Mmene Anthu Amapotoza Njira za Democratic Programmes

Ndemanga zandale nthaŵi zonse zimafunafuna macheke, ndipo chimodzi cha zida zochenjera kwambiri m'zikole zawo ndicho kukopa. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kwa malingaliro ovomerezeka, kumene kumafuna kupima malingaliro a anthu, kumasonkhezera kusanthula makope popereka mauthenga okonzedwa bwino kuti aipitse malingaliro a ovota. Kumeneku kumapha malo ovomerezeka osankhidwawo pofufuza, kugwiritsira ntchito chidaliro chimenecho monga njira yoperekera nkhani zandale. Kuzindikira njira zake nkofunika kwambiri kuti asunge demokrase yatha, chifukwa chakuti wosankhidwa wodziŵa bwino ndi amene amatetezera kwambiri posankha anthu kuti asatengere.

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikuli kwachilendo, koma kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso chake kwawonjezereka ndi chidziŵitso chamakono ndi njira zolankhulirana zoikidwiratu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ambiri ayesa kuchilamulira, kachitidweko kakupitirizabe chifukwa chakuti kamagwira ntchito m’malo oyera alamulo mobwerezabwereza monga kufufuza kovomerezeka. Nkhani ino imafufuza za kukakamiza kusanthula, kuwongolera maganizo, ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zokambira kuwona chinyengocho.

Kodi Kuipitsa kwa Anthu N’kutani?

Kukakamiza kupenda kuli njira yachinyengo ya kulankhulana yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonkhezera maganizo a wovota pansi pa chiwonekezo cha sayansi. Liwulo linapekedwa ndi aphungu andale zadziko m'ma 1990, koma kachitidwe kake ka zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Kufufuza kowona kwa ndale zadziko kumafunafuna kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chosatsutsika ponena za malingaliro ovota, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi zosankha. Mosiyana ndi, kusonkhezera kufufuza kolakwika ndi chonulirapo cholakwika ndi chonulirapo cha kusanthula malingaliro, osati kuwayesa.

Chisonyezero chodziŵikitsa cha kufufuza kokakamiza ndicho cholinga chake. Imafunsa mafunso otsogolera, amene ali ndi mawu otsutsa ponena za wofunsira kapena lamulo, ndi kupima mmene kuvomerezako kumakhudzira wovota. Mafunsowo amalinganizidwira kuyambitsa kukaikira, kutsimikizira malingaliro olakwika, kapena kufalitsa zolakwika. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kovomerezeka, kumene kwatha mphindi 5-10 ndipo kuphatikizapo mafunso ambiri, kusanthula kaŵirikaŵiri kumafupikitsidwa kwambiri.

Ndemanga zandale zimagwiritsira ntchito kukakamiza kusanthula mkati mwa masankho ampikisano, nkhondo zazikulu, ndi machesi. Zimagwira ntchito kwambiri m'malo opanda chidziŵitso chambiri kumene osankha amachepetsa kuulutsidwa kwa nkhani za mkupiti. Mwakubza lingaliro lonama kapena lopambanitsa m'maganizo a wovota, kusanthula kokakamiza kungaumbe nkhaniyo popanda wofunsirayo kukambitsirana poyera nkhaniyo.

Kusiyana Pakati pa Kuipitsa Mapazi ndi Kupopa

Kumvetsa kusiyana kwake n’kovuta kwa ovota. Mabungwe ofufuza alamulo, monga Gallup, Pew Research Center, kapena masewera ochitidwa mwaukatswiri, amatsatira miyezo yokhwima ya njira zofufuzira. Amagwiritsa ntchito mawu a mafunso osafuna kuganiziridwa, zitsanzo, ndi kuonekera bwino kwa kukula kwa mlingo ndi malire a zolakwika. Cholinga chawo ndicho kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chodalirika chimene chingadziŵitse njira kapena nkhani yapoyera.

Kumbali ina, kufunsa kofufuzira kochititsa kaso, kumasonyeza mbendera zofiira zingapo: sizimapereka mayeso a ukulu kapena tsatanetsatane wa njira; zimafunsa kokha mafunso oŵerengeka, kaŵirikaŵiri odzala ndi chinenero choipa; zimachitidwa ndi mabungwe osadziŵika kapena opeka ofufuza; ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimayendetsedwa ndi makampani a zandale kapena magulu a andale. Woitanayo angakane kudziŵa gulu lochirikiza, akumati akuchita “kufufuza kodzidalira.”

