chitseko cha Germany chakhala chikukambitsiridwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri. ACE Electoral Knowlective Network

Malo a Ballot

Mmene ovota amalongosolera zosankha zawo pa pepala losankhira angasiyane: Mavoti alamulo amalola chosankha chimodzi (kwa wobatizidwa kapena paphwando), pamene kuli kwakuti osankha amalola osankha kuikidwa m’magulu osankhidwa m’njira ya chikondano. Makonzedwe a Ballot mwachindunji amayambukira kaya ovota angachirikize mapwando ambiri kapena mizera ya mapwando.

Kamangidwe ka Malo Okhala

Mavoti ataŵerengedwa, njira ya masamu imasankha kuti ndi mipando ingati imene gulu lililonse limalandira. Njira zofala zimaphatikizapo njira ya D’Hondt (yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya), njira ya Sainte-Laguë (yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku New Zealand ndi mayiko ena a ku Scandinavia), ndi Harequa. Njira iliyonse ili ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana: D’Hondt imafuna kuti anthu ambiri akhale ndi zipani zikuluzikulu, pamene Sainte-Laguë ali ndi njira yogwirizana kwambiri.

Mitundu ya Njira za Electoral: Kupenda kwa Madeko

Nkhani yoyamba inandandalitsa madongosolo a chigawo, a mizera, ndi osanganiza. m’munsimu timafutukula gulu lililonse ndi tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka, zitsanzo, ndi malongosoledwe ogwirizana.

Madongosolo Aakulu

Madongosolo aakulu a boma amazikidwa pa lamulo lakuti wofuna kubatizidwa kapena chipani chimene chapambana mavoti ambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’maiko okhala ndi mwambo wa boma limodzi ndipo amagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chitsanzo cha Westminster.

Kuyamba - Past- Zilembo Zofika (FPTP)

FPTP ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri yothandizira anthu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wosankha wokhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha mavoti m’chigawo chimodzi amapambana pampando, mosasamala kanthu kuti ali ndi anthu ambiri. Dongosolo limeneli limatulutsa kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu ndi nthumwi zawo, koma lingachititsenso kuti pakhale zotsatirapo zazikulu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015 UK covergate ya UK, Conservative Party inapambana 37% ya voti ndipo inagwira 51% ya mipando, pamene UK Independeration Party inalandira 12.6% ya voti koma mpando umodzi wokha. “vino wa [1] Chikalata chimenechi ndi chizindikiro cha FTPP. Otsutsa kuti FPP imatsutsa kusanthula kwachitatu ndi masamba ambiri.

Malo Odulirapo Aŵiri (Guloff)

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku France, Brazil, ndi masankho ambiri a pulezidenti, dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri limafunikira wobatizidwa kupambana kwakukulu (kuposa 50%) kupambana m'mbali yoyamba. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa, mbali yachiŵiri imachitidwa pakati pa aŵiri otchuka kapena oposa. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo pomalizira pake ali ndi chichirikizo chochuluka, koma lingakhale lokwera mtengo ndipo lingaletse kutembenukira kwachiŵiri ngati wosankhayo akuona kuti wosankhayo satha kuthamanga.

Zopanga Zosafunika (Ranked-Choice)

M'voti ina, ovota osankhidwa m'njira yapadera. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene alandira unyinji wa mavoti oyamba osankhidwa, wosankhidwa womalizira amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa ku chosankha china. Njira imeneyi ikupitiriza kufikira wobatizidwa atafika kwa anthu ambiri. Australia imagwiritsira ntchito njira imeneyi ku nyumba yake yaing'ono. Imalimbikitsa oyembekezera kufunsira kupyola pa maziko awo ndi kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kuvota kwa lamulo. Mabungwe ena ku United States, monga ngati Maine ndi Alaska, alandira chisankho cha mavoti ena.

Njira Zoimira Masamu

Madongosolo a PR ndi ofala ku Ulaya, Latin America, ndi mademokrase ambiri atsopano.

