Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Kumasulira Kuli Kofunika

United States Constitution yatumikira monga lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Malembo ake amakhazikitsa maziko a kulamulira kwa boma, amandandalika mphamvu za nthambi zitatu, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Komabe chikalatacho sichimapha munthu. Oweruza, opanga malamulo, ndi akuluakulu a boma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito makonzedwe awo ku mikangano inayake, ndipo njira imeneyo mosapeŵeka imaloŵetsamo kumasulira. Mmene malamulo amamasulira mbali zonse kuchokera ku ufulu wosankha ndi kuletsa mfuti kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa boma pa malonda ndi malire a ulamuliro wa prezidenti.

Kwa nzika, kuzindikira njira zomasulira zimenezi si njira yongophunzitsa. Zimapereka njira zofufuzira zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, kupenda mikangano ya ndale, ndi kukamba nkhani za boma. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza matanthauzo aakulu a malamulo a malamulo. (zoyamba, mawu a m’Baibulo, njira zina zapadera zochitira zinthu, ndi njira zinanso zochitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo.)

Kuyambirira

Kuyambika kwa Mawu Oyambirira

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chimanena kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo limene inali nalo pamene inavomerezedwa. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti njira imeneyi imachitira ndi kuyenera kwa demokrase kwa chikalata chokhazikitsidwa: chifukwa chakuti Constitution inatengedwa kupyolera m’dongosolo la democracy, tanthauzo lake liyenera kukhala lokhazikika popanda kusinthidwa mwalamulo pansi pa Mfundo V. Otembenuza mawu a m’Chipanganocho amatsutsa kuti kusiya tanthauzo loyambiriralo mokhutiritsa kumalembanso chikalatacho popanda chivomerezo cha anthu.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

M’chiyambi, muli zingwe ziŵiri zazikulu. cholinga choyambirira cha Chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu chimasumika pa zimene opanga maderesi cholinga chawo mwamseri pojambula chigawo chilichonse. Njira imeneyi inachirikizidwa ndi manambala monga Attorney General Edwin Meese mu 1980. tanthauzo lapoyera la Chiphunzitso [, poyerekezera ndi mmene munthu wolingalira bwino akanatha kumvetsetsa. Woweruza Anton Sccialia, mwinamwake wotchuka kwambiri wamakono, anavomereza tanthauzo lapo. Iye anatsutsa kuti chiganitso choposa ndi chodalira pa mbiri yakale.

Nkhani Zazikulu ndi Zitsanzo

Kulingalira kwachiyambi kwasonkhezera zigamulo za kusinthika. M'madikishonale a Columbia v. Helter [1] (2008), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti Second Amendment imateteza munthu kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi mfuti yodziphera yekha. Chigamulo cha Chilungamo cha Scalia chinadalira kwambiri pa malemba a mbiri yakale . Kuyambitsa-centratetant, ndi lamulo lachidziŵitso la kunyamula zida , ndi kugamula kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida [1] Kugamula tanthauzo loyamba la kutumiza anthu. Momwemo, mu New York State Rle & Postol Association. Bruen. [FLT] [2] [200]

Otsutsa chiphunzitso choyambirira cha Chipangano Chatsopano akusonyeza vuto la kupezanso tanthauzo la mbiri yakale, makamaka kaamba ka makonzedwe okhudza luso lamakono kapena zigwirizano za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo Lachinayi limatetezera ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, koma Oyambitsawo sanalingalire za kugwiritsa ntchito foni kapena foni. Olemba za m'malemba ayamba ayankha mwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yachikhalidwe ndi tanthauzo lake lalikulu, akumatsutsa kuti kufufuzaku kukukhalabe “kufufuza ” m’lingaliro loyambirira.