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi lamulo kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kudziŵitsa, pamene kuli kwakuti kufufuza kokakamiza kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukopa. Kufufuza kwenikweni kungafunse kuti, “Kodi chuma chiri chofunika motani kwa voti yanu ya pulezidenti?” Kufufuza kokakamiza kungafunse kuti, “Ngati uphunzira kuti ukachotsa ntchito yochirikizidwa, kodi sungakhale wothekera kwenikweni kuvotera? Wachiŵiriyo angalingalire kuti wofunsirayo akuchirikiza kuchirikiza, ndemanga imene ingakhale yonyenga kotheratu.

Makina Othandiza Anthu Kuganiza: Chifukwa Chake Amawapusitsa

Kumvetsetsa tsankho limeneli kumapatsa mphamvu osankha kuzindikira pamene maganizo awo akupotozedwa.

Chiyambukiro Chachowonadi Chonyenga

Chiyambukiro chachinyengo cha chowonadi ndicho chikhoterero cha anthu kukhulupirira mawu ali owona kokha chifukwa chakuti adawamva mobwerezabwereza. Pamene kufufuza kokakamiza kufunsa wovota, “Ngati mukudziŵa kuti Candite B iri ndi mbiri yaupandu, kodi chimenecho chikayambukira voti yanu?” Ubongo wa wovotayo pambuyo pake ungakumbukire “m'zolembedwa za upandu, ngakhale ngati sunatsimikizidwe. Kubwereza lingalirolo, ngakhale m’mpangidwe wa funso, kumapangitsa chikumbukiro chonama. Chiyambukiro chimenechi chimakhala champhamvu makamaka pamene wovotayo alibe chidziŵitso cha nkhaniyo isanafike.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo

Anthu amauzidwa kuti apereke chisamaliro chachikulu ku chidziŵitso choipa kuposa chidziŵitso chabwino. Zochitika zoipa, mikhalidwe, ndi zochita nzosaiwalika kwambiri ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri popanga zosankha. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumagwiritsira ntchito zimenezi mwa kusumika maganizo pa mawu otsutsa ponena za wopikisana naye. Wovota angaiŵale mbali zabwino za wopikisanayo, koma mawu ovulaza amodzi oyambitsidwa kupyolera mwa kupenda kokakamiza angakhalitse m'maganizo, kuchititsa voti yawo yomalizira.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Anthu Ena Anama

Ena amakakamiza anthu kufunsa mafunso amene amapangitsa anthu ambiri kukhala ndi maganizo, monga akuti, “Osankha ambiri m’chigawo chanu amada nkhaŵa ndi kugwirizana kwa C ndi anthu otsata. Kodi mumadera nkhaŵa motani? Izi zikusonyeza kuti gulu lalikulu la ausinkhu wanu lili kale ndi malingaliro oipa, amene amakakamiza munthu wofuna kugwirizana nawo. Chitsimikizo cha chikhalidwe chingakhale chothandiza kwambiri, makamaka kwa anthu otsata anzawo kapena otsika.

Kuwonongeka kwa Maluso Ofala Popukuta

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yoyambirirayo inandandalitsa njira zingapo, imodzi ndi imodzi iyenera kufufuza mozama chifukwa chakuti kuigwiritsira ntchito kungasiyane kwambiri.

Chinenero Chovuta ndi Zovutitsa Maganizo

Mawu ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Mafunso ofufuza amapangidwa ndi mawu ochititsa chisoni olinganizidwa kudzutsa mkwiyo, mantha, kapena kuipidwa. Mmalo mwa kunena kuti “A Condidate kuti msonkho uwonjezereke, [1] kufufuza kunganene kuti,“ A wochilikizidwa ndi kukwera msonkho kochuluka kumene kudzawononga mabizinesi aang'ono.” Kuwonjezera kwa “machenjera” ndi“ kuwononga” kumayambitsa kuyankha kwa malingaliro kumene kumanyalanyaza. Mawu ena ochulukitsitsa amaphatikizapo “corrupt,” “osayenerera,”“ owopsa, ndi “Antinong’onoang .”

Mafunso Ochititsa Kukayikira Kukhulupirira Kumwamba

Funso lotsogolera ndilo limene liri ndi kulinganiza. Funso lapadera losonkhezera, “Kodi mumakonda Candidate D kakonzedwe ka kudula Medicare, kamene akatswiri amati kangavulaze achikulire?” limalingalira kuti wofunsirayo ali ndi makonzedwe, kuti amadula Medicare, ndi kuti akatswiri amanena kuti amavulaza achikulire. Wosankhayo amakakamizidwa kuyankha mkati mwa ndandandayo, ngakhale ngati mapepala atatu onsewo ali onama. Njira imeneyi njovuta kwambiri kutsutsana ndi chifukwa chakuti wovotayo alibe mwaŵi wa kuwongolera cholemberacho.

