Chiyambi cha Kusankha Kusintha

Kusankha ndiko chiphunzitso cha lamulo chimene Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lagwiritsira ntchito machinjirizo a Bill of Rights ku boma kudzera mu Century Procession of the 144th Amendment. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti ufulu wofunika umatetezeredwa ku kuswedwa ndi boma, osati kokha ndi kuponderezedwa ndi boma. M’zaka za zana lapita, mpambo wa milandu yosintha zinthu wagwirizana ndi Bill of Rights waikidwa m'lamulo, kubwezera American jurisprudencynce ndi ufulu wa anthu watsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuzindikira zimenezi kumatsimikizira mmene malamulo oyambirira a Akhaziki a mphamvu ya boma amatetezera anthu tsopano ku boma ndi kachitidwe ka boma m’dziko lonselo.

Demendment ya 145, inavomerezedwa mu 1868, poyamba inali cholinga chotetezera akapolo omasulidwa chatsopano ku malamulo a boma. Komabe chinenero chake chofala . Makamaka lamulo lakuti palibe boma limene “lidzawononga munthu aliyense, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo loyenerera. Mwachisawawa, linakhala lothandiza kukonza ufulu wa anthu ambiri m’mayiko. Zimenezi sizinali zongochitika zokha; zinafunikira kuti khoti likhale ndi mlandu wogamulidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu, njira yodziŵika monga yosankha. Mosiyana ndi ufulu wonse wa onse, umene ukanagwiritsa ntchito ufulu wonse wa mayiko a m’zigawo, kukhazikitsa khoti losankha kuti lifike pa ufulu wawo wolingaliridwa kukhala “mwambo woperekedwa ndi ufulu. Khoti linayenera kukwaniritsa ufulu woperekedwa ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Maziko Oyambirira: Gitlow v. New York ndi Mpumulo Woyamba

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Chisanafike chaka cha 1925, Bill of Rights inamvedwa kukhala yokha yoletsa boma la boma. Nkhani ya Gitlow v. New York inasintha maganizo. Benjamin Gitlow, wochirikiza social, anaimbidwa mlandu pa lamulo la upandu la New York lofalitsa kapepala kochirikiza kugwetsedwa kwa boma mwa mphamvu. Gitlow anatsutsa kuti lamulo lophwanya ufulu wake woyamba wa kulankhula. Khoti Lali, m'chigamulo 7-2, linachirikiza chigamulo chake pa zabwino koma, makamaka, linalengeza lamulo latsopano: “Pakuti tsopano tingakhoze ndi kugamula ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza koyambirira kwa mapepala. Ilowero otetezedwa ndi Coust Brion (ikulukulu pakati pa malamulo aumwini) ndi ufulu wotetezedwa ndi ufulu wotetezera pa ku kubwezeredwa ndi kubwezeredwa kwa ufulu wa ku chiwongo.

Kulingalira kumeneku . . Khoti silinabwezere mwachindunji chigamulo cha Gitlow , koma linatsegula khomo kaamba ka mavuto apambuyo pake. Kufunika sikungatchulidwe: kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira kuti mawu aufulu a Commergate ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ku malamulo a boma. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa bwalo la milandu ya kuphatikizana zaka makumi ambiri zotsatira. Chochititsanso, Khoti linayambitsa “chikhoterero choipa cha kuyesa mawu, pambuyo pake kuloŵetsedwa ndi miyezo yowonjezereka yotetezera, koma lamulo la ufulu wa kukhazikitsa lija linapirira.

Pafupi ndi Minnesota (1931)

Gitlow atangotha kumene, Khoti linakhazikitsa ufulu wa nyuzipepala. Mu Near v. Minnesota , Bwalo lamilandu linagonjetsa lamulo la boma lomwe linalola kuletsa manyuzipepala omwe anali kuonedwa kukhala “anjiru, onyansa, ndi oipitsa. Chigamulocho chinanena kuti lamulo la Oyamba Kusintha Malamulo limagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera pa Generametic, kuletsa akuluakulu a boma kusanthula mabuku pasadakhale. Mlandulo umenewu unagogomezera kuti ufulu wotetezeredwa ndi njira yovomerezeka yaulere, chitetezo chofunika kaamba ka kuŵerengera mlandu wa demokrase.