Mndandanda wa Chipani PR

M'madongosolo a gulu, ovota pa chipani, ndi magawo amalandira mipando yolingana ndi mavoti awo. Madansiwo kenaka amadzaza mipandoyo pa mpambo wa oyembekezera. Pali madeti aŵiri aakulu: otseka (pamene gulu lisankha dongosolo) ndi kutsegula mpambo (kumene osankha angasonyeze zokonda kwa ofunsira). Mashedi a gulu amapatsa atsogoleri a m'chipani ulamuliro wowonjezereka, pamene kuli kwakuti mandandanda otsegulira amapereka chisonkhezero chachindunji kwa osankhidwawo. Njira za D’Hont ndi Sainte - Laguë zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kugaŵira mipando. Mayiko onga Israyeli ndi Netherlands amagwiritsa ntchito chigawo chimodzi chokhala ndi chitseko chapando chotsika kwambiri, chotulukapo ndi maboma ambiri. Ena monga Spain ndi Portugal, madera a madera omwe amachepetsa kuimira chigawo cha dzikolo.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

STV ndi njira yosankha yovomerezeka yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Osankha audindo pofuna kusankhidwa. Osankha amene amafika pa chigawo cha mavoti amasankhidwa, ndipo mavoti ambiri amasamutsidwa kwa otsala. STV imapanga zotsalira zogwirizana kwambiri pamene akulolanso ovota kusankha pakati pa ofunsira a pagulu limodzi kapena m'magawo ena. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ireland, Malta, ndi ku Australian Camplate. STV imafuna kulimbikitsa mpikisano wa magawo ambiri ndipo imapatsa osankha zinthu, koma njira yoŵerengera njaikulu ndipo ikhoza kuoneka bwino kwambiri kuti ivote.

Madongosolo Osiyanasiyana

Magetsi ophatikizapo mapulogalamu a magetsi amaphatikiza zinthu zapadera ndi zoimira pamodzi, cholinga choyendera mphamvu zonse ziŵiri. Mitundu iŵiri yaikulu ndi yosanganikirana (MMP) ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za chigawo chachikulu (MMM).

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

Mu MMP, ovota anavota mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira m'chigawo chawo (kaŵirikaŵiri amagamulidwa ndi FPP) ndi mmodzi wa ndandanda ya zipani. Mipando yapampando imaperekedwa kubwezera mipando ya magawo yochititsidwa ndi mipando yachigawo, kutsimikizira kuti kulinganiza kwa onse kwa bungwe la opanga malamulo kumalingana ndi chipani chilichonse. Germany, New Zealand, ndi Scotland imapanga mipando yotsatizana pamene ikusunga kuimira kwa dziko. Komabe, kungatsogolere ku “mipando yapamwamba” ngati gulu lipambana mipando yambiri kuposa yogaŵana, ndipo ingafune nyumba yaikulu kuti ikhale malo ogonapo.

Kuphatikiza ndi Member Majoritarian (MMM)

MMM (yotchedwanso kuvota), mipando iŵiri imagwira ntchito modziimira. Mipando yachigawo imaperekedwa ndi FPTP, ndipo mipando ya ndandanda imaikidwa molingana, koma mipando ya ndandanda siiwongolera kaamba ka kusokonezeka kwa zotsatirapo za chigawo. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatulukapo zotulukapo zochepa kuposa MMP. Japan, South Korea (kufikira 2020), ndi Mexico imagwiritsira ntchito mipando yaikulu chifukwa chakuti chigawo chimawapatsa iwo chiwonjeze, pamene akulolabe zigawo zazing'ono kupambana mpando zina.

Kuyerekezera Njira za Malonda: Malonda ndi Zotulukapo

Palibe dongosolo la sankho limene liri langwiro. Iliyonse imaphatikizapo malonda pakati pa makhalidwe onga ngati kuimira, kukhazikika, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kufeŵetsa. Nkhani yoyambirira inatchula kuti madongosolo aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku maboma okhazikika koma kuchepetsa zigawo zazing'ono, pamene PR imalimbikitsa kugaŵanika koma ingachititse kugawanika. Timawonjezera zimenezi ndi mbali zinanso.

Kukhazikika kwa Boma ndi Kumanga Umodzi

Madongosolo aakulu amapanga maboma amodzi, amene angapereke malamulo mofulumira ndi kupatsidwa mlandu ndi ovota. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna maboma ogwirizana, amene angakhale okhazikika kwambiri ngati magulu akugwirizana koma angatsogolerenso ku kutseguka ngati magaŵano a malingaliro ali aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, Italy, inaona masinthidwe a boma pansi pa PR yoyera, kutsogolera ku kusintha kumene kunayambitsa dongosolo losanganiza. Komabe, maiko ambiri a PR, monga ngati Germany ndi maiko a Nordic, amakondwera ndi ulamuliro wokhazikika wa chigwirizano kupyolera kumbuyo kokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a PR.

