Gawo la boma m'zaumoyo wa anthu ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi ndi yosagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri, yozikidwa pa Malamulo a U.S. ndipo yopangidwa ndi chisinthiko. Pamene kuli kwakuti mwamwambo boma limasunga mphamvu za apolisi kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo, boma lapanga mbali yaikulu ndi yofunika kwambiri mwa kutchula maulamuliro monga kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, kukhoma msonkho ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zaumoyo wa onse, ndi kuyendetsa maunansi akunja. Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kumachititsa dongosolo lovuta kumene kugwirizana kwa dziko kuli kotheka, koma osati popanda kutsutsana. Kumvetsetsa malamulo alamulo kumapatsa, mabungwe amene amawagwiritsira ntchito, ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni zaungwe zaumoyo wa anthu onse nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi aliyense amene akuyendetsa malo aumoyo.

Mphamvu za Boma la Federal mu Umoyo Wapoyera

Ulamuliro wa boma wa kuchita m’thanzi la anthu ukuchokera kwakukulukulu ku Malamulo a U.S., ngakhale kuti chikalatacho sichimatchula mwachindunji “thanzi la anthu.” Mmalomwake, Congress ndi nthambi yapamwamba yamasulira mawu angapo kuchirikiza njira zaumoyo zofikira pa mtunda wautali. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amaperekedwa kupyolera mwa mabungwe a boma, njira zoyendetsera ndalama, ndi akuluakulu a zangozi.

Malonda a Malo Oloŵerana

Mfundo I, Gawo 8, Chigawo 3 cha Malamulo amapatsa bungwe la Congress mphamvu “yolamulira malonda ndi maiko akunja, ndi mayiko angapo, ndi mitundu yambiri ya Aindiya. Mawu ameneŵa akhala maziko alamulo a malamulo a malamulo a boma. Khoti Lalikulu limamasulira mokulira, makamaka kuyambira nyengo ya New Deal , limalola boma kulamulira chilichonse chimene chimayambukira malonda a mayiko, kuphatikizapo kuteteza chakudya, kupanga mankhwala, ndi kuletsa matenda opatsirana. Mwachitsanzo, Faceral Food, Drug, ndi Cosmetic Act [1] kudalira pa malonda a Claus kuti apereke mphamvu ya dziko kuzungulira mizera ya CPUPUD ndi kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zoyenda m'dzikolo zili bwino. Mlimodzi mwa ziphandulo zotetezera ndi zotetezera za CROUCUCUS, ndi malamulo a boma lopereka chilo.

Kukhoma Msonkho ndi Kuwononga Mphamvu

Mfundo 8, Gawo 8, Classia 1 imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu “yopereka ndi kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ntchito, makampani ndi masheya, kulipira ngongole ndi kupereka chitetezo cha onse ndi ubwino wa onse wa United States. Zimenezi ndizo “kuperekera Claus” chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu koposa kaamba ka chisonkhezero cha boma cha anthu. Mwakuika malamulo a boma kupereka, boma lingakhozetse maulamuliro a zaumoyo kuvomereza malamulo akutiakuti. Mwachitsanzo, Medicaid ndi programu ya boma limodzi imene imapereka chithandizo cha thanzi kwa anthu otsika. Imavomereza ndalama za boma kuti zigwirizane ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya zaumoyo. Ilo liyenera kukwaniritsa zofunika zina ponena za kuyenerera kwa boma, mapindu, ndi miyezo. Mofananamo, [FL:] CP. . . . . Komiti a K.

Maboma Othandiza Anthu ndi Ulamuliro Wawo

Mabungwewa apereka ulamuliro waukulu kwa akuluakulu a nthambi kuti azikhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu onse.

  • Madenderet a Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Bungwe la zaumoyo la dziko, losumika pa kuyang'anira matenda, kufufuza kophulika, ndi maprogramu otetezera. Ntchito ya CDC ya kukhazikitsa iri yochepa, koma chisonkhezero chake mwa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso ndi ndalama chiri chokulira.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Udindo wotsimikizira chisungiko, mphamvu, ndi chisungiko cha mankhwala a anthu ndi a nyama, zinthu zachibadwidwe, zipangizo zamankhwala, zopereka chakudya, zodzoladzola, ndi zinthu zimene zimatulutsa cheza.
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Bungwe lalikulu la boma lochititsa ndi kuchirikiza kufufuza kwa zamankhwala, kuphatikizapo kufufuza za matenda osachiritsika, zopatsira, ndi kusiyana kwa thanzi.
  • [[MLT:0] Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA): imawongolera njira yopezera chisamaliro cha thanzi kwa anthu amene alibe wowasamalira, wopatulidwa, kapena wosavuta kudwala.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Services Administration (SAMHSA): imatsogolera zoyesayesa za thanzi la anthu kuchepetsa chiyambukiro cha kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala ndi matenda a maganizo.

