Maziko a Lamulo a Kulinganiza Koyenera mu Amereka

United States Constitution si chikalata cha mbiri yakale chabe; ndi dongosolo lamoyo limene limalongosola unansi pakati pa boma ndi anthu ake. Pamaziko ake pali lamulo la kachitidwe koyenera [1] kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda njira zolungama ndi zololedwa. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene malamulo a m'malamulo amakhazikitsa ndi kutetezera njira yoyenera, kulondola chiyambi chake, kukula kwake kupyola kumapeto kwake, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwenikweni kwa dziko kupyola dongosolo la malamulo. Kuzindikira machinjirizo ameneŵa nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse, monga momwe njira yoyenerera imapangira thanthwe la chilungamo ndi malire a boma.

Zimene Kutsatira Koikidwiratu Kumatanthauza

Malamulo afunika kupangidwa mosiyanasiyana komanso mosiyanasiyana. Njira yoyenerera imafunika kuti boma litsatire malamulo ndi njira zokhazikitsidwa lisanachite zinthu zimene zimakhudza ufulu wa munthu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupereka chidziŵitso, mwayi woti amvedwe, ndi kumvetsera bwino pamaso pa khoti lopanda tsankho. Njira zoyenerera, zimateteza ufulu wina wofunika ku zosokoneza boma, ngakhale ngati njira zoyenerera zikugwirizana ndi malamulowo.

Maziko a malamulo a ntchito yoyenerera amapezeka makamaka m'masinthidwe aŵiri: Kusintha kwachisanu, kumene kumagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, ndi Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14, kumene kumawonjezera chitetezo chimodzimodzi kwa maboma ndi malo. Chinenero cha onse aŵiri nchofanana: “Palibe munthu... amene adzalandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo.

Kupenda mozama mafotokozedwe a lamulo a kachitidwe koyenera, Cornell Indation Institute imapereka chisonyezero champhamvu cha zigawo zonse ziŵiri za procedtural ndi zaing'ono.

Mpukutu Wachisanu: Dongosolo Loyambirira la Claus

Chisinthikochi chinaikidwa mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, Commergation yachisanu inali chitsimikizo choyamba chotsimikizirika cha kachitidwe koyenera m'Bungwe la Malamulo. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kuletsa mphamvu za boma latsopano. Chisinthikocho chili ndi zitetezero zingapo zogwirizana, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuweruza kokulira, kutetezera ku ngozi ziŵiri, ndi mwaŵi wolimbana ndi kudziimira pawekha.

Zitetezero Zofunika Pansi pa Kukonzanso kwa Gawo Lachisanu

  • Aukulu Jury Indictment: Pamilandu yaikulu ya boma, munthu sangaimbidwe mlandu pokhapo ngati juli yaikulu ipereka chinenezo, kutsimikizira kuti pali chochititsa chothekera chisanafike mlanduwo.
  • Kuchinjiriza Kulimbana ndi Kupasaŵiri: Munthu akamasulidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu, iwo sangaimbidwenso mlandu umodzimodziwo, kuletsa boma kuvutitsa munthu mobwerezabwereza.
  • Kulimbana ndi kudzilungamitsa: Munthu sangakakamizike kudzinenera, chitetezo chimene chimayambitsa kudziona ngati wopanda liŵongo.
  • Gue Process Claus : Boma liyenera kutsatira njira zoyenerera lisanamane aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu.
  • imapatsa Claus: katundu waumwini sungatengedwe kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi anthu popanda kulipira, chitetezo chofananacho chimene chimatsimikizira njira yoyenerera ya zachuma.

Zitetezero zimenezi si zopanda malire; zimangokhudza zochita za boma, osati zaumwini, koma zimakhazikitsa mfundo zolungama zimene boma liyenera kuonetsetsa pa nkhani zaupandu ndi zachiŵeniŵeni zofanana.

Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera: Kufutukula Dongosolo Loyenera ku Dziko

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, kufunika kwa kutetezera ufulu wa akapolo ongomasulidwa kumene kunatsogolera ku kuvomerezedwa kwa Lamulo la 14 mu 1868. Chikalata chake cha Active Procession Clause chimagwira ntchito molunjika ku mabomawo: “Ndipo Boma lililonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda dongosolo loyenerera la lamulo.” Kumeneku kunali kuwonjezereka kwa kusintha kwakukulu, monga kumbuyoku kukonzanso, Bri ya Ufulu wa Boma linaletsa kokha boma.

Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu

Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera linayambitsanso chiphunzitso cha kuloŵetsamo, kumene Bwalo Lapamwamba pang’onopang’ono linagwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights ku mabomawo kupyolera mwa Claus. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa kukambitsirana wa First Amendment, kutetezeredwa kwa Lamulo Lachinayi pa kufunafuna kosalingalira, ndi kuyenera kwa Sikisi Lopereka uphungu kwakhala kogwirizana. Kachitidwe kameneka katsimikizira kuti boma ndi maboma a kumalo sangaswe zoyenera zazikulu zina zonse kuposa mmene boma la boma lingachitire.

Mark yophatikizapo dziko imaphatikiza [[FLT:] Gitlow v. New York (1925) kaamba ka kulankhula kwaulere, Mapp v. Ohio[FL:5] (1961) kaamba ka kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa, ndi Gideon v. Wainwright [ (1983] kaamba ka kuyenera kwa uphungu. Zigamuzo zirizonse zimenezi zinadalira pa lingaliro limene limafunikira kuwonana ndi ufulu.

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Pansi pa Kukonzanso kwa Zamkati kwa 14,

Kuposa zitetezero za kampani, Accomplity ya 14th Reformation’s Accessis Claus yamasuliridwa kutetezera ufulu wina waung'ono umene “wazikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa mtundu uno. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, ndi kuyenera kulera ana ngati munthu akuona kuti ali oyenera. Mchitidwe wofunikira umakhalabe malo otsutsana, koma umakhala maziko a malamulo apadera monga . Wade v. [12] [7]] [7] [1] ndi .OGObergefell. v [FL:]

SCOTUS lotting ya Obergefell v. Hodges ikufotokoza mmene khotilo linanenera kuti njira yoyenerera imatetezera kuyenera kwa kukwatira, mosasamala kanthu za ukazi.

Kumasulira ndi Kuika Chizindikiro Pachiweruzo

Matanthauzo a ntchito yofunikira si amodzi; imasintha kuchokera ku zigamulo zachiweruzo. Khoti Lalikulu lagwiritsira ntchito Clauss ya Century (Curve Procession Claus) kulongosola nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri za chilungamo ndi ufulu m’mbiri ya Amereka.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ndi Kuyenera kwa Kutonthola

Mwinamwake mlandu wotchuka kwambiri wokhudza milandu, Miranda v. Arizona [FLT :1] anakhazikitsa kuti apolisi ayenera kudziŵitsa anthu kuti ali ndi ufulu wodzikayikira kuti akhale chete ndi kuti akhale ndi loya amene akhalapo pamene akufunsidwa mlandu. Khotilo linanena kuti popanda machenjezo amenewa, mawu alionse opezeka amalingaliridwa kuti amakakamiza ndipo saloledwa ku khoti. Lamulo limeneli limateteza ufulu wa Oyamba 5 C. Limaletsa kulowa m’dziko mwa munthu payekha ndi kutsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlanduwo sawazemba mlanduwo.

Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963) ndi Kuyenera kwa Uphungu

Mu Gideon v. Wainwright , Khoti Lalikulu linagwirizana kuti Thungwe Lachisanu ndi chimodzi la ufulu wa kupereka uphungu limagwira ntchito kuweruza milandu kupyolera mwa Programme ya 144th Claus. Izi zikutanthauza kuti aliyense woimbidwa mlandu wa upandu waukulu amene sangathe kupereka loya ayenera kuperekedwa pamtengo wa onse. Mlanduwo unasintha dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo, ukumatsimikizira kuti chuma sichingatsimikizire kuti munthu angapeze njira yodzitetezera.

Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) ndi Machitidwe Oyenera m'Chilamulo cha Ulamuliro

Malamulo oyenera saikidwa m'makhoti okha ayi. M'makhoti. Kelly , khoti linagamula kuti mapindu aubwino ndi mtundu wa katundu, ndipo boma lisanathe kuwachotsa, ayenera kupereka ndandanda ya kumvetsera. Mlanduwo unakulitsa chitetezo choyenera kulowa m’dziko la ubwino wa anthu, kufunitsa mabungwe kupereka chidziŵitso, mpata wopereka umboni, ndi wopanga chigamulo chopanda tsankho.