Kuimira Zigawo Zaching’ono ndi Zakazi

Madongosolo a Proportigation kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga nyumba za malamulo zimene zili zosiyana kwambiri m'nkhani za kugonana, fuko, ndi malingaliro. Magawo ambiri amalola akazi kapena oyembekezera kuikidwa pampando waung’ono popanda kuika pangozi kutaya mpando ku gulu lamphamvu. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti maiko ogwiritsira ntchito PR ali ndi zithunzi za akazi zapamwamba m’nyumba ya malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Rwanda, imene imagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lotsekedwa la PR lokhala ndi mipando yosungiratulidwa, lili ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu koposa cha akazi m'malamulo. Madongosolo a akazi, mwa kusiyana, angapange malire a anthu ochepa, makamaka ngati zigawo zakonza kuchotsa mphamvu ya kuvota. [FLT:] [FLD:] Akazi akupereka kufufuza pakati pa madongosolo osankhidwa ndi kufanana kwa akazi.

Kusintha ndi Kugwirizana

Voter suppeute imasonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zambiri, koma kapangidwe ka pulogalamu ya osankhidwa kamachita mbali. Kufufuza kwina kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR ali ndi kutembenukira kwakukulu chifukwa ovotawo amalingalira kuti osankhawo angayambukire kwambiri chitsirizo chake, makamaka m'madera otetezeka kumene FPTP coption ingakhale. Komabe, unansiwo sumakhala wokha; kuvota kokakamiza (monga ku Australia) ndi kugwirizana kwa masankhoti kulinso zinthu zazikulu. Madongosolo aakulu angapange chitseko chachikulu ngati mafuko ali opikisana, koma mipando yambiri imagamulidwa ndi mipando yaikulu, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha ovota.

Kufufuza za Matenda a M’njira Yopanga Njira Yoyendera

Powonjezera pa kufufuza kwachidule kwa m’nkhani yoyambayo, tikupereka kupenda kwakuya kwa mmene makompyuta amagwirira ntchito m’maiko angapo.

United States: Kuyamba - Past- Post ndi Zotulukapo Zake

United States akugwiritsira ntchito FPTP kusankho ku Nyumba ya Oimira, limodzi ndi dongosolo la kupambana mu Electoral College kaamba ka masankho a pulezidenti. Dongosolo limeneli lakhazikitsa magawo aŵiri ogaŵidwa mopambanitsa, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa magulu atatu kupata mipando. Chisankho cha 2016 chinaona osankhidwa ndi a gulu la Green ndi Libertarian colleges akulandira 5% ya mavoti otchuka koma osasankha. M'mafuko a nyumba, gerrymandering ndi kufalikira kwa dziko la Revotion kumatanthauza kuti zigawo zambiri sizipikisana, kutsogolera ku kugwirizana kogwirizana kotsika ndi kusankhidwa kwapamwamba. Zoyesayesa kudziŵikitsa malo osankhidwa m'masankhiwolo ndi m'maiko ena., kuimira m'magawo a New York City, ndi mcheke, kuimira udzudzu, kusintha kwa dziko la production, koma kusungika kwa andale.

Germany: Kuphatikiza Mamembe ndi Kusintha Zinthu Poti Ndi Kulolera Zokha Zolakwika

Komiti ya pulogalamu ya kampani ya Germany imatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala chitsanzo cha mmene angagwirizanitsire kuimira kwa kumalo ndi kulingana. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, Maungwe anaumirira pa dongosolo limene likaletsa kubwerera kwa boma la authoritarian FPTP, ndipo MMP inatulukira monga kulolerana pakati pa mwambo wa FPTP ndi PR yokhumbidwa ndi Social Democrates. Zopanga zamakono zakhala ndi mavoti aŵiri, ndipo kugaŵidwa kwa mipando m'Bundestag kwalinganizidwa kukhala kwa mlingo. 5% imasunga zipani zotsutsa zopambanitsa, ngakhale kuti zoloŵerana za Germany (AfD) zimadutsa mu 2017 ndipo tsopano zikusunga mipando. Masinthidwe aposachedwapa anena za vuto la pa mapazipando owonjezera mipando. Dongo la Germany latulutsa maboma ogwirizana (UCC) ndi kuyenderana ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa anthu.

