Kusokonezeka kwa Madzi pa Zakudya Padziko Lonse

Kupezeka kwa madzi ndi chinthu chimodzi chofunika kwambiri chimene chimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuthekera kwaulimi m'madera ambiri padziko lonse. Kuchuluka kwa mafashoni a ulimi kumayambitsa pafupifupi 40% ya chakudya cha padziko lonse koma kumawononga pafupifupi 70% ya kuchotsa madzi onse a m’madzi . M’madera ouma ndi osagwa mvula, chiŵerengero chimenechi chikhoza kupitirira 90%. Kusoŵa kwakukuluku ndi kupweteka kwenikweni: zakudya za madzi abwino abwino n’zochepa, zikugawidwa, ndipo pansi pa kupanikizika ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kuipitsa, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuchepa kwa njira zazikulu za aquifer . Kuchepa kwa mamikhalidwe aakulu a Ogalla Aquifer ku United States, Indus Basin ku South Asia, ndi Northern China kuopsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali ya chakudya. Madongosolowa akuwonjezeka pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa minda yachilengedwe.

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumawonjezera mphamvu zimenezi m’njira zapadera ndi zosatsutsika. Kutentha kwa madzi a m'madzi kumawonjezera kupereŵera kwa nthunzi m'mlengalenga, kuyendetsa kutentha kwa madzi kuchokera ku mbewu ndi nthaka. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti madzi ambiri akufunika pa chigawo chimodzi cha kutulutsa. Kusintha kwa mvula kumasokoneza nyengo zomakula, pamene kuli kwakuti kumachepetsedwa chipale chofewa m'madera a mapiri . Kaliliyaforiya ya Sierra Nevada, mwachitsanzo, masuti a madamu achilengedwe amene amadyetsa mitsinje yachilimwe yosa ndi miyezi youma. Mafunde aakulu amatsatiridwa ndi chilala. Madongosolo a kanema, amene amafuna kuti akwane ndi kubzala ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu ndi kuyendetsa chuma, amayenerera bwino kuti ayendetse mitsinje popanda mphamvu yachikulu.

Kuipitsa kumachititsanso kuti madzi akhale ovuta. Kutulutsa madzi okhala ndi nayitrogen, phosphorus, ndi mchere kumawononga madzi a m’madzi ndi kuipitsa madzi a pansi panthaka. Kuchuluka kwa mchere wambiri kukhoza kuchepetsa mbewu kapena kupangitsa nthaka kukhala yopanda chonde.

Kusinthasintha kwa Madzi

Malamulo a kachitidwe ka madzi anasumikidwa pa njira zoperekera: kumanga madamu, madamu, ndi ngalande zotengera madzi. Njira yamakono ikusintha kuyang'anira malo amodzi, kukonzanso zinthu, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumaphatikizapo malonda ovuta ndi kusintha kwa madongosolo.

Kusintha Ufulu wa Madzi ndi Njira Zolowera Kumadera Ena

M’madera ambiri, ufulu wopeza madzi umachokera ku zinthu zakale zimene anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kapena malo awo, chifukwa chakuti anthu sasinthasintha zinthu kuti athe kuchitapo kanthu pa mavuto a masiku ano.

  • Malonda ndi Mabanki: Kusintha modzifunira kulola madzi kuchoka pamtengo waung'ono kupita ku ntchito zapamwamba. California wayambitsa malonda a madzi amphamvu kumene alimi angagule, kugulitsa, kapena kubwereketsa ufulu wa madzi. Zimenezi zimayambitsa chisonkhezero cha ndalama kaamba ka chipambano ndi kupereka chitetezero panyengo ya chilala.
  • Miyezo ya Kuyenda kwa Malamulo: Malamulo akuwonjezera kuyenerera kwa madzi a zachilengedwe. Miyezo imeneyi imapereka njira zoyendera zosungira malo a m’madzi, zimene zingachepetse kutulutsa ufulu panthaŵi youma. Mtengo wa Murray-Darling Basin Plan ku Australia ndi chitsanzo choyambirira cha kuika malire ogwirizana mwalamulo pa kuteteza thanzi la malo okhala.
  • Kusintha kwa Chivoliti: Apolisi akubuka omwe akulola boma kugula kapena kubwereka zoyenera za madzi kuchokera kwa ogulitsa ofunitsitsa kubwerera mwachindunji ku mitsinje yophwasuka ndi ma aquifer. Njira imeneyi, yodziŵika monga "kugula," yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri ku Australia ndipo ikupeza chigawo mu Colorado River Basin.