Magetsi a Zamsanga ndi Kukonzekera za Umoyo Wapoyera

Boma la boma lili ndi maulamuliro alamulo oyenera kuchitapo kanthu pa nthaŵi ya ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu. Pact ya zaumoyo ya kampani ya United States (42 U.S.C. . . 264) imavomereza Mlembi wa Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu kuti achitepo kanthu kuletsa kuyambitsidwa, kufalitsa, ndi kufalitsa matenda ochokera ku maiko akunja kuloŵa m'dziko la United States kapena pakati pa mayiko ena. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu yogwira, kuletsa, kapena kumasula anthu mwachisawawa kugamulidwa ndi matenda osapeŵeka. Stafford Act ndi National Emer Act Act Act imapereka mapangano ena owonjezera a zachuma panthaŵi ya masoka a boma, kuphatikizapo matenda. Mlimwe wa 2009 wa 2009 wa Fluemo ndi 2014, zinalimbikitsa ndi kuukira boma la Ebola.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Kuloŵetsedwamo m’Zaumoyo Wapoyera

Kupenda zitsanzo zapadera za mmene ulamuliro wa boma ukugwiritsidwira ntchito, mapindu amene umadzetsa, ndi mikangano imene umayambitsa nthaŵi zina, kumasonyeza kuti pali mphamvu zambiri zimene boma limapereka.

Chida cha Chovid 16) Pandemic

Mliri wa Chovid 16) ndiwo unali wofala kwambiri pa zaumoyo wa anthu kuyambira pamene mliri wa fuluwenza unayambika mu 1918. Boma la bomalo linathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito imeneyi, ndipo linakonza njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira anthu pangozi, kupereka ndalama, ndiponso kuchirikiza.

  • Zilengezo za Ufulu ndi Makhalidwe Olamulira: Pa January 31, 2020, HHS inalengeza za Umoyo Waukulu, kutsatiridwa ndi mtundu wa ngozi pansi pa Stafford Act mu March. Zikalata zimenezi zopereka ndalama zosatseguka, zinalola FDA kufalitsa njira zothandizira oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito, mankhwala, ndi akatemera, ndipo zinapatsa CDC kukhazikitsa bungwe lolamulira kuchotsako zinthu (pambuyo pake zinakanthedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba).
  • Warp Fraed : Ubale wa onse umene unafulumizitsa kuyambika, kupangidwa, ndi kugaŵiridwa kwa katemera wa CVOID . Boma la boma linawononga ndalama zoposa $18 biliyoni m'kupangidwa kwa katemera ndi kuchuluka kwa 93purchase, kutheketsa akatemera oyambirira kukhala ovomerezedwa m’zaka zosakwanira chaka chimodzi.
  • . CDC inatulutsidwa ndi malangizo okonzedwanso mobwerezabwereza pa kuvala malumbiro, kusuntha kwa anthu, kuyesa, kudzipatula, ndi kupatula. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi sizinali zolamulira, iwo anasonkhezera kwambiri malamulo a boma, kutsekedwa kwa sukulu, ndi ntchito. Bungwelo linayang'aniranso kugaŵidwa kwa matemera kudzera mu Covid programu ya ku COVID.
  • Tsigirst ya Zaumoyo ndi Anthu Okha: Act ndi ziwiya za chithandizo zotsatira zinapereka ndalama za madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri ku zipatala, madipatimenti a zaumoyo, ndi anthu mwa kulipira ndalama zofulumizitsa, kuwonjezera mapindu a ulova, ndi ndalama zoperekera chithandizo.

Zakudya ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo (FDA) Kukonzanso Zakudya ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo

FDA isanatsazike njira yovomerezera mankhwala atsopano ndi kuyang'anira kwake chakudya ndizo zitsanzo za malamulo a zaumoyo a boma. Ntchito zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Drug Trease and Safety Monitoring: Makampani opereka mankhwala ayenera kutumiza chidziŵitso cha kupima kuti asonyeze kutetezeka ndi kugwira ntchito. FDA imapendanso zimenezi ndipo, ngati ivomerezedwa, kuyang'anira zochitika zowopsa kupyolera mwa FDA Bride Metassione Centring System (FALM) . Kuvomerezedwa kwa opha ululu mu 1990 ndi kutsalira kwa kuikidwa kwa madeko mobwerezabwereza kuimira mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa ulamuliro umenewu.
  • Malamulo a Zakudya Zotetezera: FDA imakakamiza Food Safety Modertiation Act (FSMA), imene inasintha cholinga cha kuyankha ndi kuyambitsa kuletsa. Bungwelo likuchititsa kufufuza, nkhani kukumbukira, ndi kuika miyezo ya kutulutsa chisungiko, allergen laing, ndi zakudya zochokera kunja. Kuphulika kwa chakudya kwa 2018 koumaine egtuce E. Coli, kumene kunapangitsa anthu oposa 200, kuyambitsa ziyenezo zofunikira zoikidwiratu.
  • Kusintha kwa Tobacco: [Kuchokera pa kudutsa kwa Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act mu 2009] FDA yakhazikitsa kupangidwa, kugawidwa, ndi kutsatsa fodya. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuletsa ndudu zokometsera (kusiyapo za amuna), kuchenjeza za thanzi, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zatsopano monga emécigarettes. Mu 2022, FDA inakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa anthu kusuta fodya, kutchula kuopsa kwa anthu akuda.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Ntchito ya CDC imakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya thanzi la anthu, kuyambira pa kuletsa matenda opatsirana mpaka kuletsa matenda osatha.

  • Programu ya National Immunization: CDC imakhazikitsa ndandanda ya ana ndi katemera wamkulu yozikidwa pa ziyamikiro zochokera ku Komiti ya Advisory pa Immunzation Practices (ACIP). Imagulanso akatemera a ana amene sanawasamalire kapena opimidwa kupyolera mwa pulogalamu ya Ana (VC). Kuchepa kwakukulu kwa matenda onga chikuku, poliyo, ndi HPVPN zili chotulukapo chachi chachi mwachindunji cha zoyesayesa za boma zimenezi.
  • Tobacco Control ndi Prevention: [[FLT ] Ofesi ya CDC pa Kusuta ndi Thanzi imayendetsa Atichi a Yochokera kwa Oust Shouter ndi kupereka ndalama kuti zipereke magawo a maprogramu oletsa fodya owonjezereka. Bungwelo limayang'anira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa fodya kupyolera mwa National Health Conference Survey ndi boma. Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo, fodya adakali chochititsa imfa yotetezereka mu U.S.
  • Kuletsa Matenda Achronic: CDC's Division of Population Health imachirikiza maprogramu oletsa nthenda ya mtima, matenda a shuga, sitiroko, ndi kansa. National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DP) ndi programu ya moyo wotsimikizira kuchepetsa upandu wa kuyambika kwa mtundu wachiŵiri wa matenda a shuga. Bungwelonso limapereka ndalama ndi zoyesayesa za kumaloko kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yathupi, kudya kwathanzi, ndi kusuta.
  • Kuletsa kwa Ondeose: Poyankha mliri wa opioid, CDC yapereka zitsogozo zoikidwiratu kwa opioids, kufutukulidwa kwa kuyang'anira chidziŵitso chochulukitsa, ndi maboma ochilikizidwa ndi maprogramu akuchinjiriza. Ntchito ya bungwelo yathandizira kutsika kwa 88dose opioid previence, ngakhale kuti imfa za fenanylâne zidakali vuto.

Thanzi Lachilengedwe: Ntchito ya bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe (EPA)

Ngakhale kuti si bungwe la zaumoyo la boma lokha, EPA imakhazikitsa malamulo amene amayambukira mwachindunji zotulukapo za thanzi. Cease Air Act , Clean Water Act, ndi Toxic Substances Control Act imapereka ulamuliro wa EPA kukhazikitsa malamulo a zoipitsa, kuyang'anira zomangira madzi akumwa, ndi kusanthula mankhwala a maindasitale. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a EPA a mtovu m’mafuta ndi utoto wape achepetsa kwambiri ululu wa mtovu wa ana. Mu 2024, EPA anapereka lamulo lomalizira lofuna kuti mapaipi onse otsogolera aloŵeredwe m’zaka 10, kutsogolera magwero aakulu a kutulutsa mitsempha ya mitsempha ya mitsempha ya mitsempha.

Kupereka Ndalama Zothandizira Malo Osamalira Thanzi a Anthu

Bungwe la Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) limayang'anira programu ya zaumoyo, imene imapatsa ndalama zoposa 1,400 maofesi a zaumoyo a anthu amene amatumikira odwala oposa 30 miliyoni pachaka, mosasamala kanthu za malo a inshuwalansi. Malo ameneŵa amapereka chisamaliro chachikulu, mautumiki a mano, chisamaliro cha maganizo, ndi mankhwala m'malo osungidwa. Federal imawapatsa mphamvu zopereka mamba opimira ndi mautumiki odziŵa bwino, kuwapangitsa kukhala otetezeka kwambiri m'dongosolo la zaumoyo la ku America.