Kuvuta kwa Mabungwe

Kuyamba kukhazikitsa kutsalira malire a chiweruzo mwa kugwirizanitsa zigamulo ndi umboni wa m'mbiri. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku zotsatira zimene zimasunga ufulu wa boma kapena kuletsa mphamvu ya boma. Oweruza ambiri oyambirira amachirikizanso kuletsa kuweruza, kutanthauza kuti sakufuna kuswa malamulo a demokalase pokhapo ngati kuswa lamulo kwa lamulo kuli koonekera bwino. Kumvetsa bwino kumathandiza nzika kupenda mameno a khoti ndi kumasulira zigamulo zimene zimatchula za bungwe la Federalist Papers, kaundula, kapena kachitidwe koyambirira ka malamulo.

Kulemba

Zimene Kulemba Kunkagogomezera pa Chinenero Chopanda Malo

Chilembo nchogwirizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira koma nchosiyana m'njira zake zophunzirira. Woweruza amagamula milandu yozikidwa kwakukulukulu pa tanthauzo la malamulo kapena la malamulo, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri ya boma kapena malamulo a extrins. Chigogomezero cha mawuwo ndicho zimene akunena, osati zimene okonza mapu afuna kukwaniritsa. Justice Scalia ananenapo kuti “Malamulo si mpukutu wamoyo; ndi chikalata chalamulo, ndipo mofanana ndi mapepala onse alamulo, amanena zimene amanena.

Kulemba ndi mawu olembedwa m’mapiko.

M'kumasulira kwa malamulo, kumasulira kwa malemba kuli kosiyana ndi kufunafuna kumasulira , kumene kumayesa kuzindikira chifuno chachikulu cha lamulo. Olemba atsutsa kuti purposition imaitana oweruza kuti apereke malingaliro awo, chifukwa chakuti zolinga zingafotokozedwe pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. Malamulo, malembo kaŵirikaŵiri amayendera limodzi ndi tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira: tanthauzo loonekera bwino la malemba ndilo limodzimodzi ndi tanthauzo lake la mbiri yakale. Koma malembo safuna kuti nthaŵi zonse adzifunse mafunso a mbiri yakale.

Zosankha Zofunika za Kulemba

Chiphunzitso chimodzi chotchuka cha malembo ndicho Jasitisi Hugo Black kutsutsa Griswold v. Connecticut [1] (1965). Anthu akuda anatsutsa kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi sikunapezeke kulikonse m'malemba a Malamulo ndipo chifukwa chake sangalungamitse lamulo la boma loletsa kuletsa kuletsa kulera. Posachedwapa, mu Bostock v. County [20], Jasiti Lear Neil Gor analemba lingaliro la kumasulira mawu omveka bwino lokhudza kuti The Trit VII’s la tsankho chifukwa cha “kusankhana. [kadaliro] Kupa kwa anthu ogonana ndi ogonana. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zinali zokondweretsa, Gorn zinam'kawonjezera tanthauzo la mawu omveka a m’malembalo.

Mphamvu ndi Zofooka za Kulemba

Chikalata chimalonjeza kusasintha ndi kuoneka. Pamene oweruza amamatira ku lemba, a ligigigia ndi nzika anganene zotsatira zozikidwa pa chinenero cha lamulo. Komabe, otsutsa amawona kuti makonzedwe ambiri a malamulo ngosatsimikizirika: chimene kwenikweni chimapanga “chilango chachilendo ndi chilango chachilendo” kapena“ njira yapasadakhale ya lamulo”? Chikalata sichimapereka mayankho omveka nthaŵi zonse, ndipo oweruza angakakamizidwe kudalira pa zipangizo zina zomasulira. Otsutsa amavomereza kuti kuvuta kumeneku ndi kochokera m’lamulo, koma kuti kumasulira mawu ena kumangotanthauza zalamulo mwa kuchigwirizanitsa ndi mawu olembedwa osati mfundo za makhalidwe abwino.

