Malamulo a Maulamuliro Audindo

Maulamuliro a boma la boma ku Washington, D.C. akuchokera mwachindunji ku Malamulo a U.S., chikalata chokonzedwa bwino kulongosola ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu za dziko. Chigawo cha Malamulo I chimandandandalika mphamvu zapadera zoperekedwa ku Congress . Kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kupangira ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza magulu ankhondo, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko, ndi kukhazikitsa mapositi ofesi. Maulamuliro ameneŵa analinganizidwa kukhala oyenerera koma opereŵera; [[FL:0] Development [[FL:] yachilenge] ] . Maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku United States ku maufumu kapena anthu. Komabe, malamulowo amaphatikizaponso [FL:2] Navies ndi Clausss . [FT] [5] [8], chigawo cha I prognic, Chigawo 18) kuti apereke malamulo onse aperekeze ntchito yoyenerera kwa mapangano owonjezera kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Kupatula malamulo a boma. Mawu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti pamene Nyumba ya Ufumu ichita zinthu mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wake, malamulo ake amamanga mtundu wonse . Malamulo a chigawo chonsechi pamodzi, amapanga malamulo alamulo amene mphamvu zonse za boma zimagwiritsira ntchito mu D.C.

Kukula kwa Ulamuliro wa Federal

Pamene kuli kwakuti boma loyamba linali laling'ono, ulamuliro wake unakula kwambiri mwa malamulo osintha zinthu, kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba. Chivomezi cha Chilimwe cha Nkhondo [1] th, 14th, ndi 15 adavomereza msonkho wa boma, kupatsa Washington chiŵiya champhamvu cha ndalama zimene zikanagwiritsa ntchito powonjezera ufulu wa anthu ndi chitetezo cholingana, kuchepetsa kulinganiza kwa boma.

Mkati mwa New Deal , Khoti Lapamwamba linakulitsa kwambiri kumasulira kwa Commerce Claus. M' [[FLT]] Wickard v. Filburn (1942]] [[FLT]]], Khoti linavomereza kuti ngakhale kupangidwa kwa tirigu kwa malowo kungayendetsedwe ndi Congress chifukwa cha kukhudza malonda a mayiko ena. Zimenezi zinalola boma kukhazikitsa ntchito zachuma zosaŵerengeka, kuwonjezera mphamvu ku Washington. Pambuyo pake, Sosaite yaikulu [[FLT:] [FLT]] ya maprogramu a bungwe la 1960 oloŵetsedwa m'maphunziro, zaumoyo, za kumanga bwino kwa anthu a m'mizinda, ndi kutetezera malo okhala ndi malo ozungulira.

Maulamuliro Omwe Anasungidwa Motsimikizirika kwa Washington, D.C.

Chifukwa chakuti District ya Columbia si boma, boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro pa ilo umene umasiyana ndi unansi wake ndi maboma 50. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amazikidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, Classia 17, chimene chimapatsa ulamuliro wachigwirizano wachigamulo wathunthu pa “kuchotsedwa kwa boma la United States.” Mawu a lamulo ameneŵa ndilo malo oyenerera a boma la boma ndipo amaphatikizapo malo angapo:

Malamulo ndi Kulamulira

Congress iri ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku District of Columbia. Pamene kuli kwakuti Palaul Laul ya 1973 inapereka malamulo ena ku bungwe la D.C., Congress imasunga kuyenera kwa kupenda ndi kugwetsa lamulo lirilonse la kumalo mkati mwa nyengo yoikika (“malamulo”). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ulamuliro wotheratu wa lamulo wa chigawowo umakhala ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba za Malamulo zagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kutsekereza D.C. kuchokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma pa ntchito yochotsa mimba ndi kuletsa njira zina zolamulira mfuti zimene zachitika m'deralo.

Msonkho

Boma la boma limakhometsa msonkho wa ndalama zimene anthu onse okhala m'dera la Washington ndi mabizinesi ku Washington, D.C. Kuwonjezera apo, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) imapereka msonkho wa boma m'chigawo chonsecho monga momwe amachitira m'dziko lonselo. D.C. nzika za dziko zimalipira ndalama zambiri pa msonkho wa boma kuposa nzika za boma lililonse, komabe iwo alibe umboni wovota ku Congress . Chigawochi chikudaliranso pa malipiro a boma a chaka ndi chaka (mwambo wotchedwa “malipiro a ndalama ya chigawo cha Columbia .) kuti abwezere kutayikiridwa kwa msonkho kuchokera ku dziko la boma ndi ndalama za boma lokhala ndi la boma.

