Maziko a Maulamuliro a Asilikali a ku America

Makonzedwe ameneŵa amagaŵanitsa ulamuliro pakati pa boma lalikulu la dziko ndi maboma a boma, aliyense wokhala ndi mphamvu zakezake ndi maudindo ake. Kucholoŵana kwa gulu limeneli kwachititsa makambitsirano, zitokoso za lamulo, ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko imene ikupitirizabe kuumba malamulo ndi lamulo la Amereka lerolino.

Okonza malamulo a malamulo anapanga dala dongosololi, akuchokera ku zokumana nazo zawo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Briteni ndi Nkhani za Chigwirizano zolephera . Iwo anafuna kupanga kakonzedwe kamene kangapereke ulamuliro wokwanira wogwirizanitsa mtunduwo pamene akusunga ufulu waukulu wa maboma kulamulira mogwirizana ndi zosoŵa ndi makhalidwe. Kusemphana kwakukulu kumeneku pakati pa umodzi ndi kusiyana kwa anthu kumakhalabe maziko a mikangano ya boma.

Kugawanika kwa Malamulo kwa Mphamvu Zogawanika

Malamulo akhazikitsa maziko a boma kudzera m'makonzedwe angapo ovuta. Mfundo Imatchula mphamvu zenizeni zoperekedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kukhoma ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko ena, ndi kukhazikitsa maoda a pa msonkhano. Mfundo ya VI ili ndi Suprematy Claus, yomwe imakhazikitsa lamulo la bomalo kukhala lofunika kwambiri kuposa malamulo a boma otsutsana. Mpambo wa Tenth Amendment, wovomerezedwa kukhala mbali ya Bill of Rights, umapereka maziko alamulo kaamba ka ulamuliro wa boma mwa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zonse zosaperekedwa ku boma kapena kuletsa maboma iwo eni kapena anthu.

Malamulo omanga nyumba anapangidwa ndi chimene asayansi andale amatcha "uchifumu" dongosolo, kumene milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma imagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro mwachindunji pa nzika. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo audindo kumene maboma a chigawo amapeza mphamvu zawo kuchokera ku ulamuliro wapakati, maiko a America ali ndi mphamvu zolamulira zobadwa nazo zimene zisanakhale boma la boma lenilenilo. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira boma la America kapena wokonzekera kupenda nzika za dzikolo.

Mphamvu Zokhala ndi Mphamvu Zolimba Motsutsana ndi Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu zoŵerengedwa ndi zosonyezedwa kumapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha mmene ulamuliro wa boma wafutukukira m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Lamulolo limandandalika mwachindunji mphamvu zina za boma la boma, koma kumasulira kwa maulamuliro ameneŵa kwasintha modabwitsa kupyolera m’zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi zosoŵa za ulamuliro.

  • Maulamuliro achiŵerengero: Maulamuliro ameneŵa akuwonekera bwino m'Malamulo, makamaka m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8. Amaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda akunja ndi a mayiko ena, kukhazikitsa malamulo achilengedwe, ndalama, kulanga ndalama, kukhazikitsa mapositi ofesi ndi misewu, kupatsa malo ndi malo olembetsa, kupanga makhoti a boma, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo ndi zida zankhondo, ndi kulamulira Chigawo cha Columbia.
  • Maulamuliro Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito: Malamulo Ofunika ndi Oyenerera Claus, odziŵikanso monga Elastic Claus, amapereka ulamuliro wa Malamulo omwe ali "ofunika ndi oyenera" kaamba ka kuweruza maulamuliro ake otchulidwa. Mawuwa akhala maziko alamulo kaamba ka kufutukulidwa kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma, kuphatikizapo kulengedwa kwa banki ya dziko, malamulo a ntchito zachuma zosaŵerengeka, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe a boma.
  • Mphamvu zanthaŵi zonse: Maulamuliro ena ali ponse paŵiri a maboma a boma ndi a boma panthaŵi imodzi. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, mabanki a malamulo a malamulo, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zaumoyo wa mogwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa mikangano pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma atsutsana.