Mathews v. Elditridge (1976) ndi Kuyesa Kwadongosolo

Kuwona kuti ndi zitetezero zachibadwa ziti zimene zimafunikira m'nkhani ina, Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa mayeso osinthika olinganiza zinthu Mathews v. Eldidge . Makhoti amayesa zinthu zitatu: chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kusoŵa njira zokhalako, ndi chifuno cha boma cha kuyendetsa bwino ndi chuma. Kuyesaku tsopano kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupenda njira zoyendera m'madera monga ngati kupunduka kwa ophunzira.

Zotsatirapo za Chiweruzo Cholungama cha Apandu

Kutsatira kwake kukuoneka kuti kumayenderana ndi njira zaupandu, kumene mitengoyo ndi yaikulu kwambiri, ndipo kutha kwa ufulu kapena moyo.

Ufulu wa Kuzengedwa Mlandu Mwachilungamo

Oteteza milandu ali ndi ufulu wouzidwa milandu, kukambirana ndi mboni, ndi kukakamiza mboni zabwino kupereka umboni.

Kulingalira za Kupanda Umboni ndi Mtolo Wolemetsa

Kulingalira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali wopanda liwongo kumatanthauza kuti palibe chimene afunikira kutsimikizira; boma limapereka chikole chonsecho.

Kuweruza Kolakwika ndi Umboni Wopereka Chilango

Njira yoyenerera yoperekera mlandu imaletsanso ozenga mlanduwo kugwiritsira ntchito modziŵa umboni wonama kapena kutsekereza umboni wovomerezeka kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Nkhani yosonyeza zinthu Brady v. Maryland [1] (1963) inatsimikizira kuti mlanduwo uyenera kuvumbula umboni wodzitetezera. Kulephera kuswa njira yoyenerera ndi kuchititsa kuti zikhululukidwe.

Zoyenera Kuchita Pambuyo pa Makhoti Ochita Upandu

M’mayiko osiyanasiyana, boma limasankha zochita zimene zimakhudza zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Kutsatira Mayendedwe a Maphunziro

Ophunzira m'masukulu a anthu onse ali ndi chikondwerero cha zinthu m'maphunziro awo ndi chikondwerero chaufulu m'mbiri yawo. Sukulu isanakhazikitse kuchotsedwa kapena kuthamangitsidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, iyenera kupereka chidziŵitso cha zinenezo, malongosoledwe a umboni, ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo kwa wophunzira kuyankha. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Gos v. Lopez [1] [12] [7] [7] [7]

Kusintha Ntchito ndi Zinthu

Ogwira ntchito a boma amene ali ndi chikondwerero cha katundu wa ntchito zawo (m’jere, kupyolera mwa pangano kapena ntchito) sangachotsedwe popanda dongosolo loyenerera. Mofananamo, boma silingachotse laisensi, kukana chilolezo cha kumanga, kapena kulanda katundu popanda kupereka chidziŵitso cha gulu loyambukiridwa ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa. Ngakhale kuchotsedwa kwa mapindu a kakhalidwe kabwino kapena kulephera kwa Social Security kumayambitsa zifuno zofunikira.

Ntchito Yoyenera Kuyang’anira ndi Mapindu a Boma

Boma lamakono limakhudza nzika mwa zosankha zambiri za boma . Kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha malo a Medicas kulephera. Chigamulo cha Access Claus chikufuna kuti zosankha zimenezi zipangidwe mwachilungamo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kumva kumene anthu angatsutse machitidwe oipa. Njira zenizeni zimasiyana malinga ndi nkhani yake, koma lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limakhalabe: boma silingachite mosalungama.

Kwa chitsogozo chokwanira pa ntchito yauyang'anira, kujambula kwa American Bar Association kwa lamulo lauyang'anira kulongosola mmene kumvetsera ndi kukopa kumagwira ntchito.

