Mbiri ya Nkhondo ya Kumpoto kwa Ireland

Nkhondo ya Northern Ireland, yodziŵika monga Mavuto, inayambira pafupifupi kumapeto kwa 1960 mpaka kumapeto kwa ma 1990, nyengo yosonyezedwa ndi magaŵano aakulu a dziko la Ethno, chiwawa cha asilikali, ndi kulephera kwa ndale zadziko. Ziyambi za nkhondozo zinabuka m'kugaŵanitsa Ireland mu 1921, imene inapanga Chiprotesitanti-majority Northern Ireland yomwe inakhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom, pamene chisumbucho chinakhala chodziimira. Anthu achikatolika a ku North adayang'anizana ndi tsankho la nyumba, ntchito, ndi kuimira ndale, kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu m'dziko umene unakula kuloŵa m'nkhondo yokhudza nkhondo za dziko la Republic (kufunafuna nkhondo yogwirizana) ndi nkhondo yokhulupirika (kulimbana ndi Britain). Pofika zaka za 1990, anthu achikatolika anali ataphedwa ndi kuukira nkhondo m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi kufunafuna kwa mayiko ena kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kuyesa kwapapitapo pa mtendere, monga ngati Sundingdale Agreement (1973) ndi Anglo - Irish Agreement (1985), adapeza chipambano chochepa koma analephera kuthetsa chiwawa. Mkati mwa ma1990, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti asilikali azikhala ndi kutopa kwa nkhondo, kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Mawu (imene inachepetsa kusokonezeka kwa ndale zadziko), ndi kubuka kwa atsogoleri a gulu la anthu kumbali zonse ziŵirizo, ndi kutulutsa a gulu la ankhondolo (* kuyambitsa mpata watsopano wa kulankhulana. Komabe, kulephera kwa masuntchera a mgwirizano ndi a mayiko kunali kwakukulu. Mbali iliyonse inali yofunitsitsa kukhala patebulo yopanda zitsimikizo zotsimikizitsa. Uku ndiko kumene nkhani za padziko lonse zinakhala zofunika kwambiri: kusatenga mbali, mbali yachitatu, opanga malonda, chivumbulutso, ndi andale, kusanduliza m'ka kwa chipale chofunikira kuti aleke kuunjika kwa mtendere.

Ntchito ya Akhalapakati a Padziko Lonse pa Pangano Labwino Lachisanu

Akhalapakati a maiko sanaumirize kukhazikitsa malo; anapanga mikhalidwe kaamba ka ogwirizanawo okha kufikira ku kugwirizana. Kukhalapo kwawo kunapereka mapindu angapo aakulu: iwo anapereka njira yomangira nkhope zowonetsera, anathandiza kumasulira zizindikiro zofala pakati pa adani, ndipo anatsimikizira kuti pangano lililonse likakhala ndi chichirikizo ndi kuyang'anira. Good Wearday Aguement (amenenso amadziŵika monga Belfast Revention) ya 10 April 1998 inali chimake cha zaka ziŵiri zamphamvu, zosavuta kukambirana. Maboma ambiri oulutsa nkhani adayalidwa, kuphatikizapo maboma a Britain ndi Irish ndi [1]guam, United States monga wothandizira wamkulu wa bungwe la Greatergial, ndi European Union monga magwero a ndalama ndi ochirikiza ndale zadziko.

Wotsogolera wotchuka kwambiri anali Senator wakale wa ku United States George Mitchell , amene anali pa mpambo wa nkhani zonse za 76particy kuyambira 1996 mpaka 1998. Kufikira kwa Mitchell kunali kwadala ndi kotsatira malamulo: adaumirira pa “Mipindu ya Misples,” pamene magulu onse anafunikira kuchitapo kanthu kuti akhale mwamtendere, ku ku kuchotsa zida, ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito za democracy. Kuleza mtima kwake ndi kusagwedemo kwamphamvu kunapangitsa ngakhale andale ndi otsutsa kwambiri ndi okana. Mitchell anaswa zitseko mwa kutembenuza ndi“ mapulogalamu a njira ya . . Kusintha kwa malamulo apamwamba kwa anthu ambiri kunkaonedwa ndi kutchuka.

Ogwira Ntchito Aakulu Padziko Lonse ndi Zopereka Zawo

Kuti timvetse bwino mmene anthu amachitira zinthu, tiyenera kuona mbali zosiyanasiyana zimene katswiri aliyense wa padziko lonse amachita.