Mlandu wa Bwalo Lapamwamba Mclulloch v. Maryland [1] (1819) inakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha maulamuliro osonyezedwa ndi kutsimikizira ulamuliro wa boma pa lamulo la boma. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analemba kuti Lamulo silingayembekezeredwe kudzaza ndi "tsatanetsatane watsatanetsatane wa zigawo zonse zimene mphamvu zake zazikulu zidzavomereza," kukhazikitsa kuti boma la bomalo lili ndi mphamvu zake zotsimikizirika osati kokha zoperekedwa komanso mphamvu zonse zofunika kuzichita.

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Mphamvu Zosatha

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza moyo wa nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mpambo wa Tenth Amendment umapereka maziko a lamulo kaamba ka ulamuliro umenewu, koma mlingo wogwira ntchito wa ulamuliro wa boma wasintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya Amereka. Maboma mwamwambo amagwiritsira ntchito zimene zimatchedwa "maulamuliro" - ulamuliro kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo.

  • Kuphunzitsa: United States ali ndi thayo loyamba la maphunziro a boma, kuphatikizapo miyezo ya maphunziro, mafomu a mphunzitsi, ndalama zothandizira sukulu, ndi njira zamaphunziro. Masukulu a m'dzikolo amagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma, ngakhale kuti boma limasonkhezera maphunziro kupyolera mwa zofunika za ndalama ndi malamulo osungitsa ufulu wa anthu.
  • .Public Health and Safety: Maboma amayang'anira zipatala, akatswiri a zamankhwala, amasamalira zangozi zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi kusungitsa mabungwe osungitsa malamulo. Apolisi, malonda a m'misewu, ndi mabureue ofufuza ayang'anira nkhani zambiri zaupandu, pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma amatsutsa kuchuluka kwa mikangano ya zamalamulo.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuyang'anira masiteshoni a galimoto ndi kutumiza magalimoto, kuyang'anira pulogalamu, kuyang'anira madoko a anthu onse, ndi kukonza mabwalo a ndege. Boma limapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira kumanga ndi kukonza magalimoto a m'misewu ya m'dziko ndi kuyendetsa madipatimenti a zoyendera.
  • Kukonza ndi kugamula: akatswiri a laisensi ya United States kuyambira kwa madokotala ndi maloya mpaka kwa ometa tsitsi ndi okonza malo. Amayang'anira inshuwalansi, zipangizo zothandizira kumanga nyumba, malonda a m'mayiko, kugwiritsa ntchito malo, ndi kukongola kwa malo okhala m'malire awo.
  • Zisankho: Maboma amayang'anira boma, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko, kugamula njira zovota, malire a chigawo, ndi kusanthula zofunikira kulowa m'malamulo a ufulu wa boma.

Kutha kwa Magazi ndi Kutha kwa Malo

Supremacke ikhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndi "Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko" ndi kumanga oweruza a boma kuti achirichirikize ngakhale pamene kutsutsana kwa lamulo la boma. Lamulo la kumasula la boma limeneli limatanthauza kuti lamulo logwira ntchito la boma lingachotse malamulo a boma m'madera amene milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ingakhale ndi ulamuliro. Khoti Lapamwamba latchula magulu atatu a kulandidwa:

  • Predection: Congress imanena mosapita m'mbali kuti lamulo la boma limaloŵa mmalo lamulo la boma m'malo mwa mbali ina.
  • Kuwomboledwa: [[FT:1] lamulo la Federal nlochuluka kwakuti silimasiya malo kaamba ka malamulo a boma, kapena lamulo la boma limatsutsana mwachindunji ndi zifuno za boma.
  • Lamulo la Boma: limaletsa kugonjera ku lamulo la boma, kapena lamulo la boma limaima monga chopinga ku zifuno ndi zifuno za boma.

Kugwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso chopulumutsira kwachititsa milandu zikwi zambiri m'khoti ndipo kupitirizabe kusintha monga ngati Congress signals ndi mabungwe a boma amalamulira m'madera atsopano. Arizona v. United States [1] (2016) imapereka chitsanzo chamakono, kumene Bwalo Lapamwamba linagwetsa makonzedwe angapo a lamulo la kutumiza alendo ku Arizona pa malo opulumutsirako pamene likuchirikiza ena.

Ntchito Yokulirapo ya Boma la Federal

Mphamvu ya boma ndi kufikira zawonjezereka modabwitsa chiyambire nyengo yoyambirira. Kukula kumeneku kwachitika kupyolera mwa kusintha kwa malamulo, mafotokozedwe a Khoti Lapamwamba, malamulo a msonkhano, ndi zifuno zothandiza za kulamulira mtundu wocholoŵana ndi wogwirizana mowonjezereka.

  • National Defense and Foreign Policy: Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wokha pa chisungiko cha dziko, nkhani zankhondo, ndi mayanjano a maiko. Mphamvu imeneyi imaphatikizapo kusungitsa magulu ankhondo, kupanga mapangano, kuchititsa maluso, ndi kuimira United States m'mabungwe a mitundu yonse.
  • Interstant Commerce and Economic Regation : [FLT ] Commerce Claus wakhala chiwiya chachikulu cha ntchito ya boma yofutukulidwa kukhala madera osungidwa mwamwambo ku maboma. Kumasulira kotakata kwa khoti lapamwamba kwa malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana m'nkhani monga Wickard v. Filburn [1] (42]) imalola malamulo a boma a ntchito zimene zili ndi "zachuma chapamwamba" pa malonda a m'mayiko ambiri, ngakhale pamene ntchitozo zichitika m’boma limodzi.
  • Chilivil Rights and Ecult Protection : Maprincipment ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe otsatira anapatsa boma ulamuliro wa boma kutetezera nzika ku tsankho la boma. Mtengo wa 144th Expligitement Programme ndi Claus Clausss watembenuzidwa kuti afune maboma kulemekeza zoyenera ndi kuletsa kuweruza.
  • Komiti ya Superfare ndi Interetment Programs: Programu za Federal kuphatikizapo Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, Southral Nutrition Intection Application Program, ndi chithandizo cha nyumba zimapereka khoka la chitetezo kwa mamiliyoni a Amereka. Maprogramu ameneŵa amagwira ntchito kupyolera mwa kugwirizana kocholoŵana ndi maboma, kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumapereka ndalama za boma pansi pa zitsogozo za boma.
  • [[NTL:0] Chitetezero cha chibadwa: [[FT:1] Malamulo a dziko monga Ceake Air Act, Clean Water Act, ndi National Environmental Policy Act amakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko ndi zigwirizano zimene boma liyenera kuzigwiritsira ntchito kapena kuchitidwa ndi mabungwe a boma.

Opereka ndi Opereka Zinthu Oyenerera

Chimodzi cha zida zamphamvu kwambiri za boma zolamulira malamulo ndizo ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Mwa kupereka maprogramu, boma la boma limapereka ndalama zothandizira maboma mogwirizana ndi zimene boma likufuna. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kachitidweka, ngakhale kuti lili ndi malire. Mu South Dakota v. Dole (1987), khotilo linakhazikitsa mayeso anayi oyendera ndalama zimene likufuna: Kuwononga kuyenera kutumikira ubwino wa onse, mikhalidwe iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino, mikhalidwe iyenera kugwirizanitsa ndi chikondwerero cha boma m'programuyi, ndipo mikhalidwe iyenera kuswa makonzedwe ena alamulo.

Njira imeneyi yalola boma kusonkhezera lamulo la boma m'madera kumene silili ndi ulamuliro wa boma, kuphatikizapo kukweza nyengo ya kumwa, kukhazikitsa malire a misewu, ndi kufutukula chigawo cha Medicaid. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (2012) anasankha kuchepetsa mphamvu imeneyi mwa kuchititsa kuti boma lisaopseze kuchotsa ndalama zonse zimene zilipo za Medicaid kuti livomereze kufalikira kwa Amedicaid pansi pa Afford Careal Act .