Chigaŵenga ndi Kusintha kwa Bwalo lamilandu la Warren

Kukula kwakukulu kwa kuphatikizana kosankha kunachitika m'ma 1960 pansi pa Justice Wamkulu Earl Warren . Khoti la Warren linagwiritsira ntchito pafupifupi zitetezero zonse za upandu wa Bill of Rights ku makhoti a boma ndi kutsata lamulo, kukumasintha kwakukulukulu kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Zosankha zimenezi zinayambitsa zina za zotchuka kwambiri . Mabungwe a lamulo la America anabutsa mkangano.

Mapu v. Ohio (1961): Ulamuliro wa Exclussional Applie to United States

Mapp v. Ohio adalankhula za chitetezo cha Demetrition yachinayi yoletsa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Dollree Map anapezedwa ndi mlandu wa kukhala ndi zinthu zonyansa pambuyo poloŵa m'nyumba yake popanda chilolezo chotsimikizirika. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha chitsimikizo chake, kunyamula umboni wopezeka woswa Komkitsa ya Kaneneratsi ya Chigamulo. Khotilo linakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kutsendereza lamulo ndi lokhudzana ndi kutsegundana. Khotilo linakhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza lamulo lokhudza dongosolo la Claus Claus (ku) lokhudza dongosolo la 144 Demend Reformation). Chigamulo chinalengeza kuti kuyenera kukhala chopanda ufulu wofufuza chosamveka ngati umboni wosaloledwa ndi lamulo silinalozeredwe. Chigamu chigamu chigamu chigamu chigamu: ndipo chigamulo cha dziko tsopano chinali kuyenera kupezeka ndi chilolezo chokhudza lamulo, ndipo sichikanetsere kufufuza mwa kufufuza mwa kutsimikizira.

Gideon (1963): Kuyenera kwa Uphungu

Mwinamwake palibe nkhani imene imasonyeza bwino lomwe lonjezo la kugamula kwa oweruza ndi kupempha kuti bwalo lamilandu likhazikitse, koma Florida lokha linapereka uphungu m'nkhani zamalikulu. Gideoni anadziimira yekha ndipo anaimbidwa mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti Kukonzanso kwa Sikisi ndi kuyenera kwa kuperekedwa kwa maufumu kudzera ku Demendment ya 145. Khotilo linalingalira kuti mlandu wabwino uli wosatheka popanda loweruza amene ali ndi wosakhoza kulipira wina. “Kuyenera kwa Gideon kupatsidwa uphungu kwa mlandu wa mlanduwo kukana mlandu.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966): Custodial Introgroplations ndi Selfāríne

Mainda v. Arizona inaphatikiza chinjirizo la Fit 5 Confrective ku kudziloŵetsa m'zochitika za boma. Khoti linanena kuti mawu operekedwa ndi wokayikira panthaŵi ya kufunsidwa kwa ufulu sangakhale odabwitsa pokhapokha ngati apolisi choyamba adziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wa kukhala chete, kuti chilichonse chimene chinenedwe kuti chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa iwo, ndi kuyenera kwa loya kwa loya kwa munthu mmodzi. Khoti linafuna kuti anthu azikayikira ndi kulanda ufulu umenewu mwadala. Ngakhale kuti apolisi afuna kuti apereke mphamvu yofanana pakati pa boma ndi kufunsa mafunso. Ilo likhoza kuwonjezera kutetezera kokhala ndi chizindikiro cha kuteteza kwa ku America.