Kufalitsa Nkhani Zonama Kapena Zolakwika

Kufufuza kochititsa kawirikawiri kumayambitsa mfundo zoona zimene zangopeka kapena kupotozedwa kwambiri. Mu 2000 South Carolina Republican, ovota analandira mapempho ofunsira kuti John McCain adabala mwana wakuda. Zonenazo zinali zabodza, koma kuwonongeka kunachitidwa. Mofananamo, kukakamiza kupenda kwakhala kukufalitsa miseche ya thanzi la munthu wotenga pathupi, kusagwirizana ndi ndalama, kapena nkhani zapathengo. Ngakhale ngati chidziŵitsocho pambuyo pake chinachotsedwa, kuonekera kwake koyamba kungakhale kokwanira kutulutsa mpikisano wapafupi.

Kuopsa Kochita Zinthu Mochititsa Mantha

Ena amakakamiza anthu kuti afufuze zinthu osati kungoganiza, koma kuti voti inayake ingawachititse kukumana ndi mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, funso lingafunse kuti, “Ngati musankha E, kodi mukuda nkhawa kuti misonkho ya katundu wanu idzachuluka ndi kukukakamizani kusamuka?” Zimenezi zimakhudza nkhaŵa ya wovotayo ndipo zimawonjezera mtengo wa ndalama zimene munthu angawononge posankha. Funsoli silipereka umboni; limangowonjezera nkhaŵa.

Mafunso Omwe Amakhala Ogwedera, ndi Ochititsa Chidwi

Kukonda anthu kungakhale chida champhamvu. Funso monga lakuti “Kodi mumakhulupirira kuti F ingakhale yaikulu motani pa nkhani zofunika kwa inu? N’ngwosamveka bwino ndipo amakakamiza wovotayo kulingalira malingaliro oipa amene angakhale atamva. Mafunso aŵiri ofunsidwa ndi aja amene amaphatikiza nkhani ziŵiri:“ Kodi mumachirikiza mbiri ya G ya ntchito ndi malo okhala?

Kusintha Kobisika: “Chisonyezero Chachiŵerengero” Kupanga Malamulo

Matembenuzidwe ocholoŵana kwambiri amagwiritsira ntchito kuyerekezera: “Ena amati Candidate H ngwakale, koma ena amati iwo ngosagwira ntchito. Kodi muli ndi chithunzi chotani? [1] Mwakupereka njira ina yabwino ndi yoipa, kufufuzako kumapanga mkhalidwe woipa ndi kulimbikitsa wovotayo kuulingalira. Ngakhale ngati wosankhayo akana chizindikiro choipacho, mbewuyo yabzalidwa.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko: Kusonkhezera Mavuto Ochitidwa

Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale ndi zaposachedwapa zimasonyeza mmene kuumiriza kufufuza kwasinthira zotulukapo za masankho.

Fuko la Nyumba ya Malamulo ya New York mu 1998: Woyang'anira wovuta Alfonse D’Amato anagwiritsira ntchito kufufuzira kuukira wopikisana naye, Charles Schumer. Voters anafunsidwa, “Ngati mudadziŵa kuti Charles Schumer anagwiritsira ntchito ndalama za polisi kaamba ka zolipirira, kodi simukanakhoza kuvotera iye? . Chinenezocho sichinali chotsutsidwa, koma chitafikira mamiliyoni a Cruffaice, kukakamiza Schumer kuthera nthaŵi ndi kudzitetezera iyemwini.

Aupabuliki a 2000: George W. Bush . mkupiti wa Bush, ndi ena a ochirikiza ake, anagwiritsira ntchito kufunsira John McCaine ku South Carolina. Voter adafunsidwa mafunso onga akuti, “Kodi mungakhale othekera kwambiri kuvotera John McCain ngati munadziŵa kuti ali ndi mwana wakuda? . Nthano zonama zakuti McCain anali ndi mwana wovomerezedwa wa ku Africa ndi America zinafalitsidwa, zikumathandizira kutayikiridwa kwake m'chiyambi cha .

2016 Prezidenti: Mkati mwa ndawala ya 2016], ovota m'maiko angapo ozemba anasimba kufunsira kokakamiza kumene kunafunsidwa, “Ngati munadziŵa kuti Hillary Clinton anali ndi kugwirizana ndi maboma achilendo amene mwina anali oletsedwa, kodi akadakhudza voti yanu?” Funsolo lodzala ndi zinenezo zambiri popanda umboni, limatsimikizira kuti kusakhulupirira kulipo.

