Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizanitsa: Kukhazikitsa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation Doctrine chili chimodzi cha zisinthiko zazikulu kwambiri m'lamulo la America. Mwa mipambo ya zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, chiphunzitso chimenechi chagwiritsira ntchito pang’onopang’ono makonzedwe a Bill of Rights ku boma ndi maboma akwawo, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa anthu watetezedwa mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa ntchito za boma. Kumvetsetsa Chiphunzitso cha Kusintha kwa Malamulo nkofunika kwa aliyense wofufuza ufulu wa anthu amakono. Chiphunzitsochi chimafotokoza chifukwa chake Lamulo Loyamba Laufulu la kulankhula limagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi lamulo la mzinda, kapena chifukwa chake boma liyenera kupatsa loimba loimirira. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chiphunzitso cha mbiri yakale, malamulo aakulu a Khoti Lapamwamba, ndi ziyambukiro zake zazikulu pa mmene ufulu zimaphunzitsidwira ndi mmene zikumvedwa lerolino.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Chifukwa Chake Kutchula Chilango Kunafunikira

Bill of Rights, yovomerezedwa mu 1791, inaikidwa poyambirira monga kuyang'anira boma latsopano. Khoti Lapamwamba linamveketsa zimenezi mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), poona kuti kuchotsa mfundo za Communist Reformation sikunagwire ntchito pa zochita za boma. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anagamula kuti malamulo anakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu a United States okha, kwa boma lawo lokha. Kwa zaka zambiri za zana la 19, malamulo anali omasuka kuletsa kulankhula, kukhazikitsa zipembedzo, kapena kufufuza popanda bungwe loletsa msonkhano.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, Kukonzanso Malamulo , makamaka Kusintha kwa Zakutha kwa Zaka 14 kunakonzedwa kuti kuike malire atsopano pa mphamvu ya boma. Chigawo 1 cha 14th Amendment chilengeza kuti palibe boma limene "lidzachepetsa munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Funso lalikulu linakhala ngati "Mgwirizano" wotetezedwa ndi Active Clause" woikidwa ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wa boma. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Khoti Lali Lali Lali Lapamwamba linaletsa kuŵerenga, kwakukulukulu koposa mu [[FL:0] Masease- Nyumba [1] (187 , limene linamasulira bwino mwaŵi kapena Immaunist Claussme .

" Lingaliro lakuti Kusintha kwa 14 kunali ndi cholinga cha kuphatikiza Bill of Rights yonse inaperekedwa choyamba ndi Woweruza John Marshall Harlan m'kutsutsa kwake mu Hurtado . California (1884]. Koma Khoti silinavomereze lingalirolo kufikira zaka za zana la 20. [FLT: 3]

Njira Yosankha Kusintha: Kuwomba Msinkhu ndi Kupitirira

Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation Doctrine chinayambadi kupangidwa m'ma 1920. Gitlow v. New York[FLT:] (1925), khoti linalankhula lamulo la boma lophwanya lamulo la chiwawa cha chipani. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza anachirikiza Benjamin Gitlow's adavomereza kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kuti chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula cha Malamulo Oyamba chimagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera ku Programme Refection Claus. Woweruza Edward Sanford analemba kuti "Kumasuka kwa kulankhula ndi manyuzipepala . . .

Chilengezo chosintha chimenechi chinatsegula mawindo a madzi. Nearb v. Minnesota[FL:1] (1931], Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito chitsimikizo chaulere cha wailesi ku maboma, kuswa lamulo la boma lomwe linalola kuletsa "yanji, yonyansa, ndi yoipitsa". Denge v. Oregon v. [197] [197], Khotilo linaphatikizapo ufulu wa kusonkhana. Venit v. Connecticut . [FLT:] [1940] ) inagwiritsira ntchito Free Classiclection Claus , kukhazikitsa kuti siyeneronerea yosa yosayekha. Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza zimene akatswiriwa "kugwiritsa ntchito "kuteteza" poteteza Bill *