Duncan ndi Louisiana (1968): Kuyenera kwa Kuzenga Mlandu wa Jury

Louisiana Supreme Court inakana mlandu wa ajuli woimbidwa mlandu wa mlandu wa zaka ziŵiri m’ndende, ikumanena kuti kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli sikunafunikire m'makhoti a milandu ya boma chifukwa cha milandu yosatha. Dincan v. Louisiana[FL:1], Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linavomereza kuti Kuzengedwa kwa Malamulo kwa Sikisi ku mlandu wa ajuli m’milandu yaikulu ndi kofunika ndipo limagwira ntchito ku maboma. Khotilo linafotokoza kuti mlandu wa ajuli ndi “kuchinjiriza oipitsidwa kapena oimba mlandu ndi otsutsa, okondera, kapena oweruza okondera. Mlandulo inapanga poyera kuti ufulu wotchulidwa mu mlandu wa Thupiti , ndi mlandu wa anthu osasankha, ndi wa anthu onse omwe anazengedwa ndi mboni za kumanja kwa oweruza onse. Pambuyo pake, mlandu wa kumbuyo kwa chigamu.

Kudzisungira Pambuyo pa Chigaŵenga: Zowonjezera Zamakono

Pambuyo pake, zigamulo zinatsatira za Lamulo Lachiŵiri la Kusintha, mbali za Sert Amendment, ndi zitetezero zina ku mabomawo, kusonyeza chisinthiko chosalekeza cha chiphunzitsocho.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010): The Second Amendment

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, boma ndi maboma a kumaloko anaika malamulo oletsa mfuti popanda kudera nkhaŵa za Lamulo Lachiŵiri, lomwe silinaloŵetsedwepo. Malingaliro a Chicago , Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti ufulu wa Second Confement wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo za kudziko n’ngofunika ndipo limagwira ntchito m'boma ndi boma la kumaloko. Khotilo linadalira pa mfundo yomweyi imene inaphatikizapo ufulu wina, ngakhale kuti inalingaliranso kuti ufulu kapena Immunite Clausse translake transmake trapy. McDonald Chicagod chilereckut chiletso choletsa ndi malamulo a boma ndi ofunikira akomwe kuti ligwirizane ndi malamulo a m'dziko lachiŵiri la Countlen Columbia v. Chilunguchi chigamuchichichichi chigamu china china chinagamutsira ufulu ku ufulu wonse cha kumanja.

Indiana (209): Masewera opitirira muyeso

Nkhani yaikulu kwambiri yaposachedwapa ndi yakuti Timbs v. Indiana [1] , yomwe inanena kuti chiletso cha Eighth Amendment pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoperekedwa chimagwira ntchito ku mayiko. Nkhaniyo inakhudza mwamuna amene dziko lake la Revernsion linalandidwa pambuyo pa kuimbidwa mlandu wa kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza ndalama zokwana madola mazana angapo. Khotilo linagamula kuti chitetezo cha Eighth Amendment kulipira ndalama zochuluka chigwiritsiridwe kupyo kupyo. Chigamulo chinalimbikitsa lamulo lakuti Bill of Rights ilocration pa kukhoza kwa boma kupereka zilango ndi katundu wamtengo wambiri.

Tanthauzo la Milandu Imeneyi

Zigamulo za anthu onse osankha milandu yokhudza ufulu wa anthu ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Zasintha buku la Bill of Rights kuchoka pa malamulo oletsa boma kukhala chikalata cha ufulu m'dziko lonselo. Nazi mbali zofunika zingapo zofunika:

  • Kusintha kwa Ufulu Wamalamulo: Aamereka tsopano ali ndi zitetezero zofanana kwambiri ndi malamulo alamulo mosasamala kanthu za boma limene akukhala. Nzika m'boma lina siingamanidwe mlandu wa ajuli, loya, kapena kuyenera kwa kukhala chete mwanjira imene ingakhale yosagwirizana ndi boma lina.
  • Mphamvu ya Anthu Okha: Anthu angatokose malamulo ndi zochita za boma m'khoti pogwiritsa ntchito zinenezo zofananazo za lamulo zimene zinapezekapo pokha potsutsana ndi boma logawa. Izi zapatsa mphamvu ufulu wa anthu, kuchokera ku kusamvera malamulo a apolisi mpaka kumasula mikangano.
  • Féreralism ndi Boma Uchifumu : Kuphatikizana kwa ufulu wa kusankha ndi kukhazikitsabe miyezo yadziko. Maboma adakali malabola ophunzirira ufulu wa demokrase, koma ayenera kugwira ntchito m’madongosolo a ufulu wofunika kwambiri. Motero chiphunzitsocho chimakhazikitsa kulingana pakati pa kufanana ndi kusiyana.
  • Kusinthika kwa Chiweruzo cha Apandu :[FLT :1] Zigamulo za Warren Court [1] Makamaka Gideon, Miranda, ndi Map / adathetsa upandu wa kulakwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu ya apolisi. Ofesi za anthu, malamulo otsendereza, ndi Miranda zakhala mbali yaikulu ku dongosolo la chilungamo laupandu.
  • Nkhani Zosasintha: Kusankha kumakhala nkhani ya kutsutsana kwa akatswiri ndi achiweruzo. Otsutsa ena amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitsocho chalola jaji ya boma kuchotsapo malamulo a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti chimatetezera maziko a ufulu osasinthika. Njira ya kuphatikizapo ndi "Bungwe la Authority" kapena Malo kapena Immunitunies ikupitiriza kupikisana, monga momwe zimawonedwa m'malingaliro osiyanasiyana mu McDonald.

Milandu yosintha imeneyi yakhazikitsanso miyezo yofunika ya lamulo ya kusungitsa lamulo, njira zachiweruzo, ndi mlandu wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lopatula pa Map limaletsa kufufuza kosaloledwa ndi lamulo; kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kwa Gideoni kutsimikizira mayeso abwino; Miranda amachinjiriza kuulula kokakamiza; ndi kuyenera kwa kuweruza mlandu kuchokera kwa Duncan kumasonkhezera anthu kutengamo mbali ndi kuyang’anira dongosolo lachiweruzo laupandu.

Kumaliza

Nkhani ya kusankha ndiyo imodzi ya ziwonjezeko zofunika kwambiri m'lamulo lachimereka. Kuyambira ndi lingaliro la Gitlow lakupanda pake mu 1925, Bwalo Lapamwamba pang’onopang’ono linagwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights ku maiko, kukana kuphatikizidwa konse kwa onse m’chiyanjo, mlandu wa [1]byphencase umene unasumika pa chilungamo chachikulu. Nkhani zolongosola zapadera zofotokozedwa pano / [1] Gatlow, Near, Map, Gideon, Minda, Dunca, McDonald, ndi Timbs . Amasankha mmene malamulo asinthira kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense woyenerera ku chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga. Mwakumvetsetsa nkhani zimenezi, ndi akatswiri a zalamulo akuvomereza kuti Bill wa ufulu wa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa, koma kuti apitirizebe kuyenera kukwaniritsa udindo wa ufulu wa dziko lonse. Zikalata zosankha za ufulu wa kuyesa kuyesa kuyesanso kutsimikizira kuti zigamuyerutsira ufulu wa dziko lonse. Zifunsi zina sizingale kuti, zitsimikizirenso kuti, zitsimikizire bwino pa zigamu za lamulo za m’zo zina zachikulu zikhalepo, zikhalepo

Kuti muŵerengenso, onani [[FLT: 0] Gitlow v. New York (Oyez , , Mapp v. Ohio (Oyez ]] , , [[FLT:] Gideon v.] Macew (Cernell LII) , , [[FT:6] Marda. Arizona (Ez]] , ndi [[FLT:]], [[2] Mac5]