  • Maboma a Britain ndi Irish monga Co Mediators [1] [1] [1] Ngakhale kuti anali ogwirizana pa nkhondoyo, maboma onse aŵiri anagwira ntchito monga atsatiri pakati pa zipani za ndale za Northern Ireland. Nduna yaikulu Tony Blair ndi Taois Super Ahern adapanga unansi wathithithithithi, kaŵirikaŵiri kukumana mwamseri kuti athetse mikangano ya Ireland kusanayambire mapulogalamu a nkhondo. Mautumiki awo a boma anapanga mapepala achidule ndi malemba a zolemba zopanga mapangano omwe anatumikira monga maziko a nkhanizo. Maboma aŵiriwo adapanganso “Strand " Strand: Strand 1 adakambirana ndi Northern Ireland, Strand 2 ndi Northern Southern, ndi StrandY, ndi 3strish Budman (Unish).
  • U.S. Diplomacy pansi pa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton [1] [1] [1] [1] Khlinton adaika Northern Ireland pa mapu a malamulo ake achilendo, kuchoka kwa maulamuliro a kumbuyo ku U.S. adatsala ku London. Pulezidenti Clinton adaika George Mitchell kukhala wapadera, koma iye mwiniyo adagwirizana ndi maguluwo mwa kupereka visa kwa Sin Féin Gerrys mu 1994, zimene zinathandiza kusonkhezera IRA kuletsa kutha. Luso ndi, lopindulitsa, lopindulitsa, ndi lopindulitsa, lopindulitsa kwambiri chuma ngati mtendere wa dziko lonse likapeza. International Fund ya Ireland, yowonjezeredwa ndi USrouning.
  • European Union [1] [1] -EU inapereka ponse paŵiri zisonkhezero za ndalama ndi zandale. Kupyolera mwa European Regional Development Fund ndi maprogramu a mtendere padera (monga ngati njira za Mtendere I ndi II), EU inatumiza mamiliyoni mazana a yuro ku maprojekiti . Mabungwe a EU anayang'aniranso kuchitidwa kwa panganolo, ndi ntchito ya European Commission kukhazikitsa ntchito yoyang’anira.
  • Commission yodziimira pa Kulengeza – Imakhala ndi Jeneral wa Canada John de Chastein, bungwe limeneli pambuyo pake linayang'anira kuchotsa zida kwenikweni kwa magulu ankhondo. Ngakhale kuti sanali nkhoswe ya nkhanizo, zokambirana zachete za Theaddin zinali zofunika kwambiri kuti nkhani yoletsa kutsata panjira pambuyo pa panganolo ikhale yosainidwa.

Malamulo Amene Anamanga Mapangano

Akhalapakati anagwiritsira ntchito thumba la zida za nkhondo, limene ambiri a iwo akhala oyenerera kuyambira pamenepo m’kukhazikitsa mtendere wa padziko lonse. Pansipa pali njira zofunika kwambiri zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mkati mwa kukambitsirana kwa Good Lachisanu Adrect.

Misonkhano Yachinsinsi (Shuttle Diplomacy)

George Mitchell ndi gulu lake anatha maola mazana ambiri m'misonkhano yapambali, ndi mapwando amodzi asanawaitanitse pamodzi. Kuyendera limodzi kumeneku kunatheketsa nkhoswe kuyesa malingaliro, kupima mizere yofiira, ndi kudziŵira malonda othekera popanda kukakamiza kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhani zoyambirira, Mitchell anakumana ndi Ulster Union (UP) ndi Social Democratic ndi Labour Party (SDLP) kuti asunge lingaliro la mphamvu ya mphamvu ya . Asayansi anaopa kuti angaulutsidwe pa nkhani zofunika, chotero Mitchell analinganiza njira ya kuvomereza kwa mtanda wa [1] “UPUP) ndi“ njira yaikulu ya pa kayendetsekera kamodzi kamodzi kagulu ka Strn.

2. Kufufuza Mfundo za M’Baibulo, Osati Malo

Mmalo mofunsa magulu kuti anene malo awo omalizira pa nkhani ya malamulo, atetezi anaumirira pa mfundo zazikulu. Mitchell Principles anafuna kuti anthu asiye chiwawa ndi kutsatira njira za demokrase. Mwa kubisa malo a pansi ameneŵa, atetezi anapanga maziko amene kulolera kokulira kumbuyo kukana kumangidwa. Kutsatira lamulo limeneli kunathandizanso kuchepetsa mphamvu za anthu amene anakana kusaina pa malamulo, kuwalekanitsa ndi njira yaikulu ya mtendere.