Mavuto ndi Mabungwe a Maboma a Federal Public Health Action

Kusemphana maganizo pakati pa mgwirizano wa dziko ndi ulamuliro wa boma, mafunso okhudzana ndi malamulo, ndi kukhulupirirana kwa anthu onse mmene boma limachitira zinthu.

Kugwirizana ndi Kulinganiza Ulamuliro

Demendment ya khumi yosungidwa ku maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku boma la boma. Mliriwu unachititsa kusintha kwakukulu m'kuyankha kwa boma: maboma ena amakhazikitsa malamulo otsekereza ndi oletsa kubisa zinthu, pamene ena analetsa kuyesa kukhazikitsa masitepe. Boma la bomalo linayesa kukhazikitsa kuchotsapo mabomba oopsa ndi kugwetsa ulamuliro wake. Mofananamo, lamulo la boma la akuluakulu a ntchito mu Alabama Association of Realtors v. Department of Health and Human Services [[FLT:] [2002], limene linakhulupirira kuti CDC inapitirira ulamuliro wake wa . Momwemonso, lamulo la akuluakulu a mabwanangete linatsekedwa ndi Khoti mu [FL:N] FL. OSQUT. [202]

Kudalira Anthu ndi Kufalitsa Nkhani Zolakwika

Kudalira mabungwe a zaumoyo a boma kwachepa kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa, makamaka mliri wa CHOVID 16). Kulimbana kwa mauthenga okhudza majesi, chiyambi cha katemera, ndi nthawi ya katemera kunachititsa anthu kukayikira. Mischoption imafalikira mofulumira pa makompyuta, kusokoneza katemera ndi kutsata njira zaumoyo wa anthu. CDC ndi FDA yayesetsa kulankhulana bwino ndi kubwezeretsanso kukhulupirika kwawo, makamaka pakati pa anthu a m’mbiri amene akuvutika ndi kufufuza kwa zamankhwala (m. g., Tuskee Syphilis Study Study ). Kukhulupirira kumafunikira kuwona mtima, kutumiza mauthenga, ndi kuvomerezana kwa anthu.

Kugulitsa ndi Kupanga Malo

Malo a kumidzi, madera a m'madera a m'matauni, ndi malo otsika opezeka ndi anthu ambiri . Mliri wa CHOVID 16) wosonyeza kuchepa kwa zinthu m’kuyesa, kugaŵira katemera, ndi mphamvu ya zaumoyo. Maprogramu a Federal onga ngati Health Center Program ndi CDC ya ku CDC ku Community Health (MFU) imakhala ndi cholinga chothetsa mipata imeneyi, koma kuchepa kwa dongosolo la zinthu m'zamoyo kwa anthu onse kumakhala kovuta. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2021 kuchokera ku Trust ya za umoyo wa America, ndalama za anthu a U. Ndalama za boma zakhala zosakwanira kwa zaka makumi ambiri, zikusiya madipatimenti a zaumoyo pansi pa makampani a zaungwe okhoza kuyankha bwino.

Nkhani za Malamulo ndi za Malamulo

Ziyeneretso za katemera wa Federal kwa antchito zaumoyo, asilikali, ndi omanga a boma zayambitsa mavuto a zamalamulo ndi mikangano ya makhalidwe abwino. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti malamulo ali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa lamulo kwa boma kutetezera anthu, makamaka m'makonzedwe apamwamba. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti amatsutsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi ufulu wa zamankhwala. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri achirikiza malamulo pamene azikidwa pa ulamuliro walamulo ndipo agwiritsira ntchito kwa anthu ena, koma kutsutsana kwa ndale zadziko kwakhala kwakukulu.

Kumaliza

Malo a boma paumoyo wa anthu sangokhala apadera kapena aukali. Ndiwo kumasulira kwa lamulo, malamulo, machitidwe a boma, kuyang'anira, ndi kupenda . Kuyambira ku Commerce Claus mpaka ku Malo a Malaydia, maziko alamulo ndi opangidwa. Zitsanzo zachiyanjo za kampani zakhala zotakata koma zikutsutsidwa. Ziwopsezo zatsopano zaumoyo ndi ziyembekezo za anthu, kuchirikiza kuvomerezedwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma la America. Kwa ophunzira ndi ophunzira, kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi a EPA kumawonjezera zonse ziŵiri za kulinganiza kwa boma ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zaumoyo wa anthu.