Lamulo la M’kati Mwa Umoyo

Kusintha Chilembochi ndi Masiku Ano

Malamulo amoyo, odziŵikanso kukhala osakhala oyamba, maposi kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti isonyeze kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe. Pambali pa lingaliro limeneli, chikalatacho nchotakataka ndi chotseguka. Mafaramenti anasiyira mibadwo yamtsogolo malo kuti apeze tsatanetsatane. Woweruza William Brennan, wochirikiza wamkulu, ananena kuti nzeru za Konsichushoniyo zili m’kukhoza kwake kugwiritsira ntchito pa mikhalidwe yatsopano popanda kukonzanso zinthu.

Njira Zomasulira Mkati mwa Lamulo la M’kati mwa Umoyo

Ofufuza malamulo a kudziko agwiritsira ntchito njira zingapo. Amamasulira mawu osadziŵika bwino monga “chitetezero cholingana” poona miyezo ya makhalidwe. N’zogwirizana ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe zimene zasintha kale malamulo amakono. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu ya Supreme Courts kusasankha bwino mfundo zomveka. imayendera mfundo zomveka bwino zogwirizana ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe. [FLT:] FLD imadalira pa lamulo lopangika limene lasintha kale ndi mikhalidwe yamakono. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu yapamwamba yosagwirizana ndi mfundo zachigamutsira [FL: BB] vn. Board ya maphunziro a maphunziro otchuka [195]

Malamulo Ochuluka a Malamulo Okhudza Moyo

Zosankha zambiri za anthu zalungamitsidwa ndi kulingalira kwalamulo. Roe v. Wade (713) anapeza ufulu walamulo wa kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Cend Claus, kujambula pa malingaliro osinthasintha a munthu ndi ufulu wa munthu. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] anazindikira kuyenera kwa malamulo a kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Cex Century Century Claus, kudaliranso pa lingaliro lakuti Malonjezo a Kusintha kwa Zaufulu ndi kulingana kwa munthu mwiniwe. Mkhalidwe wambiri iŵiriyo inavomereza kuti malembawo sanathetse nkhaniyo, koma kuti malamulo alamulo anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu.

Kusuliza Konsichushoni Yamoyo

Otsutsa atsutsa kuti Malamulo amoyo amapereka mphamvu zambiri kwa oweruza. Ngati chikalatacho chitanthauza zimene oweruza ambiri akufuna kuti chitanthauze, pamenepo lamulo la lamulo limanyalanyazidwa. Osuliza a m'Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Chingelezi amanena kuti njira imeneyi imaimira kupanga malamulo achiweruzo. Akatswiri ena a malamulo a kumoyo amatsutsa kuti njirayo idakali yoletsedwa ndi malemba, chitsanzo, ndi mwambo. Ena amavomereza poyera chiweruzo, akumatsutsa kuti nchosapeŵeka ndipo angakanedwe ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa democracy ndi kutsutsana kwapoyera.

Kwa nzika, njira ya Malamulo yamoyo kaŵirikaŵiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotulukapo zopita patsogolo, koma kuli kofunika kuzindikira kuti oweruza osasintha akhala akuigwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi zina, nayenso. Mwachitsanzo, Lochner v. New York (1905] anagonjetsa lamulo la maola ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofunikira zosadalira pa tanthauzo loyambirira. Kumvetsetsa njira imeneyi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira pamene makhoti akugwira ntchito yomasulira mokulira mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro woyambirira kapena wa malemba.

Njira Zinanso Zomasulira

Kumasulira Kozikidwa pa Mfundo Zoyambirira (Stare Desis)

Lamulo la [[FLT: 0] likhoza kugamulapo bwino lomwe poyambirira, chifukwa chakuti “kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zogamulidwa" . Makhoti aakulu kutsatira zigamulo zapapitapo. Khoti lalikulu limapereka chikhazikitso ndi kuneneratu. Ngakhale woweruza woyamba angamve kuti wamangidwa ndi chitsanzo cha nthaŵi yaitali chimene sichinagamulidwe bwino, chifukwa chakuti kugwetsa kwake kungayambitse zikondwerero. Komabe, decis siikutha. Khoti Lapamwamba lalamuliranso zochitika zake pamene alingaliridwa molakwa, osachitidwa bwino, kapena osagwirizana ndi kumasulira kolondola kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, [FF.F:] [F.] [FF.] [4]