Zitsanzo Zaposachedwapa: Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa [1] Kwalembedwa m'boma ndi mafuko akwanuko kuzungulira US, Canada, ndi UK . M'chosankha chachikulu cha UK, ovota ena anasimba kuti akukakamiza kufufuza za malamulo a zaumoyo a anthu ofunsira ku Labour public akugwiritsa ntchito mawu onga akuti “kusamalira” kuopseza anthu okalamba. Ku Australia, kukakamiza kusanthula kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kulingana ndi kuyenererana kwa ukwati ndi kutchuka kwanga.

Mkhalidwe wa Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Ufulu wa kukakamiza anthu kufunsira ukusiyana kwambiri. Ku United States, ilo limatetezeredwa kwambiri pansi pa First Amendment monga nkhani ya ndale zadziko, malinga ngati silikudutsa malirewo kukhala kuipitsa . Komabe, maboma ambiri apereka malamulo ofuna kuulula amene akulipira kaamba ka kusanthulako. Mwachitsanzo, National Conference of State Legislatures imatsatsa malamulo ameneŵa. Maboma ena amafuna kuti woitanayo adziŵitse gulu lochirikiza ngati afunsidwa, pamene kuli kwakuti ena afunikira disclaimer yolembedwa pachiyambi.

Komiti ya ku Canada Canada Evotions Act imaletsa kufalitsidwa kwa ndemanga zonama ponena za wofunsira, koma kukakamiza kufunsa mafunso odzala nthaŵi zina kungapeŵe chiletso chimenechi chifukwa chakuti amatchulidwa monga mafunso mmalo mwa ndemanga za zenizeni. UK ulibe lamulo lachindunji loletsa kukakamiza kusanthula, koma Olengeza Malamulo Olamulira ndi Electoral Commission angaloŵerere ngati anena zosocheretsa.

Motsatira, kukakamiza kutsutsidwa ndi akatswiri ofufuza. Bungwe la American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) latulutsa zitsogozo za chigawo [[FLT: 0] kusiyanitsa kusanthula koyenera ndi pulojekiti. Mamembala a AAPOR amaletsedwa kuchititsa kupenda kochitidwa moonetsedwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, magulu ambiri andale zadziko sali mamembala a AAPOR, ndipo lamulo nlochepa.

Chifukwa Chake Kupopera Zinthu N’koopsa Kwambiri M’nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Malo oonera asintha ndi luso la zopangapanga. Lerolino, makompyuta oyendera foni ndi mauthenga a foni amalola kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri avote pamtengo wa mafoni a moyo. “makampani a galimoto ” angaphatikizepo mafunso olembedwa, ndipo wowalandira satha kufunsa kuti afotokoze kapena kubwezera. Ndiponso, mapulogalamu a manyuzipepala athandiza kuti pakhale njira yatsopano yofufuzira: Makampani oyendetsera zinthu zimene zimachita ngati mayeso.

Kufufuza zinthu zaching'onozing'ono kumatanthauza kuti kukakamiza kufunsira kungapangitse mantha a munthu amene ali ndi chiŵerengero. Wovotayo angapeze kufufuza kokakamiza ponena za mbiri ya kuletsa mfuti ya mdani, pamene wovotayo ponena za maphunziro angafunsidwe ponena za kuchepa kwa ndalama za sukulu. Kusintha kumeneku kumawonjezera mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti.

Kuwonjezera apo, kusadziŵika kwa makompyuta kumachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kwambiri kutsata kumene kuli. Kampani zingapereke makampani achitatu ndi ndalama zapadera, zomwe zimachititsa kuti asakhale ndi mlandu. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo amphamvu a ndale ndi chofunika kuti zilengeze zandale zonse, kuphatikizapo “mafoni a foni, kuphatikizapo kuulutsa bwino wochirikiza.

Mmene Nthambi Zingadziŵire ndi Kulepheretsa Kuipitsa Zinthu

Kudzitetezera kumafuna kukayikira ndi kupenda mfundo. Njira zotsatirazi, zofutulidwa kuchokera ku mpambo woyamba, zimapereka chitetezo champhamvu.