New Zealand: Kuchokera ku FPTP Kufika ku MMP

Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchoka ku FPP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 kuli chitsanzo chapadera cha kukonzanso kwa pulogalamu kochitidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Pansi pa FPTPP, masankho aŵiri mu 1978 ndi 1981 anaona gulu la Labour Party la chipani cha Labour lipambana mavoti ambiri kuposa bungwe lolamulira la National Party koma mipando yochepera. Kugwiritsidwa mwala kwa anthu kunatsogolera ku Royal Commission ndi ku bungwe la ogwirizana la Leantententenderum mu 1993, mmene 54% yovotera MMP. Kusintha kwa New Zealand: maboma ambiri anakhala osapezekapo, ndipo maboma amagwirizana anakhala odziŵika bwino. Komabe, MMP inachititsanso kutsutsa kwa magulu aang'ono ndi ntchito yawo. A 2011 inatchula kuti asungepo kuti asunge MMP.

Njira Zochitira Zinthu ndi Kuimira Zinthu Zaching’ono

Imodzi ya nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri m'makonzedwe a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu yapamwamba ndiyo mmene angatsimikizire kuti mafuko, zinenero, kapena zipembedzo zaing'ono zingasankhe oimira awo. Madongosolo a anthu otchuka angaletse kufalikira kwa anthu ochepa, pamene madongosolo a PR angawapatse mawu ngati apanga zigaŵenga zawo kapena ngati chitseko cha pansi. Mayiko ena amasankha njira zokhala monga mipando yosungirapo (m'zera, Pakistan ya Akristu ndi Ahindu), yosiyana mabuku osankhidwa (m., New Zealand ya Māori), kapena madongosolo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi chithunzi cha onse (m. Lebanon). Kusankha njira yothandiza mtendere kungatheke mwa kuphatikizapo anthu ochepa mu ulamuliro kapena kutsutsana nawo mwa kuwachotsa. Mabuku a pa mabungwe otchuka, monga gulu la Bosbon, ndi mapulogalamu osankhidwa bwino, monga mmene amasonyezera njira yopanga zinthu zopanga zinthu.

Kusintha ndi Kutsutsana kwa Posachedwapa

Electoral system Reformation ndi nkhani ya moyo m'mademokrase ambiri. Ku Canada, magawo angapo akhala ndi mamembala ovomereza kusanthula PR kapena kusankhidwa, ngakhale kuti palibe amene apambana. United Kingdom yayesa ndi Alter Cote pa masankho a kumaloko ndipo yalingalira kuti PR ya Nyumba ya Ambuye. Ku United States, mabungwe onga Farvote ochirikiza kusanthula kwa pa malo apamwamba a PR kapena pa chisankho, monga njira yochepetsera kuchepetsako ndi kulimbikitsa oyembekezera oyenera. Panthaŵi ino, maiko onga ngati Hungary asamukira kumbali ina, akutenga njira yosiyana imene imayanja kwambiri gulu lolamulira kupyolera pa germerman ndi zipata zapamwamba. Chikhoterero cha padziko lonse nchovuta: pamene mapulogalamu atsopano a PR, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa kusintha koyenera kuchepetsa kuyendetsa dziko lapansi. [FFFF.'sformation projective]

Mapeto ake: N’chifukwa Chiyani Kumvetsa Madongosolo a Zinthu N’kofunika?

Madongosolo a mademokrase saali chabe njira zaukatswiri; amaumba malo andale amene nzika zimatengamo mbali. Zimakhudza amene amasankhidwa, mmene malamulo amapangidwira, ndi kaya ovota amamvedwa. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuphunzira madongosolo osandutsa madongosolo a makompyuta kumapereka mapulogalamu a kulinganiza kwa mademokrase: kulimba kwa ma frect. Kukhazikika, kuŵerengera mlandu. Kulinganiza, kulimba kwa zinthu. Kulimba kwa zinthu. Kulimba kwa dziko kukuyang'anizana ndi mavuto onga ngati kutha kwa kudalirana m'mabungwe, kukwera kwa populism, ndi kufunika kuphatikiza magulu a madongosolo a osankhidwa, kulinganiza kwa madongosolo a democracy kudzakhala chida chosulitsa chiwonetse. Mwakumvetsa bwino zosankha zawo ndi zotsatirapo zawo. Nzinazi