Kupenda Maziko

Kumasulira kwa matanthauzo kuchokera ku kumanga kozungulira kwa Konsichushoni. Mmalo mwa kutchula mawu amodzi, woweruza akusanthula mmene chikalatacho chimaperekera mphamvu pakati pa nthambi ndi milingo ya boma. Chigomeko chapadera chimawonekera mu [[FLT: 0] Mlloch v. Maryland[[FLT] [1819]], kumene Chigamulo cha Mfumu John Marshall chinalingalira kuti mphamvu ya kuika banki inasonyezedwa ndi mawu ofunika ndi oyenera chifukwa chakuti inali njira yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Kusanthula kwa maziko kumachirikizanso malamulo monga a boma ndi kulekana kwa mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti lalikulu lagwiritsira ntchito mfundo za ulamuliro pansi pa Klassium m'make mu nkhani ngati [FL:].[3]

Zimene Anthu Anachita Kalekale

Nthaŵi zina makhoti amayang'ana ku machitachita a boma oima kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti athetse mapangano a lamulo. Ngati nthambi imodzi ya boma yachitapo kanthu mosalekeza popanda chitokoso, kachitidwe kameneka kangaonedwe kukhala umboni wa tanthauzo la Malamulo. Njira imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imayendera limodzi ndi kuyambika koma ingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito payokha. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] NLB] ndi. Noel Canning [[[FLLT:1] [2014] [M., Khoti Lalime Lali limaona machitachita a kugawa kuti Pulezidenti adziwe mphamvu ya Prezidenti panthaŵi ya mabwalo a malamulo. Khoti linagamula kuti Pulezidentiyo ango likakhoza kupanga mwambo wa kamodzi pakati pa magawo, osati mwachidule m'chigawo cha m'magawo a m'mbuyomu , chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kachitidwe kakale.

Kumasulira Kodabwitsa

Kumasulira kotsatira lamulo kumayesa zotsatirapo zenizeni za chosankha. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yokhayo, kumasulira kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonkhezera oweruza amene amafuna kupeŵa kusokoneza ziyembekezo zokhazikika kapena kupanga malamulo osagwira ntchito. Casey[ malingaliro ofala akuti kukuzaza kukhoza kuchititsa kuti khoti likhale ndi “kufooka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yachiweruzo. Imeneyi ndi mfundo yokhudza kuyenerera kwa gulu. Akatswiri ena amachirikiza mfundo yomveka bwino kwambiri, koma oweruza ambiri amakonda kulungamitsa malemba kapena njira yolondola.

Kumasulira kwa Malo Ozikidwa pa Ethos

Njira yosafala koma yoyenerera ndiyo kumasulira Konsichushoniyo mogwirizana ndi mapindu kapena khalidwe la dziko . Nthaŵi zina imatchedwa “thawrence" ya Malamulo. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsa ntchito nkhani zofala za chikalatacho, monga chilungamo, ufulu, ndi kufanana, kuthetsa mafunso. Khoti linapempha kanthu konga kameneka mu Lawnce v. Texas . [2003], pamene linatchula ulemu womakulakula wa anthu athanyula monga chifukwa chokanira malamulo a dziko la condoma. Otsutsa zimenezi amaona kuti njira imeneyi ndi yoopsa, koma otsutsa kuti ndi yokhulupirika ku chinenero cha malamulo a malamulo.