Zindikirani Mbendera Zofiira

  • Kulira kwa utali: Kufufuza kwa Legitimate kwenikweni kwatha mphindi 5-15. Mfoni imene imafunsa funso limodzi kapena aŵiri ndi kupaka khosi iyenera kukhala kufunsira kokakamiza.
  • Kudziwidwa kapena chilankhulo chotsogolera: Ngati funsolo liri ndi mawu okwiyitsa (kusawona mtima, kunkitsa) kapena kugamula mfundo zosatsimikizirika, kuli kusanthula kokakamiza.
  • Kusaulula: Woitana [1] Sangatchule gulu lochirikiza. M'mayiko ambiri, mavoti ovomerezeka amafuna kuvumbulidwa.
  • Palibe kubwerezanso kaamba ka kutsimikizira: Malo ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka nambala yokhudzana ndi kutsimikizira. Kufufuza kokakamiza sikumachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri.
  • “Ngati mudziŵa” kumasulira: Mafunso amene amayamba ndi “Kodi mungakhale wothekera kwambiri kapena mopanda kuthekera kuvotera X ngati mukudziŵa kuti Y? ndi njira zopimira.

Chitanipo Kanthu Pamene Mukhulupirira Chopusitsa

Ngati mukuona kuti akukukakamizani kuchita kafukufuku, mungachite zinthu zingapo:

Pangitsani Kuletsa Kulankhulana Koipa

Kuteteza anthu kwa nthaŵi yaitali kumaphatikizapo kukulitsa kulemba ndi kulemba pa TV. Ofufuza ayenera kuzindikira kuti si kufufuza konse kumene kunapangidwa kofanana, ndi kuti ndale zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito njira zonyenga. Mwa kukhalabe odziŵitsidwa za ofunsira kudzera m'mabuku osiyanasiyana, ovota angaone ngati zotsutsana ndi kusokonezedwa ndi foni imodzi yosadziwika. Kukambirana mafoni okayikira ndi mabwenzi ndi banja kungathandizenso kufalitsa kuzindikira, kuchepetsa kufika kwa njira zimenezi.

Chiyambukiro Chotakata pa Zisankho ndi Demokrase

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikumangokhudza munthu aliyense payekha; kumachepetsa kulimba kwa mkangano wa anthu. Kumaloŵetsa chidziŵitso chonyenga m’zinthu zachilengedwe za chidziŵitso popanda kupereka mpata wabwino wochitirapo. Mkupiti umene umasonkhezera kusanthula kaŵirikaŵiri umadalira pa icho chifukwa chakuti alibe mfundo zotsutsa kapena kufuna kutsendereza otsutsa otsutsa.

Pamasankho apafupi, kukakamiza kukhoza kukhala kotsimikizirika. Kukakamiza kwanthaŵi yaitali kufikira ovota osasamala 500,000 m'chigawo chachikulu kungachotse mavoti mazana angapo . Mwambowo umachititsanso kuvota molakwa. Osankha akazindikira kuti asokonezedwa, angasiye kugwirizana, amakhulupirira kuti kulankhulana kwandale sikuli kwachinyengo. Kutha kwa chikhulupiriro kumeneku kuli kowononga makampani a democracy.

Ndiponso, kukakamiza kusanthula kochepa kwambiri kumayambukira osankha anyuzi amene alibe nthaŵi kapena chuma chakufufuza mfundo iliyonse. Osankha ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amachokera ku madera a m'mbali, zimene zimatanthauza kukakamiza kusanthula kungawonjezere kusiyana komwe kulipo m'nkhani zandale.

Mapeto ake: Khalani Maso Ndiponso Khalani Odziwa Zinthu

Kufufuza kokakamiza kudakali chiwopsezo chosalekeza ku masankho abwino chifukwa kumakhudza kusiyana pakati pa kufufuza ndi kukopa. Mwa kuzindikira njira zofala [1] chinenero chodzaza, mafunso otsogolera, chidziŵitso choipa, kuopsa, ndi kusaoneka bwino kwa anthu angaletse njira zopotoza zimenezi. Mfungulo ndiyo kuyang'ana kufufuza kulikonse kwandale ndi kutsimikizira mfundo zatsopano zodalirika.

Democracy imadalira pa kukhoza kwa nzika kupanga zosankha zaufulu ndi zachidziŵitso. Mafufuzidwe okakamiza akaloŵa mmalo makambitsirano owona mtima ndi kukayikira kokhalako, amafooketsa mazikowo. Koma kuzindikira ndiko njira yamphamvu yotsutsana ndi . Mwakumvetsetsa mmene kusanthula ntchito, ovota angaonere ndi kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa zenizeni, mapindu, ndi kusinkhasinkha kwenikweni . Osati mantha oyambitsidwa a gulu la ndale zadziko lobisika.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka ponena za mmene angadziŵire machitachita a kusanthula kosawona mtima, Pew Research Center imapereka chitsogozo chothandiza ku kufufuza njira za masinthidwe [[FLT: 1], ndipo American Association for Public Opinion Research imapereka tsamba la maphunziro apoyera pa chimene chikupanga kusanthula kovomerezeka.