Kusungirira ndi Kusunga Nkhani

Akhala oimira anakhazikitsa nkhani zokambirana m'zingwe zitatu, kuyang'anira nkhani za “Mgwirizano wa Atumiki a ku Southern Ireland choyamba. Strand 1 (Nthambi ya Northern Ireland) adayambidwa poyambirira, pamene magulu onse anali ndi chidwi m'boma lokhazikika. Panthaŵi imodzi anayamba kumanga, atsamwi anasamukira ku Strand 2 (Northōral Ministeral Council), imene inali yomvera kwambiri kwa ogwirizana, ndipo pomalizira pake ku Strand 3 (British Britishish Council), imene inafunikira kukambitsirana kwakukulukulu kwa ulamuliro. Kulankhula kumeneku kunaletsa nkhani kugwedetsedwa pansi pa kuvuta konse panthaŵi imodzi.

4. Kugwiritsira Ntchito “Nkhani Zamwamwayi ”

Pamene nthaŵi ya kuyandikira mu April 1998, Mitchell ndi gulu lake anayenda ndi zipinda za Stornt Castle, ali ndi mawu olemba ndi zokonza. Nkhani za pulogalamu . Kulankhulana ndi anthu omwe ali m’nyumba imodzi koma osati m’chipinda chimodzicho, anachepetsa ngozi ya kuphulika pamene ankasinthana maganizo mofulumira. Njira imeneyi inali yothandiza kwambiri m’maola 48 omaliza, pamene mawu a panganolo anachotsedwa.

Kumanga Zogwiritsa Ntchito Ndiponso Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Akhalapakati anatsimikizira kuti panganolo linaphatikizapo madeti omvekera bwino okhazikitsa maulamuliro a mphamvu, maboma a Northë South, ndi kuchotsa zida. Commission Independent (monga Independent International Commission on Decomissing) adalengedwa kutsimikizira kugonjera. Kuŵerengera kumeneku kunapatsa mbali zonse chidaliro chakuti malonjezo sadzaswedwa. Ndiponso, pangano lofunikira kutchula ma aendisum mu ponse pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland, kupatsa anthu chinenezo ndi kupanga ntchito yolimba kwambiri.

Amalimbikitsa Anthu Kukhala ndi Mbali Imodzi

Ngakhale kuti magulu olimba kwambiri (monga Chipani cha Democratic Union, chomwe poyamba chinakana nkhanizo) sanalipo, nkhoswe analimbikira kuphatikiza zigawo zonse zimene zinasaina ku Mitchell Principles. Sinn Féin anatsutsana nawo, koma nkhoswezo zinatsutsa kuti mtendere uliwonse wokhalitsa ukafuna kuloŵetsedwamo kwa awo amene analamulira kukhulupirika kwa udzu. Zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti mfundo yachikhalidwe yaubale, ngakhale kuti inali yopweteka kwa ogwirizana ambiri, pomalizira pake inapereka chivomerezo ku mbali zonse ziŵiri.

Chiyambukiro cha Kukambitsirana kwa Mitundu Yonse pa Papangano Labwino Lachisanu

Chiyambukiro chachindunji cha kukhazikitsa mtendere kwa maiko onse chingaonedwe m’mbali zingapo: kupambana kwa panganolo, kulimba kwake m’zaka zotsatira, ndi choloŵa chake cha kukhazikitsa mtendere wa dziko lonse.

Kupeza Chikalata Chosonyeza Kuti Ndinu Wokhulupirika

Popanda kuchirikizidwa, akatswiri olengeza, sikungakhale kotheka kuti maphwandowo afikira pa pangano pa nthaŵi ya Isitala 1998. Nkhani zosasinthika kwambiri . Kulamulira kwa Northern Ireland, kuchotsedwa kwa Republic of Ireland, kulengeza za ku North (Mabuku 2 ndi 3), kuchotsedwa kwa zida zankhondo, ndipo kusintha kwa ntchito za polisi . Kusintha kwa ntchito za boma kunathetsedwa ndi kuloŵetsedwa mwachindunji ndi oimira a chigawo cha dziko lapansi. Malemba omalizira a Chipangano Chabwino cha chisanu akutha kupitirira masamba 30, kuchokera ku kukhazikitsa msonkhano wa anthu 1089 76 ku Northern Ireland kukakhala boma. Oimira a kuthandizira mpata pakati pa ufulu wa Britain ndi kufunitsitsa kwa dziko la Ireland kaamba ka kudzilankhulira.