Zida Zachuma ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Madzi kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala opatula kapena osakhala oyenera, kutsogolera ku kusasamala ndi kuwononga. Kugwiritsira ntchito bwino malo osungirako zinthu kumafuna mlingo wapamwamba pamene kugwiritsa ntchito kuwonjezereka, kutumiza mtengo wamphamvu kuti awononge. Ndalama zotayirira pansi pa nthaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ena kuletsa kuchotsa mphamvu. Kuchotsa ndalama zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito popopa madzi apansi panthaka / kope lalikulu la malamulo ku India ndi Iran kumene magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri achititsa kusakaza magetsi owononga projectration , ngati ziwiro zokhoza kupezeka, ngati ziwirizo zokhoza kuchepetsa. Zosunga za kutulutsa madzi zingabwezeretsedwe ku zinthu zina kapena kulipira kwa alimi.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za mavuto a kuyendetsa madzi a California ndi za msika kuchokera ku Public Policy Institute of California.

Malo Opangira Madzi Okhala ndi Malo Oyenera Kulamulira (IWRM)

IWRM imagogomezera kwambiri mfundo zogwirizanitsa anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana. Zimafuna kuti njira zaulimi za madzi ziyambike mogwirizana ndi kulinganiza kwa m'mizinda, magetsi, ndi kukonzanso malo okhala. Njira imeneyi imawononga ma silos ndi kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wogwirizana pa mlingo wa madzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti IWRM ndi lamulo lotsogolera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumachedwetsa ndi kupikisana, makamaka kumene ufulu wa madzi wakhazikika kwambiri.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina Oletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zamakono

Zipangizo zamakono n’zothandiza kwambiri ngati mmene malo amene amachititsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zina monga kuthirira, kununkhiza nthaka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthuzo, koma njira zawozo zimadalira pa zizindikiro zomveka za m’mabungwe ndi misika.

Maprogramu a Ndalama ndi Opereka Ndalama

Maboma amapereka ndalama zobwereketsa, ndalama zochepera, ndi ngongole za msonkho kwa alimi amene amapanga maluso opindulitsa othirira. USDA’S Environmental Securives Incentive Program (EQIP) ndi magwero aakulu a ndalama zothandizira kuthirira mothirira, tinthu tating'ono, ndi njira zothirira zosinthasinthasintha. Komabe, malamulo ayenera kupangidwa kuti atetezere chiyambukiro chotsekerezedwa chotsekedwa ndi ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito makina, kumene kuwonjezereka kumawonjezera kuwonjezera mahekitaleji kapena ku masinthidwe a zopangira mbewu za madzi. Zopangapangapanga zamphamvu zimagwirizanitsa ndalama zothandizira kuchepetsako zenizeni m'madzi oyenerera, osati kungogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito.

Miyezo Yolangiza ndi Zofunika Posimba

Simungakwanitse kuyang'anira zimene simukuyeza. Kuchotsa madzi ndi kusimba za kuchotsa ndizo njira za maziko a malamulo. Chikalata cha ku California chotchedwa Sustainable Grountable Management Act (SGMA) chimafuna kuti malo a kudera la Groustater Sustative Sumination APTIARCENT (GS) apange mapulani amene angachirikize pofika 2040. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupima, kuika malire, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Ngakhale kuti ndi owononga ndalama ndi opikisana, SGMA imaimira kuyang'anira pansi pa nthaka.