Mikangano ya M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Ndale zadziko zamakono za ku America ziri ndi mikangano yaikulu pa kulinganizika koyenera kwa boma ndi boma.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro walamulo pa kukonza chilengedwe ndi kusamuka, maboma akhala okangalika kwambiri m’mbali imeneyi, akumayambitsa mikangano imene kaŵirikaŵiri ikufika ku Khoti Lapamwamba.

  • Zilango za Chilango: Maboma ambiri ndi mizinda yatengera malamulo oletsa kugwirizana ndi kusungitsa anthu a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa akusiyana ndi kuletsa anthu ozembetsa alendo kuletsa lamulo la kumaloko kufunsa za malo a kusamuka. Boma la boma latsutsa malamulo ameneŵa kupyolera mwa ziletso ndi ndalama.
  • State Immignation Inforcement : Maiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kusungitsa lamulo kutsimikizira malo oloŵera m'malo ololedwa, kulanga olemba ntchito amene amalemba ntchito popanda kuloledwa, ndi kuletsa kupeza mapindu a anthu onse kwa anthu osakhala a m'madera ena. Makhoti awononga zambiri za makonzedwe ameneŵa pokhapokha akuchirikiza ena.
  • Layisensi ya mtsinje ndi Kuzindikiritsa: [[FLT: 1] Madziko amasiyana kwambiri m'malamulo awo onena za laisensi ya madalaivala ya osamukira kudziko losadziŵika, ndi maboma ena opereka laisensi ndi ena oletsa iwo. Malamulo ameneŵa amakhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo ali ndi zotsatira za chitetezo cha anthu onse, misika ya inshuwalansi, ndi zoyesayesa za boma zosungitsa.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo ndi Kuyendera Maboma

Act Affordble Care Act inayambitsa mikangano yaukuru ya boma m'mbiri yaposachedwapa ya America. Lamulo la munthu aliyense payekha, kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, ndi kusintha kwa makampani a inshuwalansi zinadzutsa mafunso ofunika ponena za malire a ulamuliro wa boma ndi ukulu wa ufulu wa boma.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kufutukuka kwa Medicaid Kusintha: Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu kupanga kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kukhala kodzifunira kwa maboma, ntchito yotsatizana ya malamulo inatulukira m'dziko lonselo. Maboma ena anafutukula, ena anatengera kufutukuka zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, ndipo maboma angapo akupitirizabe kuchepetsa kukula, kusiya mamiliyoni a achikulire osapeza ndalama zambiri popanda kuulutsidwa. Kusintha kumeneku kumapanga kusiyana kwakukulu m'kufikira ndi milingo ya inshuwalansi pakati pa maiko.
  • Kaunda ya Inshuwalansi ya m'dziko: Act ya Affordble Care imalola maboma kukhazikitsa ndalama zawo za inshuwalansi kapena kulephera ku misika yosavuta ya boma. Maboma amene anapanga kusinthana kwawoko anasinthasintha poyang'anira mapulani, thandizo la ogula, ndi malamulo a malonda, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma akugwiritsira ntchito kusinthana kwa boma ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa pa misika yawo ya inshuwalansi.
  • Madoko a Medicaid Waivers ndi Invertion: Agwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka Chigawo 1115 opalamula kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zoperekera ndi kupezera ndalama. Ogulitsa ameneŵa amalola maboma kuyesa zofunika za ntchito, malipiro a ndalama, ndalama zosungidwa, maakaunti a zaumoyo, ndi mapulogalamu ena opindulitsa, kupanga malaboratorishoni a demokrase mkati mwa programu ya boma.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka cha university, Kaisser Family Foundation imasunga kulondola kochuluka kwa zigawo za Medicaid wavers .

Kusintha Malo ndi Utsogoleri wa Boma

Malamulo a malo okhala ali mbali ina ya kulimbana kokangalika kwa boma, kumene kaŵirikaŵiri maboma amatsogolera m’kuthetsa mavuto amene kachitidwe ka boma kakhala kochepetsedwa kapena kosinthidwa.