Kutsutsana: Malamulo Onse Osankha

Woweruza Hugo Black anatsutsa motchuka "zokhazokha" . lingaliro lakuti Kusintha kwa 14 ndi kumene kunakonzedwa kuti kugwiritsiridwe ntchito Bill of Rights ku maboma. M'kutsutsa kwake mu Adamson v. California (1947), umboni wa mbiri yakale wolinganizidwa kuchokera ku nkhani za kutsutsana kwa kukonzanso kuti achirikize malo ake. Komabe, mbali yaikulu ya Khoti inakana kuyandikirako, kusankha kukhala wochenjera "kuyesa mfundo zachindunji". Pa kuyesa kumeneko, ufulu wokhawo wa "imlit m'chiganizo"" (apo ngati Javian Cardozozo) akulongosola zimenezi [FO:]. Concticut . [FFFFF] [37] [127]) (panov]) sangakhale ndi ufulu woyenerera kusiyanitsa ndi ufulu wapadera pakati pa zongopanga", ngati adalemba ndi kulamula za "zo, kuti, chifukwa chakulamula za chigalamu cha "F.

Malamulo osankha afalikira. Lerolino, pafupifupi makonzedwe onse a Bill of Rights aphatikizidwa ndi ena monga Third Amendment (Asilikali), chofunika chachikulu cha juli chachisanu, ndi Gevente Conflinement chitsimikiziro cha Genetic Commist. Kuyenera kwachiŵiri kwa Kukonza ndi kunyamula zida kunaikidwa mu [FLD:] McDonald v. Chicago [1] (202010), ndi failgamed Reformation ya Secomment .

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu Imene Inafotokoza Chiphunzitsocho

Kupyola pa milandu yoyambirira yaufulu wa kulankhula, mpambo wa malamulo osintha zinthu mu ma 1960 unafutukula ukulu wa zoyenera zophatikizidwa modabwitsa. milandu imeneyi imakhala yokulira ku maphunziro alionse a boma kapena alamulo.

Map v. Ohio (1961): Ulamuliro wa Exclussion Watumizidwa ku United States

Mu Mapp v. Ohio , apolisi anafufuza Dollree Mapp' ku nyumba popanda chilolezo chomveka, anapeza zonyansa, ndi kummanga. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha chitsimikizo chake, ndi kuwona kuti lamulo la Kukonzanso lachinayi la kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri limagwira ntchito ku maboma . Ndi kuti lamulo la kuchotsa (kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wopezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo) ndi lamulo la kumaloko ndi lokakamiza kutsata miyezo ya Gemputempli, kusintha njira yaupandu modabwitsa m'dziko lonselo.

Gideon (1963): Kuyenera Kupereka Uphungu kwa Onse

Clarence Earl Gideon anali wosauka wozembedwa mlandu wakuswa malo osungiramo anthu ku Florida. Iye anapempha loya koma anakanidwa chifukwa Florida inangopereka uphungu m'milandu ya imfa. Khoti Lapamwamba likugwirizana kunena kuti ufulu wa Sikisi Computerment ndi ufulu wofunika ku maboma. Mlanduwu unapangitsa kulengedwa kwa dongosolo lotetezera anthu m'dziko lonselo. Chikumbukiro kunja kwa Florida cha Capitol chikusonyeza mphamvu ya Gideon pa chilungamo.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966): Kuteteza Kuchita Kupyolera kwa Chikuto

Mpando wa Kusintha kwa Gawo 5 wotsutsana ndi kudzitsutsa unaphatikizidwa ku maiko a [FLT: 0] Malloy v. Hogan (1964). Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, m'chenjezo Manda v. Arizona Khoti linamangidwa pa maziko amenewo mwa kulamula apolisi kuti adziŵitse zoyenera zawo asanafunsidwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulocho chinali chotsutsana, chakhala chogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochita zapolisi ndi chikhalidwe chotchuka cha ku America.

Duncan ndi Louisiana (1968): Kuzenga Mlandu Jury m’Milanduwo Yowopsa

Lamulo lachisanu ndi chimodzi la kugamula mlandu wa oweruza linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku maboma a Duncan v. Louisiana . Khotilo linavomereza kuti "kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli m'milandu ndi maziko a chiweruziro cha ku America. Mlanduwuwuwu unavumbula kuti boma liyenera kupereka mlandu uliwonse woopsa (wonga amene angapereke chilango cha miyezi yoposa isanu ndi umodzi ya kundende).