Kusunga Madzi a M’malo Ena

Chichirikizo cha kubwezeretsa madzi [[FLT: 0] , kuwonjezera njira yopangira madzi. Malamulo a dziko la Israyeli osamalira 86% ya madzi ake otayidwa ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’bulimi, ndi [[FLT] maunter aquifer aspect (MAT) (MANU)] amathandiza kubwezeretsa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kampani. Kutaya madzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale kwachi kwachiwonetsero kwa Negev, kothandiza kwambiri ulimi m'dziko lomwe linali lopanda. Pomwe amachepetsa malire opangika kuti akonzere ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mabizinesi ofunikira kukonzanso.

[[FLT : 0] Kuŵerenga za njira zogwiritsira ntchitonso madzi za Israel ndi mphamvu zake pa kulimba kwa ulimi.

Kukhudzidwa Kwambiri ndi Kufufuza Matenda

Kufufuza mmene njira zatsopano zopangira madzi zathandizira kuti anthu adziwe mmene madzi a m’madera ena amagwirira ntchito, kumasonyeza kuti njira zimenezi zimavuta ndiponso zimabweretsa mavuto ena.

Njira Yothandiza Kuteteza Madzi M’nyanja ya California (SGMA)

Kuchokera mu 2014 pa nthawi ya chilala chachikulu, SGMA inathetsa mbiri yaitali ya kupopa madzi a pansi panthaka. Kufunika matebulo a 21 apamwamba ndi ocheperapo kuti apange GS ndi kupeza mphamvu yodalirika pa 2040. Izi zimaphatikizapo kulinganiza kuti madzi a pansi pano azisungidwa ndi kutenthedwa, kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi, ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi. Lamulo limayambitsa chifukwa limakakamiza kusankha molimbika: kupopa, kugwetsa nthaka, ndi kuwonjezera mtengo wa ogwiritsira ntchito madzi. Kusonkhanitsa zinthu, kusungitsa ndalama za omanga, ndi chithandizo cha ndalama kwa olima kuli kotsutsa kaamba ka kusunga laisensi ya anthu. SGMA ndi chizindikiro cha kuyendetsa madzi, chisonyeze kuti chikhoterere m'ka cha ndale ya zandale.

Malo Okongola a ku Australia

Millennial Deriate (1997-2010) inadabwitsa Australia ndi kusintha madzi ambiri. Chikalata chotulukapo cha Basin Plan chinaika chipewa chalamulo pa zopinga zapatsogolo za madzi ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo la malonda a madzi limene lili pakati pa zopita patsogolo kwambiri padziko. Commonwealmental Water Horeer tsopano imayang'anira ufulu wa madzi woperekedwa kubwezeretsa thanzi la mitsinje, malo otentha, ndi madola osefukira. Ndalama zoposa $13 biliyoni zaikidwa m'madzi, kugula zopinga, ndi kubwezera. Pamene kuli kwakuti makonzedwewo apereka mapindu aakulu a malo ndi kuwongolera kwa madzi, amakhalabe otsutsana ndi mikangano ya ndale, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza anthu a m’midzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Australia imapereka maphunziro ovuta pa kuyendetsa zinthu za sayansi, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwa ndale zadziko.

Kuchezera Murray-Darling Basin Authority kaamba ka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane pa malo a madzi ndi malonda.

Dongosolo la Madzi la Israyeli Lokhala ndi Mitengo Yokongola

Israel inasintha kuchoka ku dziko la madzi othirira madzi kupita ku dziko losungidwa limodzi mwa kuphatikiza malamulo, luso la zopangapanga, ndi mapulani a pakati. Malamulo apadera anaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri (omwe amachirikiza kuteteza), kunyamula madzi a m’madzi oyenera kugwirizanitsa malo a madzi abwino kuti afunikire, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothirira zothirira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotsogola za madzi otayidwa. Boma linakhazikitsa cholinga cha dziko cha kukonzanso 95% ya madzi otayidwa kuti alimidwe, opezeka mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono za mankhwala ndi kugaŵira. Alimi amalipira mtengo wapamwamba wa madzi, koma katundu woperekedwa ndi anthu onse, ngakhale panthaŵi ya chilala. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumawalola kupanga ndalama zambiri zothandizira pa ulimi wapamwamba.

Chakudya cha Madzi Ozizira

Madzi sayenderana chifukwa cha mphamvu ya magetsi komanso chakudya.