Kupirira Mavuto

Malamulo a Good Lachisanu Auth Reault athetsa mavuto angapo aakulu kuyambira 1998: kugwa kwa maulamuliro amphamvu mu 2002 chifukwa cha kugawidwa mlandu kwa IRA luntha . Kulephera kwa kuyesa kukonzanso zinthu, ndi kulephera kwa kuyesa kukonzanso kwa polishi. Pankhani iliyonse, kubwezeredwanso kwa mameseji (maboma a Britain ndi Ireland, ndi U.S.S.) ndi kulimbikitsana ndi DDEmocism Party (UP). Mwachitsanzo, St Andrews Account of 2006 anathetsedwa ndi nduna yaikulu ya Britain Tony Blair ndi Taois Sheach Ahern , ndi U. Pauly Dobrisky Sy Sy Sysky adachita mbali yochirikiza. Panganolo linatsogolera ku Démocratic Union Union (DUPN) ndi Sin Sy Inin mu ulamuliro wa padziko lonse la 2007 kutsutsana kwa bungwe la U.

3. Chitsanzo cha Mmene Mtendere Udzayendere Padziko Lonse

Chigwirizano chachitatu cha kuloŵetsedwamo (U.S.), ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana (EU) asonkhezera alengezi m'mikangano ina, monga ngati Basque Country, Colombia, ndi Cyprus . Mitchell Principles, makamaka zasinthidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m’nkhani ndi magulu ankhondo ndi oukira mu Africa ndi Asia. Panganolo linasonyezanso kuti m'nkhani zophatikizapo ndi adani akale, atsamunda angapereke osakhala andale, otetezeka, ndi malo okhala ndi chitetezo.

Kusintha kwa Zachuma ndi Zachikhalidwe

Kugwirizana kwa maiko kwa nyuzi sikunangotulutsa chikalata cha ndale zadziko; chinavumbula kuchuluka kwa chuma. Chilolezo cha ndalama za EU ndi U.S. chinathandiza kusonkhezera ogwirizana okayikira kuti mtendere ukabweretsa mapindu otsimikizirika. Chiyambire 1998, Northern Ireland yawona kuwonjezereka kwa maulendo, kuwonjezeka kwa mbali ya anthu wamba, ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ulova ndi umphaŵi. “mtendere wogaŵanika” wochirikizidwa ndi ntchito za m'chitaganya zimene zinagwirizanitsa Aprotesitanti ndi achichepere Achikatolika, zikuthandizira kupangitsa moyo kukhala wamasiku onse. Pamene magaŵano aakulu a madera ena akupitirizabe, kugaŵana kwa madera onsewo kwakhala kothandiza kuwongolera.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Chifukwa Cholephera Kulankhulana ndi Anthu a M’mayiko Ena

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yokhazikitsa mtendere inayenda bwino, anthu ena otsutsa a ku Northern Ireland ananena kuti anthu ena amalakwitsa zinthu zambiri zimene zingathandize anthu kuti adzakhale odzetsa mtendere m’tsogolo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kudalira pa Anthu Oŵerengeka – zinadalira kwambiri maunansi aumwini a George Mitchell, Tony Blair, ndi Bill Clinton kwakuti pamene kuloŵerera kwawo kunatha, kachitidweko kanagwedezeka. Kugwa kwa bwana mu 2002 kunaliko chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa manyuzi yapamwamba [1]
  • Kuthandiza Kufikira Kulengeza Kotheratu Kuyambiriro ] – Atetezi mwadala anazengereza kuchotsa zida zankhondo kuti zikhalebe zamoyo, koma zimenezi zinapanga zaka za pambuyo pa PNG kutsutsana kumene kunasokoneza mtendere. Dup adatsutsa kuti Sinn Féin sanakwaniritse malonjezo ake, ndipo kusoŵa kwa zida zoyambirira kunafooketsa kudalirika kwa mgwirizano pakati pa ogwirizana.
  • Kusintha kwa Chigawo cha kampani - system project inasumika pafupifupi pa zipani za ndale ndi magulu a asilikali. Magulu a akazi, magulu a mikhole, ndi ochirikiza udzu anali ndi chisonkhezero chachindunji chochepa pa malemba omalizira. Chigwirizano cha ku Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition, ngakhale kuti tsopano, chinali chipani chaching'ono. Otsutsa ena amanena kuti kuwonjezera kwa otembenuza ena kuwonjezera kufalikira kwa mayanjano kukanakhala ndi chivomerezo chowonjezera.
  • Kuphatikizidwa kwa Grasroots Faiths Faiths [FLT :1] – Kumbali ya mgwirizano, nkhani zinalamuliridwa ndi UP, imene sinaimire magulu ankhondo okhulupirika koposa. Kusintha kumeneku pambuyo pake kunatsogolera ku wokhulupirika m'nkhondo ndi kupitiriza chiwawa chapansipansi pa zaka zingapo pambuyo pa 1998.