  • Kampani Yapadera : California iri ndi malo apadera m'dziko chifukwa cha miyezo yake ya kutulutsa yapasadakhale ndi makonzedwe a Ceat Air Act a kulola California kufunafuna mankhwala oletsa kukhazikitsa miyezo ya galimoto. Maboma ena kenaka angasankhe kutsatira miyezo ya boma kapena miyezo ya California, kupanga mphamvu yamphamvu yochepetsera kutulutsa kwa dziko.
  • Derakitikiti Climate Itives: Mabungwe a maiko apanga kugwirizana kwa chigawo kuti athetse kusintha kwa nyengo, kuphatikizapo Regional Greenhouse Gas Initive ku magawo akumpoto chakummaŵa ndi Western Climate Initive California ndi Quebec. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapanga madongosolo ochepetsa kutulutsa carbon m'mbali zonse za boma.
  • Miyezo ya Portfolio yokonzedwanso: Maiko ambiri atengera miyezo yomasintha yofuna mphamvu zothandizira kukonzanso magetsi kuchokera ku zinthu zokonzedwanso. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa ayendetsa kampani yaikulu mu mphepo, dzuŵa, ndi zipangizo zina zamagetsi, kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa zonulirapo za boma zokhala ndi mphamvu zokonzedwanso.
  • Zitokoso za Boma ndi Federal Predection: Maboma alondola chinenezo motsutsana ndi mabungwe a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo a malo okhala, kutsutsa kachitidwe ka boma, ndi kusonkhezera boma kusintha kwa nyengo. Mabwalo ameneŵa akudzutsa mafunso onena za kuima kwa boma kuti apereke mlandu boma ndi mbali yoyenera ya makhoti m'mikangano ya boma.

Environal Protection Agency imapereka ndalama pa kugwirizana kwa boma ndi dziko m'malamulo a malo okhala .

Lamulo la Maphunziro ndi Chisonkhezero cha Maboma

Maphunziro akhala thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko, koma chisonkhezero cha boma chakula kwambiri mwa kupereka ndalama, kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi kuyambitsa malamulo a dziko.

  • Kuyesa ndi Kuŵerengera: Malamulo a Federal kuphatikizapo No Child Lend Behind Act ndi The Reseeds Act adafuna maboma kugwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kochitidwa, kupereka lipoti la zokwaniritsa za ophunzira, ndi kuloŵerera m'masukulu otsika ophunzitsa. Ziyeneretso zimenezi zasintha malamulo a boma pamene zikuyambitsa mikangano yokhudza kuukira boma ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko.
  • Zosankha ndi Federal Funding: Programu za Federal zikuchirikiza sukulu za tchata, maprogramu a makhonsati, ndi masukulu a magnect afutukula zosankha za sukulu pamene akudzutsa mafunso onena za mbali ya boma m’kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro mmalo mwa sukulu zamwambo.
  • Maphunziro Osiyanasiyana ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Malamulo a Unduna wa Maphunziro ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma amafuna kuti maboma apereke mwaŵi wofanana wa maphunziro kwa ophunzira okhala ndi zopunduka ndi kutetezera ophunzira ku tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, ndi chiyambi cha dziko. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa ali ndi mtengo waukulu ndi zofunika za boma ndi za maphunziro a kumaloko.

Kulimbana kwa Magulu Aakulu ndi Magulu Ogwirizana

Kumvetsa zithunzi zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa mmene maboma a ku America amakhalira ndi mgwirizano pakati pa maboma.