Kuteteza ndi Chitetezo cha Dziko

Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa asilikali, amakhazikitsa magulu ankhondo kutetezera likulu. Gawo la Columbia National Guard nlapadera: m'nthaŵi zangozi, pulezidenti angaulinganize popanda kufunsa D.C. meya. Mabungwe a lamulo osungitsa ntchito . [[[FLT:]] , ndi [FLT:] Department [FL:], [FLT:] [FLT] [FOL:] [12] [2] [imene] [imodzi] [magawo], (imene imayendera pakati pa bungwe la United States]. [[FFFOLT]], [FFULT], [FULT], [FULT]], ndi .[FULT]

Nkhani za Kunja

Washington, D.C. ndi likulu la malamulo a kumaiko akunja a United States. Boma limachititsa mapangano onse, limakambirana mapangano, limapereka mapangano achilendo, ndi kuyendetsa mapangano a mitundu yonse . Ilo lomwe lili ku likulu. Bungwe la United Nations, Mission, ndi mabungwe ena ogwira ntchito kuchokera ku D.C., ndipo boma limachita mapangano a mayiko onse amene angalowetse malamulo a dzikolo m’malo mwa malamulo a dzikolo (m’chingamu, ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma). Kulamulira kotheratu kwa nkhani zachilendo kumatanthauza kuti DC.C. sikungaloŵetse m'kayendetsedwe kake kake kake kapena kuloŵa m'maunyinjiko a maiko osiyanasiyana.

Kuvomereza Malonda a Einterstate

Monga likulu la malamulo a zamalonda a boma, Washington, D.C. imakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi malamulo ndi mabungwe onga Faceral Trade Commission (FTC), Facedal Commissions Commission (FC) [FLT] [FLT], , ndi [FLT]] kuchotsa njira za Transportant . Boma limalamulira makampani a zapaleshoni (mtunda, mabwalo a ndege, zitunda) amene amayenda ndi kudutsa DC. Ndiponso, chifukwa chakuti DC. C. si boma, loyendetsako m’dziko la boma la boma m’malo mwa malonda. Mabizinezi ameneŵa amapanga mabizinesi apadera a boma a boma a boma.

Mkhalidwe Wapadera wa Chigawo cha Columbia

District of Columbia ili ndi versision . Si boma, ndipo silili ndi voti mu Congress, koma nzika zake zimagonjera ku malamulo onse a boma ndi kulipirira msonkho wa boma. 23rd Amendment [ (1961]) inapatsa D.C. nzika za ufulu wa kuvota m'masankhoti a pulezidenti ndi kugawa mavoti atatu osankhidwa ndi boma limodzi ndi boma laling'ono, ngakhale kuti D.C.

Pansi pa Lamulo la Pam'am'aike la 1973, chigawo chinapatsidwa ndalama zochepetsedwa za boma, ndi meya wosankhidwa ndi bungwe la 13 la ziwalo. Komabe, Congress imasunga mphamvu yoletsa lamulo lililonse la kumaloko m’masiku 30 a lamulo. Zimenezi zachitika nthaŵi zambiri, makamaka pamene Congress iletsa D.C. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za kumaloko pa mautumiki ochotsa mimba ndi pamene inatsekereza kuwonjezereka kwa misonkhongo yakwa yakwawo. Chigawocho chilinsobe umboni m'nyumba ya Nyumba ya malamulo ndipo nthu ya boma yosakhala ndi nthuta ya boma imene ingalankhule ndi kuyambitsa ndalama koma singathe kuvotera.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kusagwirizana ndi Ulamuliro wa Malo

Federal desitala ya D.C. imayambitsa kusagwirizana. Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a khoti la boma la boma, ndipo Attorney wa ku District of Columbia amaweruza milandu ya upandu wakomweko (makonzedwe apadera osapezeka m’boma lililonse). Boma la bomalo limalamuliranso bwalo lamilandu la D.C. ndi Bwalo la Apilo, limene lili mbali ya bungwe la judicary m’malo mwa khoti la boma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti D.C.

Kulamulira kwa mabanki ndi chinthu china. Nyumba ya boma iyenera kuvomereza bajeti ya pachaka ya D.C., ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imagwirizanitsa okwerapo malamulo . Malamulo amene amaletsa mmene ndalama za kumaloko zingagwiritsidwire ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, okwera pandege aletsa D.C. kusagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zake za msonkho kuthandizira maprogramu a kusinthana majekeseni a ndalama za ndalama za munthu, kugwiritsa ntchito chamba chamankhwala, ndi, mautumiki otchuka kwambiri ochotsa mimba. Amakwera maawirowa amaikidwa mosasamala kanthu za mfundo yakuti D.C. ndi njira yapamwamba kwambiri, kuwonjezera nkhaŵa za ufuko ndi democracy.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Kukakamiza Chilamulo

Chigamulo cha boma la boma mu D.C. nchachikulu. Chigawo cha Court of Columbia ndicho ulamuliro wokha mu U.S. kumene boma la boma la boma lapereka ndalama mwachindunji ndi kuyang'anira gulu la apolisi lakumaloko ndi malamulo aupandu a kumaloko amakhazikitsidwa ndi Congress. Mu 2023, Congress yovotera kutsutsa lamulo la upandu loikidwa ndi bungwe la Councial Act kuletsa lamulo lakwawo. Mtundu umenewu wa kuloŵerera kwa bungwe la Religion Act umalimbitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti D.C. Silitha kulamulira kotheratu pa chiweruzo chake chachilungamo.