Kuchotsa madzi pansi pa nthaka kumatulutsa mphamvu zambiri. M'mayiko ambiri, maboma amagwiritsira ntchito magetsi popanga mafakitale. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti pakhale vuto: mphamvu yotsika yolimbikitsa kupopa madzi kwambiri, imene imatsitsa matebulo a madzi, kufunikira mphamvu zambiri zokweza madzi kuchokera pansi pa nthaka. Polishi imene imaswa mphamvu imeneyi imaphatikizapo mphamvu ya magetsi yotumiza [kuyendetsa] mphamvu kuti alimi alimi (monga amachitidwa ku Gujaratat, India) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi amene amawonjezereka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kuthirira kwa dzuŵa kumapereka mphamvu ina yoyera koma kubweretsa "laŵa ladzulo", kumene kuli mphamvu zomatsogolera ku ku kuwonjezereka kwa madzi. Njira zoyendera za kuyendetsa zinthu zapadziko pano zikuphatikizapo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwiritsa ntchito magetsi.

Malamulo a ulimi wa carbon amene amalimbikitsa thanzi la nthaka amapindulitsanso kuteteza madzi. Zochita zonga ngati kulimidwa, kusalimidwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma compost kuwonjezera zinthu za nthaka, zimene zimawonjezera madzi kulowa ndi kuchotsa madzi. Njira zimenezi zimachepetsa kutha kwa mbewu ndi kuchititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri ku chilala. Kugulitsa mafakitale a carbon ndi maprogramu osungira madzi kungathandize alimi kukhala ndi mitsinje yosiyanasiyana pamene akupititsa patsogolo moyo wawo pathanzi la madzi.

Kufunika Kokulira kwa Zinthu Zolembedwa ndi Zopanga Makompyuta

Njira yotsatira ya madzi ndi yoyendera. Kupita patsogolo kwa kutumiza zinthu zakutali, intaneti, ndi njira zopangira makompyuta kukusintha mmene amapimira madzi, kuwagaŵira, ndi kuwayang'anira.

Mayeso a Satellite otengedwa ku [1] [1] Avepotorspirans (ET) kudzera m'mapulatifomu onga Openet amalola oyendetsa mapulogalamu kuyerekezera madzi enieni ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbewu pamlingo wa mbewu. Zimenezi zikuimira kusintha kwakukulu kuchoka pa kuchotsa (kuchuluka kwa madzi amapopedwa) kupima kugwiritsa ntchito (kwakedi madzi ambiri amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi mbewu). Policies ozikidwa pa kugwiritsira ntchito zomangira zomangira mbewuzo ali olondola ndi ovuta kuima. Zimaperekanso maziko othandizira kuchotsa madzi mkati mkati mwa kusoŵa kwa madzi.

Malo oŵerengera madzi kuti kupezeka kwa madzi, kusungidwa, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kumakhala ziŵiya zapadera. Madongosolo ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa chidziŵitso kuchokera ku mageji a mitsinje, zitsime za pansi pa nthaka, milingo ya madamu, ndi masiteshoni a madera a madera kuti apereke chithunzi chenicheni cha madzi. Kuoneka bwino ndi mfungulo: kupangitsa chidziŵitso chapoyera kulola misika ya madzi kugwira ntchito bwino ndi kuchititsa anthu a m'midzi kukhala ndi mlandu.

Pampando wa famu, kusafuna kugamulapo kumachirikiza zida zothandizira kuphatikiza ziŵiya za nthaka zounikira, kuneneratu za nyengo, ndi mandandanda a zothirira kutheketsa alimi kugwiritsira ntchito madzi molondola. Maluso amene amagwiritsira ntchito maluso ameneŵa ndi kupereka chithandizo chaluso kuchepetsa kwambiri zinyalala popanda kupereka nsembe. Vutolo limakhalapo kutsimikizira kuti makompyuta a makompyuta ngogwirizana, ngotetezeka, ndi okhoza kusungidwa kwa alimi a mizera yonse.

Kugwiritsa ntchito SGMA kwa California ndi ntchito ya zolemba m'madongosolo a madzi a pansi pa nthaka.