Zimene takambiranazi sizichititsa kuti tisiye kuchita zinthu zimene takambirana pa msonkhanowu koma zikutikumbutsa kuti kukambirana ndi anthu ena n’kovuta kwambiri.

Zimene Tikuphunzirapo pa Zimene Tikukambirana Masiku Ano pa Nkhani Yolimbana

Ntchito ya nkhoswe za mitundu yonse mu Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu imapereka maphunziro ambiri osatha kwa madokotala lerolino.

  1. Uchete Ndi Wamphamvu Koma Uyenera Kukhala Wamphamvu – Amalamatirizi ayenera kuonedwa kukhala opanda tsankho, koma sayenera kukhala osachitapo kanthu. George Mitchell chilankhulo chogwirizana, kugwiritsa ntchito madeti, ndipo ngakhale kufalitsa mawu apoyera kuti asunge mapwando. “Uchete” sutanthauza kuti“ Wosagwirizana.
  2. Kuphatikiza Masheya Onse Ofunika - Opambula angaoneke ngati athandiza, koma chokumana nacho cha Northern Ireland chikusonyeza kuti kuphatikizapo awo amene amalamulira chiwawa kaŵirikaŵiri n’ngofunika kuti pakhale mtendere wokhalitsa. Kuphatikizidwa kwa Sinn Féin kunali kotsutsana koma kunatsimikizira kukhala kofunika.
  3. Akupanga Network of Areversent [1] --som'e mmodzi wokhoza kuchita zonsezi. Kuloŵerera kwa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland, ndi EU adapanga khoka la chitetezo: ngati njira imodzi ifooka, ina ikhoza kuloŵamo. Kusintha kumeneku n’kovuta kwambiri m’mikangano yovuta.
  4. Kugwirizanitsa Mtendere ndi chuma ku Incentives [1] – Lonjezo la EU ndi U.S. ndalama linali mphamvu yosonkhezera. Alamulirezi nthaŵi zonse ayenera kufufuza mmene angagwirizanitsire kupita patsogolo m'nkhani ndi mapindu a zachuma, makamaka pambuyo pa kumanganso.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Chingamitse Chipangano [1] – Chikalata cha Mapangano a Lachisanu chokhazikitsidwa, mkulu wa maulamuliro, ndi matupi a magetsi omwe angagwire ntchito ngakhale pamene chikhulupiriro chandale chinali chochepa. Chivomerezo chabwino chimapanga maziko, osati si siginenti yokha.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Malamulo a mtendere cha pa Lachisanu chidakali chimodzi mwa mayanjano otchuka kwambiri a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, ndipo chipambano chake nchosagwirizana ndi ntchito ya nkhoswe za mitundu yonse. Wotsogolera George Mitchell woleza mtima, wotsatira lamulo; utsogoleri wogwirizana wa Tony Blair ndi Bertie Ahern; pangano lapadera la kuyang'anira Klinton; ndipo kuchirikiza kwa ndalama ndi mabungwe a Yuropu onse pamodzi kukhazikitsa chigwirizane ndi kugaŵikana kumene, pamene kuli kwakuti, ngakhale kuti ndi kupanda ungwiro, kwakhala kwakukulukulu kwa zaka makumi aŵiri. Njira za m'nkhani za m'nkhani yogwirizana yogwiritsidwa ntchito , mfundo yosangulutsa, mfundo yokhudzana, nkhani zokhala pafupi, ndi kugawana ndi kuthandizira magwero ankhondo apadziko lonse. Monga momwe kukhaliranso kwa chipangizo chatsopano, Norlande, chitsanziri chisonyezero cha ku Ireland, chiwiritsira kukhazikitsa mtendere kwa mayiko ambiri.

Kuti muŵerengenso, onani Phindu la Mtendere la Nobel pa John Hume ndi David Trimble , , Britanica pa Good Appagation [[FLT: 3], ndi bungwe la Reace Commission’s Reformation [[FLT:] . United States Institute of Good Active imaperekanso kupenda kwatsatanetsatane kwa zojambula zojambula zotengedwa kuchokera ku Northern Ireland.