Mmene Kumasulira Kumasinthira Chilamulo cha Malamulo Lerolino

Rehnquist ndi Roberts Courts

Kuyambira m'ma 1980, Khoti Lalikulu lakhala lolamulidwa ndi akatswiri olemba ndi ofufuza malemba. Kuikidwa kwa Woweruza Scalia ndi Clarence Thomas kunasintha kwambiri. Pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu John Roberts, Chiphunzitso chakhala njira yofala yofufuzira ngakhale pa zigamulo za anthu oweruza a m'ma 100. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, njira ya malamulo ya malamulo ya moyo sinazimiririke. Oweruza a Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, ndi Sonia Sotomayotor apitirizabe kupititsa patsogolo matanthauzo osinthika, makamaka pankhani zokhudza ufulu wachinsinsi, kuvota, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu.

Kutsutsana kwa Patsogolo

Kugaŵanika komasulira tsopano kumaseŵera m'nkhani zaunyinji. M'nkhani zauchigamulo , ambiri anagwiritsira ntchito kugamula kwa oyambirira kugamula kuti Konsichushoni siitetezera ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba, pamene kuli kwakuti kutsutsa kotsutsana kwa kuŵerengera kwa malamulo amoyo kozikidwa pa ufulu ndi kufanana. Mofananamo, m'nkhani za ufulu wa mfuti, ambiri odziŵa za ufulu wa opanga malamulo awonjezera chitetezo cha Second Amerekation, pamene kuli kwakuti amachenjeza za ngozi zogwira ntchito. Pamawu aufulu, olemba ndi oweruza oyambirira ateteza ufulu wa kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kuchirikiza nkhani zachipembedzo, kaŵirikaŵiri odabwitsa ofufuza amene amayembekezera ufulu woyamba kupereka zotulukapo zotsimikizirika.

Nzika Zimene Ziyenera Kusamala

Nzika zimene zikufuna kutsatira mikangano imeneyi ziyenera kusamala zinthu zinayi. Choyamba, lemba lenilenilo. Magawo onse aŵiri amanena kuti ali okhulupirika ku mawu a Konsichushoni. Kuŵerenga mavesi ofunika kwambiri. Nthano zopindulitsa. [Olemba za m'mbiri.] [FLT: 3] malingaliro oyambitsidwa ndi mawu oyambitsidwawo. [FLT:] Amakhala ndi mfundo zapamwamba za dziko lenileni la kulamulira. Lingalirani mmene chosankhacho chidzakhudzira miyoyo ya anthu. [FFOLT], ntchito yodziŵika. [FFLT:]

Kumaliza: Kuchita ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Kuzindikira njira zosiyanasiyana zimene malamulo amamasulira kukonzekeretsa nzika kukhala ndi phande lokhutiritsa kwambiri m’moyo wa demokrase. Kumakukhozetsani kuŵerenga malingaliro a Khoti Lapamwamba ndi maso osuliza, kupenda zigomeko za andale zadziko amene amanena kuti ali “omanga a chigawo” kapena ochirikiza“ Malamulo amoyo,” ndi kupanga zigamulo zanu zolingalira ponena za mmene ndandanda yokhazikitsa dziko iyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito.

Malamulo adakalipo m’lingaliro lakuti akupitiriza kupangidwa ndi kuumbidwa ndi mbadwo uliwonse. Koma njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kumasulira tanthauzo lake sizili zongopeka. Izo zimazika mizu m'kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa filosofi ponena za mtundu wa lamulo, ntchito ya oweruza, ndi kulinganiza pakati pa mwambo ndi kusintha. Mwa kuphunzira njira zimenezi, simuli chabe wopenyerera zochitika zalamulo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, pendani [[FLT: 0] Constitution Center yothandizana ndi malamulo , imene imapereka zolembera kuchokera ku mawonekedwe ambiri. Mukhozanso kupenda Oyez [ kaamba ka kufotokoza ndi mfundo zomveka, ndi kupenda [[FLT:]] Cornell Legin Information Institute [ kaamba ka malingaliro okwanira. Zopereka zimenezi zidzakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwanu kwa mmene njira iriyonse yomasulira imagwirira ntchito.