Malingaliro Amtsogolo a Kulinganiza Zaulimi

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, njira ya madzi iyenera kusintha kuchoka ku kusoŵa kwake kufikira ku kulimba kwa kulimba.

Maraged Aquifer Refied (MAR) ndi ntchito yotchuka yowonjezereka. Policis imene imapanga "kubwezeretsanso ufulu wa madzi" kapena kupereka chilolezo cha kusunga madzi pansi panthaka zingachotse madzi m'magombe amphamvu. Mkati mwa zaka zamvula, kukwera kwa madzi ambiri kumapatulidwa mwadala pa malo ofalikira kuti atsitsire madzi otsala. Madzi osungidwawo angatulutsidwe m’zaka zouma, kuchotsamo kuwonongeka. Malo alamulo amene amayeretsa kusungidwa kwa madzi ndi zosungira ndizo zofunika kwambiri kwa pulogalamu ya Mar.

Madamu ozikidwa pa kuyeretsa (NTB) [NT:1] akupezedwa ndi malamulo. Kubwezeretsa mathirakiti, kulumikiza mitsinje ndi misewu yawo ya m'mbiri, ndi kuteteza nkhalango za m'dziko kukulitsa kusungidwa ndi kuyeretsa kwa madzi achilengedwe. Madamu a Beaver, omwe kale amaonedwa kukhala ovutitsa, tsopano amadziŵika chifukwa cha kukhoza kwawo kuchedwa kutuluka madzi, kukweza mathebulo, ndi kupanga malo okhala. Policis amene amachirikiza kukonza madzi ndi kuchotsa madamu achilendo angawongowongolera chisungiko pamene akugaŵira malo okhala ndi zamoyo. Kusintha kumeneku kumafuna kugwirizana pakati pa mabungwe a zaulimi, malo ozungulira, ndi madzi, ndi mavigalamu.

Kulola kwamphamvu kuli lingaliro lotulukira. Mmalo mwa kugaŵidwa kwa malo kumene kwatha mwamsanga, zilolezo zingaphatikizepo "kugawana kotheka" kumene kumasiyana ndi mtundu wa madzi. M'zaka zouma, zoikika zimachepetsedwa; m'zaka zamvula, zimawonjezeka. Zimenezi zimachepetsa ululu wa zachuma wa chilala ndipo zimapatsa alimi kukhala ndi mathero otsimikizirika. Pamene kuli kwakuti aulimi, amalola madongosolo a kayendetsedwe kakedwe ka zinthu ndi kachilengedwe ka magetsi a hydralog.

Pomalizira, kugaŵana kwa matauni ndi mafamu n’kovuta. Matauni ndi mapulani kaŵirikaŵiri amapikisana ndi madzi amodzimodzi. Malamulo osintha zinthu akufufuza osasinthanizika (IPR) , kumene madzi a m'matauni otayidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothirira, kutulutsa madzi apamwamba kwambiri kuti amwe. "Banki la magetsi" limalola mizinda kulipira alimi kugwetsa nthaka m’zaka zouma ndi kusunga malo awo a madzi m'chimbudzi. Mayanjano ameneŵa angayambitse mapindu onse ndi kuchepetsa mkhalidwe wa nkhondo ya madzi.

Tsogolo la ulimi limadalira pa madzi osasunthika ndi oyera. Kusintha kumeneku kumafuna kusintha kuchoka ku kuyang'anira mavuto a zachuma ndi kulinganiza. Njira zofotokozedwa panopo [1] misika ya madzi, kudalirana, kuthandizira maluso, kuonetsa zinthu, ndi kubwezeretsa zinthu zowonongeka. Zida zimene ziyenera kukonzedwa mosamala ndi madzi a m'deralo, zachuma, ndi za chikhalidwe. Nsalu yofala imayamba kuyang'anira, kusinthasintha, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Kukwera kwa ntchito sikuli kutsika kwa ndalama; ndiko kuchepa kwa chitukuko kwa chilengedwe kumene kumadalira pa kutsungula. Chosankha n’chowonekera bwino: kusintha ndi kusungitsa ndalama za madzi, kapena kulipira ndalama zambiri maŵa.