Kuimira ndi Kusonkhezerera Boma

Mkangano wokhalitsa kwambiri wozungulira D.C. ndiwo kusoŵeka kwa kuimira kwake ku voti mu Congress. Nzika ziri ndi “msonkho popanda kuimira” m’lingaliro lenileni: iwo amakhoma misonkho ya boma ya malipiro, kutumikira m'nkhondo, ndipo amagonjera ku malamulo onse a boma, koma alibe oimira ndi nthumwi yopanda kuchirikiza. Nkhaniyi yakhala mfundo yolimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu, chilungamo cha fuko, ndi ochirikiza demokrase kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Mchitidwe wamakono waudindo unakula ndi D.C. Commission ya Boma (H. 51) ndi ndalama zolipirira m'Nyumba ya Oimira . Mu 2021, Nyumba ya Oimira inapambana [[FL:2] Shahington, D.C. Adgict Act [[FL:3] [H.K. 51] [I], imene idzavomereza chigawo chonsecho kukhala boma lokwanira, [1] Kusunga kagulu ka boma ku Capitol, Nyumba Yoyera, ndi National Mall. Mlathoyo inafera mu Nyumba ya Chitsutso. Ochirikiza boma akatsutsa kuti chisalungamo chosalungamo cha mbiri: DC. Lili ndi limakhala ndi maiko aŵiri ndi loimira anthu a Black, ndi kutsalira kwa fuko lachilankhunkhulo.

Zotsatirapo za Boma

  • Msanganizo wa Malamulo Odzaza: D.C. angapeze aŵiri aisenanti ndi chiŵalo chimodzi chovota m'Nyumba, kupatsa nzika zake zikwi mazana asanu ndi aŵiri mawu m’lamulo la dziko.
  • Autonomy ya ku madera a ku madera akufupi: Boma latsopano likhoza kulemba malamulo ake, kulamulira dongosolo lake la khoti, kukhazikitsa misonkho ya kumaloko popanda okwerapo a boma, ndi kuyendetsa chilungamo mwaufulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ramifications : Kuwonjezera mamembala aŵiri a Democratic ngokunokwenzeka kungasinthe kulingana kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo, chimene chimachititsa nkhaniyo kukhala yosiyana kwambiri. Masinthidwe a 23 adafunikira kubwezedwa kapena kukonzedwanso kuti asasokonezeke ndi mavoti a boma latsopano.
  • Ictive conomic: D.C. sakalandiranso malipiro a boma koma akapeza ulamuliro wonse pa bajeti yake; ikhozanso kukakamiza msonkho pa katundu wa boma m'malire ake (maiko ambiri a boma akakhalabe omasuka).

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Njira Yopita Patsogolo

Mu 2024, D.C. ulamuliro wa Biden ukutsutsanabe. Ulamuliro wa Biden wasonyeza kuchirikiza, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Serten fibuster idakali chitsenderezo chachikulu. Ena ochirikiza asintha kusumika maganizo ku njira zina, zonga retrocessition (kubwezera D.C. ndi Maryland) kapena kupatsa D.C. zoyenera zofufuza kupyolera mwa malamulo wamba amene angalole nthumwiyo kuvota pa nsanjika. Komabe, kuimira koimira malamulo a 1978 ku Congress congress kutumiza mabaices koma anataya magawo atatu afupi ndi kufupikitsa kwa ratland , kusonyeza kukwera kwa phiri.

Pakali pano, Nyumba ya Malamulo yapitirizabe kuletsa malamulo a D.C.. M'chaka cha 2024, panabuka mkangano watsopano pa za ndalama zapamwamba za maphunziro ndi malamulo a msonkho a dziko. Kulamulira kwa boma pa nkhani za chigawo kumasunga nkhani m'nkhani za m'manyuzipepala ndipo kumasonkhezera gulu la boma. Chigamulo chilichonse chanthaŵi yaitali chingafunikire kuthetsa ponse paŵiri kuvuta kwa malamulo a boma ndi mfundo za ndale zadziko zogawikana kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Maulamuliro osungidwa ku Washington, D.C. pansi pa boma la boma ali aakulu, ozikidwa pa Malamulo ndi ofutukulidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri a lamulo ndi kumasulira. Kuchokera ku msonkho ndi kutetezera ku ulamuliro wa boma wokha pa chigawo, kukhalapo kwa boma mu D.C. kumaumba mbali zonse za moyo wa nzika zake. Kusoŵa kwa mbali zonse za boma mu Congress ndi chiwopsezo chosatha cha boma la boma la America kumachititsa kusagwirizana kwa ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika osati kwa ophunzira a U.S. Boma komanso kwa aliyense wodera ndi kuimira democracy, ndi mtsogolo mwa dziko. Pamene makani a boma a boma ndi ufulu wa boma akupitirizabe, unansi wa pakati pa Washington, DC. ndi boma la dziko la United States udzapitirizabe kulongosola nkhani ya lamulo la malamulo a dziko ndi ndale za dziko la America.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Likulu la Malamulo a Dziko pa Kayendedwe ka Malamulo pa Klaus yoyenerera ndi Yabwino, U.S. kupendedwa kwa maulamuliro a boma [[[FLT:]], ndi D.C. Website ya boma.