Federalism , yolamulira kuyambira kuyambika kwa nyengo ya New Deal, imalingalira maboma ndi a boma kukhala mabungwe osiyana okhala ndi mathayo osiyana. Pansi pa chitsanzo chimenechi, mlingo uliwonse wa boma umagwira ntchito modziimira pawokha, popanda kugwirizana kwenikweni kapena kugwirizana. Fanizo la "layer keke" limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kufotokoza makonzedwe ameneŵa, okhala ndi malire owonekera pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Coftideration Federalism [FLT , yomwe inatuluka mkati mwa New Deal ndi kufutukuka kwa zaka makumi otsatira, kuona boma ndi boma monga ogwirizana mathayo ndi kugwira ntchito pamodzi kusamalira mavuto ovuta. Pansi pa chitsanzo chimenechi, zopereka za boma, maprogramu ogwirizana, ndi kugwirizana kwa boma kumatsekereza mizera pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Fanizo la "keke yosalephera" limalongosola zimenezi, limodzi ndi mathayo ogwirizana m’milingo ya boma.

Utsogoleri wamakono wochuluka umagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma wogwirizana, koma mikangano yonena za kulinganiza koyenera ikupitirizabe. National Archives imapereka mawu onse a Konsichurako ndi kusintha kwake kwa amene akufuna kufufuza maziko a boma.

Tsogolo la Chipani cha America

Kusintha kwa maluso a zaumisiri, kusintha kwa zachuma, ndi kugwirizana kwa ndale zadziko kudzasonkhezera zonse mmene mphamvu ndi thayo zidzagawidwira m’zigawo zonse za boma.

  • Parisan Polassiation: Kugaŵanika kwa malingaliro kowonjezereka pakati pa maboma ndi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma kungakulitse mikangano pa ulamuliro wa boma. Dziko lolamuliridwa ndi gulu limodzi mowonjezereka limatsutsa malamulo otengedwa ndi boma lolamuliridwa ndi gulu lotsutsalo, kutsogolera ku ku kugaŵanitsa kowonjezereka ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko.
  • Change cha zasayansi: Kukula kwa luntha la kupeka, zosonkhanitsa za chidziŵitso, kusagwirizana kwa pa Intaneti, ndi malonda a makompyuta kudzutsa mafunso atsopano ponena za ulamuliro wa boma. Maboma a boma ndi boma angapikisane ndi ulamuliro pa maluso amakono ndi misika yamakono imene imapyola malire a mwambo.
  • Kusintha kwa nyengo: [[FT:1] Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezereka, ponse paŵiri maboma a boma ndi a boma adzafunikira kuthetsa mavuto monga kukhazikika kwa zinthu, kuwonongeka kwa masoka, ndi kuyendayenda kwa anthu. Mavuto ameneŵa angafunikire kulinganiza kwa maboma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Health Emerments: Mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezera ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi zofooka za boma la America poyankha mavuto a thanzi la anthu. Zowopsa za thanzi mtsogolo zidzayambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe yonena za kugaŵira ulamuliro koyenera pakati pa boma ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo a boma.
  • Kusalingana kwa mlingo: Kusiyana kwa chuma pakati pa maboma kungawonjezere chitsenderezo cha kupatsa kwa boma ndi miyezo ya dziko pamenenso kulimbitsa kuyesa kwa boma malamulo a zachuma.

Kumaliza

Kulimbana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma kukukhalabe mbali yodziŵika ya moyo wa ndale zadziko wa America. Kulimbana kumeneku, osati kulakwika kwa malamulo, kumasonyeza kusankha kwadala kupanga dongosolo kumene mphamvu imagawidwa ndi kutsutsidwa. Kukambirana kosalekeza kwa boma kumalola kusintha mikhalidwe, ndi kusintha kwa maulamuliro ogaŵanika amene amatetezera ufulu ndi kutetezera kusiyana kwa mitundu.

Kumvetsetsa malamulo, zochitika za m’mbiri, ndi mikangano yamakono yokhudza unzika wa boma nkofunika kaamba ka kukhala ndi unzika wodziŵa, kuchirikiza kokhutiritsa, ndi ulamuliro wathayo. Pamene United States ikupitiriza kusintha, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma ndi maboma mosakayikira kudzasintha, koma mafunso aakulu onena za kugaŵiridwa kwa ulamuliro m’dziko lalikulu, losiyana adzakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya democracy ya Amereka.