Ku Indiana (209): Kupitiriza Kulalikira

Ngakhale m’zaka za zana la 21, Khoti Lapamwamba likupitirizabe kumveketsa bwino. Timbs v. Indiana, Khoti likuvomereza kuti zikalata za ndalama zoposerapo za Eight Conflinement zimagwira ntchito ku mabomawo. Khotilo linalingalira kuti chitetezo choletsa kuchuluka kwa zokongola ndicho "kudalira kwambiri pa kakonzedwe kathu ka ufulu wolamulidwa. Mlanduwu umasonyeza kuti Kusintha Chiphunzitso si chiyambi cha mbiri yakale koma mphamvu yopitirizabe yomasulira malamulo.

Chiyambukiro pa Kumasuka kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Chiphunzitso cha Kusintha zinthu chimasintha kwambiri mmene ufulu wa anthu umaphunzitsidwira m’masukulu ndi m’mayunivesite a ku America.

Kuphunzitsa Ntchito Yoteteza Ana

Ophunzira amaphunzira kuti Bill of Rights imapereka pansi . osati denga la chitetezo. Maboma angapereke chitetezo chachikulu cha ufulu wa anthu kuposa chija choperekedwa ndi boma, koma sangalephere kuchepa pa ufulu wotsimikiziridwa ndi ufulu woikidwa. "kupulumulidwa" kumeneku kuli mfundo yofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, boma lingafune lamulo kuti lipeze chilolezo lisanapeze mfundo za malo a telefoni ozikidwa pa malamulo a boma, koma silingalole kuti lamulo la Generament (amene alilembetsa) liletse.

Kugogomezera Njira ya Chizindikiro cha Milandu

Maboma ambiri amadalira kwambiri pa kufufuza kwa milandu. Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation Chimapereka dongosolo lachibadwa la kuŵerengera nthaŵi: kuyambira ndi Barron . Ndi lingaliro la kukhala ndi unzika waŵiri, kudutsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kugwirizana ndi Nkhani za M’tsogolo

Chiphunzitso cha Inshorporation Doctive si cha mbiri chabe. Mapangano amakono onena za ufulu wachiŵiri wa Kusintha zinthu pambuyo pa [FL:0] Madeko a Chigogenti . Chicago [1] (2010) amakakamiza ophunzira kulingalira zimene "Fundantment" imatanthauza m'nyengo ina. Zolinga zachinsinsi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaloŵetsapo mafunso a kaya ngati maluso atsopano a boma amaswa miyezo ya Gemendement Yachinayi. Ngakhale kutsutsana pa chilango cha imfa [1] Kusintha kwankhanza ndi chilango chachilendo kunaikidwa mu Robinson v. California . (1962]) (62). Ophunzira angaone mmene mfundo ya moyo m'makhoti. Mwa kumvetsa, angaonerenso mmene mfundo za m'malamulo atsopano kumasulira mfundo za malamulo.

Kuzindikira ndi Kutenga Chipangano

Mwinamwake chofunika kwambiri, kuphunzira za kuphatikizana kumawathandiza ophunzira kuzindikira kuti ufulu wa malamulo sindiwo mfundo zachiphamaso koma zitetezero zimene zimayambukira moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku. Pamene wophunzira aimitsidwa ndi oyang'anira a makampani a sukulu, Komenti Yachinayi (ikupitidwa ku boma mwa kuphatikiza) imalamulira. Pamene boma lilingalira malamulo oletsa, malamulo a Coptment of the First Reformation (atment (imene inalembedwa mu [FLT: 0]] Gitlow ndi [FLT:] DEMBO] ) amakhazikitsa malire. Kumvetsa kothandiza kumeneku kuvomereza kuti nzika zizindikiro zawo zidziteteze.