Mavuto a M’chigwirizano Chamakono

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a m’Baibulo anapangidwa, zinthu zikhoza kukhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zitheke, koma pamafunika kusamala kwambiri kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Kusiyana Mafuko ndi Zachuma

Chigamulo cha milandu chimakhudza kwambiri anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi amene ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Kukonda mitundu, kukondera, ndi kuchuluka kwa kumangidwa kwa anthu ochepa kumabutsa mafunso ngati chitetezo choyenera chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana. Ndiponso, mtengo wa ndalama zoyendetsera belo ndi kuimira lamulo kumatanthauza kuti chuma chingatsimikizire ngati munthu wasungidwa kapena walandira uphungu wokwanira. Makhalidwe osiyana ameneŵa amawononga lonjezo la ntchito yoyenera kwa onse.

Kutsekemera kwa Manda ndi Kupanga Mafuta

Kachitidwe kake kamakhala kopeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuchonderera. Malamulo aupandu oposa 90% amatha ndi mapangano ochonderera, kumene oimbidwa mlandu amawononga kuyenera kwawo kwa kuzengedwa mlandu posinthana ndi chilango chochepa. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuchonderera kogwirizana kopereka chigamulo kwa kupereka ndi chiwopsezo cha zigamulo zazitali kwambiri pa kutsendereza anthu osalakwa kuti anenezedwe ndi mlandu kuti aike mlandu. Masinthidwe afunikira kutsimikizira kuti kulakwa ndi kodzifuniradi ndi kodziŵitsidwa.

Chisungiko cha Dziko ndi Kachitidwe Kotsatira

Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, boma lakhazikitsa mphamvu zazikulu m'dzina la chisungiko cha dziko, nthaŵi zina mwa kutaya njira yofunikira. Kumangidwa kwa adani, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magulu ankhondo, ndi maprogramu osafunikira oyang’anira zonse zadzutsa nkhaŵa zofunikira. Khoti Lapamwamba labwezanso mlandu wonga ngati Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [1] (2004), polingalira kuti ngakhale nzika zosankhidwa kukhala adani zili ndi ufulu wotsutsa kumangidwa kwawo pamaso pa wopanga chigamulo chauchigamulo chaungwe chauchenga.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi ndi Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Luso la zopangapanga lapanga mavuto atsopano. Malamulo tsopano angapeze unyinji wa ma moni wa munthu mwini [1] Email, mbiri ya malo, mafashoni . Nthaŵi zambiri popanda chilolezo kapena ndi tchena. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Carplatent v. United States (208) analamula kuti kulowa pa foni kumafuna chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chenicheni, kuzindikira kuti chinsinsi cha foni n’chofunika kulola. Koma mafunso ambiri adakalipo ponena za mmene njira yosungira zinthu, kuzindikira nkhope, ndi kupanga zigamu za jakisoni.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kutsatira Malonda

Kuzenga mlandu kwakhala kukuonedwa kukhala kwachiŵeruzo m’mbiri, kulola zitetezero zochepera zofunikira. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira kuti anthu osachuluka mu United States ali ndi ufulu wofunikira kuchitika. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa mlandu, kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu (ngakhale kuti sikuli pamtengo wa boma), ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni. Komabe kuchotsedwa, kutsekedwa popanda mgwirizano, ndi kupendedwa kwachiweruzo kukupitiriza kutokosa njira yoyenerera m'dongosolo la kusamuka kwa anthu.

ACLU chuma cha kuyenera kwa anthu osamukira kudziko lina ndi njira yoyenerera imapereka kupenda kowonjezereka kwa nkhaŵa zopitirizabe zimenezi.

Mbali Yokhalitsa ya Lamulolo Potetezera Njira Yoyenera

Malamulo oyenera a malamulowo safuna kudziphera okha; amafuna kuteteza ndi kumasulira kosalekeza. Pazaka mazana aŵiri, makhoti akulitsa ndi kuwongolera chitetezo chimenechi kuti avomereze ziwopsezo zatsopano ndi kuchotsa malamulo a anthu. Kuchokera ku kutsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlandu aliyense ali ndi loya wofuna kuti sukulu zisamalire bwino ophunzira, ntchito yake idakali chitetezero champhamvu pa ulamuliro wa boma wongofuna dala.

Monga nzika, kuzindikira zoyenera zimenezi kumatipatsa mphamvu yofuna kuti tidziike mlandu.