Maluso a Kuphunzitsa Kusinthasintha

Maphunziro apamwamba a ufulu wa anthu safuna chabe kuti nkhanizo zikhale zotsatizana ndi nthaŵi imene zinachitika.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusanthula kwa pulogalamu: Amachititsa ophunzira kuyerekezera Bill of Rights (chiyeso cha Congress) ndi mphamvu ya maboma asanayambe ndi pambuyo pake. Zimenezi zimagogomezera kusintha kwakukulu mu American communistism.
  • Kuphatikizapo mayeso: Apereka ufulu wosiyana (m' lekuatiso, Kusintha kwachiŵiri, ajuli akuluakulu, ajuli) ndi kupempha ophunzira kutsutsa ngati amakhutiritsa Cardozo's "kukondera kwachibadwa" muyezo.
  • Mawu otengedwa: Gwiritsirani mawu achidule kuchokera ku malingaliro a zochitika (m., Woweruza Black's kutsutsana kwake Adamson [, Justice Cardozo mu Palko [1] Kufufuza kugaŵikana kwa mafilosofi pakati pa chiwonkho ndi mapulogalamu.
  • Ziyeso zenizeni za dziko: [[FLT :1] Kambiranani malamulo a boma aposachedwapa amene atsutsidwa pa maziko oloŵetsedwa, monga ngati malamulo a Florida "Anti-riot" kapena kuchotsa mimba kwa Texas (amene amaika kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi .a kumanja sikunatchulidwe koma kuloŵetsedwa kupyola m'CURY Claus).
  • Malamulo a m'Chikhalidwe monga malaboratori: Alimbikitse ophunzira kufufuza malamulo otetezera boma lawo. Malamulo ambiri amatetezera ufulu kuposa chigawo cha boma .

Kupitiriza Kutsutsana ndi Mafunso Osayankhidwa

Ngakhale kuti pali poti n’kutha kumaliza, mfundo za Incorpoation Doctrine zidakali kuyambitsa mkangano. Akatswiri ena ofufuza za m'Baibulo amanena kuti kusankha kulibe maziko olimba a lamulo ndi kuti Malo Ovomerezeka a Mpambo wa 14 kapena Immunion of Intath Claus . Paja poyamba cholinga chake chinali chakuti ayambikenso. Mwachitsanzo, Woweruza Clarence Thomas, watsutsa m’zochitika zingapo kuti Masinthidwe achiŵiri ndi a Folete Enitsi a Malamulo ayenera kuphatikizidwa mwa Malamulo kapena Immunicuti Clause m’malo mwa Malamulo a Classione.

Kuwonjezerapo, ukulu wa zoyenera zophatikizidwa udakalipo kutsutsidwa. Kodi Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kunyamula mfuti poyera? Khoti Lapamwamba linayankha funsolo mu New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruen[[FL:1]], kusunga malamulowo sikungafunikire "chochititsa choyenera" kunyamula laisensi yobisika. Chigamulo chimenechi chinadalira pa kusanthula kokhazikitsidwa mu McD . Mofananamo, Description's Selvement imapitiriza kutembenuza monga mayero ndi mikhalidwe ya khoti.

Otsutsa a Khoti Lalikulu la milandu likamanena kuti liyenera kutsatira ufulu wa boma, pamene ochirikiza mfundo imeneyi akunena kuti chitetezo chimenechi ndicho cholinga cha Lamulo la 14 la Kukonzanso.

Zofalitsa Zoti Tipitirize Kuphunzira

Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ofuna chidziŵitso chowonjezereka pa Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizanitsa angapeze mfundo zotsatirazi:

Kumaliza: Chiphunzitso Chamoyo cha Lamulo Lamoyo

Chikalata cha Incorporation Doctive si lamulo lalamulo lamphamvu koma njira yolimba imene imapitirizabe kuumba ufulu wa Amereka. Kuyambira pa zosankha zoyambirira za ma 1920 mpaka pa nkhani za mfuti za ma 2020, Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito Servement’s Reformation Memostment Memost Claus kufutukula Bill of Rights ku mbali iliyonse ya dzikolo. Kwa aphunzitsi, chiphunzitsochi chimapatsa mphamvu yaikulu imene ophunzira angamvetsere mfundo za boma, kumasulira koikidwiratu, ndi kuvutikira kulongosola zoyenera za maziko. Mwa kuphunzira mfundo zazikulu za lamulo la lamulo lachikhalidwe cha dziko lonse, ophunzira amakhala mbali ya mwambo waukulu wa kukambirana kochitidwa ndi lamulo kwa lamulo. Chomwe chimati palibe boma limene limaletsa munthu aliyense ufulu umene umakhala watanthauzo. Pamene Khoti likupitirizabe kumasulira ufulu wa ku Kendemedition, Kumasulira kotsatira mfundo za ufulu lachikhalidwe lachimereka kwa ku America ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwachikhalidwe lachikhalidwe lachikhalidwe lachimereka.