Table of Contents
Chiyambi cha Kudwala Matenda Aŵiri
Lamulo la kuopsa kwa kaŵiri ndilo maziko a lamulo laupandu limene limatetezera anthu ku kuzengedwa kapena kulangidwa kamodzi chifukwa cha mlandu umodzimodzi. Limazikidwa m'malamulo akale a lamulo a Roma ndi lamulo la Chingelezi . Chiphunzitsochi chikufuna kuletsa boma kuzunza munthu mobwerezabwereza, chimene chingatsogolere ku kuvutitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndi chilango chosalungama. Ku United States, ngozi zoŵirikiza kaŵiri zimatetezedwa ndi Lamulo Lachisanu la Malamulo, limene limanena kuti palibe munthu amene ayenera kuikidwa kaŵiri paupandu wa moyo kapena chiŵalo. Chitetezero chimenechi sichili lamulo la sayansi wamba; chimasonyeza kudzipereka kwakukulu ku chilungamo, kumapeto, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha m’dongosolo la chilungamo.
Pamaziko ake, ngozi ziŵiri, zimatsimikizira kuti munthu atamasulidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu wa upandu, boma silingalondolenso mlandu wachiŵiri kaamba ka kachitidwe kofananako kozikidwa pa mfundo zofananazo. Zimenezi zimaletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito chuma chake chachikulu kuchepetsa woimbidwa mlandu, kukhazikitsa zothodwetsa zobwerezabwereza ndi za ndalama, kapena kutsendereza chigamulo chosayenera. Kumvetsetsa malire, ziletso, ndi kusiyanitsa kwa ngozi ziŵiri nkofunika kwa ophunzira, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi aliyense wokondwerera ntchito za chilungamo chaupandu. Nkhaniyi imapenda chitetezo chachikulu, milandu yopatula, ndi mbali yaupandu yopitirizabe kutetezera milandu yobwerezabwereza kaŵiri yokhudzana milandu ya upanduwo.
Kumvetsetsa Chizindikiro cha Maupandu Aŵiri
Lingaliro la ngozi ziŵiri lili ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha mbiri yakale. Ku Athens wakale, lamulo loletsa kuyesa munthu pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa. Lamulo la Chicheŵa linayambitsa pempho la [[FLT: 0]] autrefois commony (poyambirira kumasulidwa) ndi [[FLT:]] authoris [authristris] oweruza [[FULT]] [[FOLT]]] (anamangidwa kale) kutsegulidwa kwa milandu yotsatira. Olamulira a ku America analingalira chitetezero chachi kukhala chofunika kwambiri kwakuti anachiphatikizapo mu Find Remed Amend Remed, chomwe chinavomerezedwa mu 17911. Mawu enieni "" "idzakhala nkhani ya kuikidwa kaŵiri m’moyo kapena m'thupi. [4] [4] [3] [4]
Jeopardy "attacks" pa nsonga yapadera m'maweruziro. Kuzenga mlandu, kuikidwa paupandu pamene ajuli alumbira; m'kuzengedwa mlandu, kumagwirizanitsidwa pamene khoti liyamba kumva umboni. Ngati ngoziyo igwirizanitsidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo amapeza chitetezo chonse cha Jeopardiy Clause. Ngati mlanduwo uthera m'kubisa (chigamulo cha kusakhala wa liwongo) kapena kutsimikiza, boma silingayese woimbidwa mlanduwo kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo, popanda umboni wina. Chitetezero chimenechi chimawonjezeranso chilango cha kaŵiri: boma sichingapereke chilango chotsatikana kulakwa chimodzimodzi ngati bwalolo lifuna chilango chimodzi.
Zitetezero Zofunika Zoperekedwa ndi Maupandu Aŵiri
- Kuchinjiriza kuzengedwa milandu yambiri kaamba ka kachitidwe kamodzimodzi. Pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kapena chigamulo, boma silingayambitse kuzenga mlandu watsopano kaamba ka mchitidwe umodzimodziwo waupandu, ngakhale ngati pali umboni watsopano. Zimenezi zimapereka kumaliza ndi kuletsa boma ku "kugulitsa" kwa oweruza oyanja.
- Kuchinjiriza ku chilango chambiri kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo. Claus amatsekera kuikidwa kwa chilango choposa chimodzi kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo, kusiyapo ngati bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulolo linavomereza mwachindunji kuwonjezera chilango pansi pa malamulo osiyana.
- Kutetezeredwa panyengo zosiyanasiyana za malamulo. ngozi yaŵiri imagwira ntchito osati kokha ku ziyeso zoyambirira komanso kuweruza makutu, zifunsiro, ndi mabwalo pambuyo pa kulakwa kapena kusinthidwa kwa apilo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chitsimikiziro chasinthidwa chifukwa cha umboni wosakwanira, boma silingayese woimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chakuti lingakhale kuyesa kwachiŵiri pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa.
- Kutetezera ku lumbiro la kutsekereza m'milandu. Chiphunzitso cha kuyang'anira estoppel (ikutsogolera) ndi mbali ya ngozi ziŵiri. Ngati kukhululukidwa kwapapitapo kunagamula nkhani yeniyeni ya chiyanjo cha woimbidwa mlandu, boma silingafotokozenso nkhaniyo m'kutsutsidwa kwa mlandu wotsatira. Imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa mu ASHE v. SHson[FLT:] (1970]).
Chitetezo chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlandu sazengedwa mlandu mobwerezabwereza chifukwa cha khalidwe lofanana, limene lingakhale lopondereza ndi lowononga chuma chachiweruzo.
Zolephera ndi Zosafunika
Ngakhale kuti ngozi ziŵiri zimapereka chitetezo champhamvu, chiphunzitsocho sichili chopanda malire. Makhoti azindikira kusiyana ndi malire angapo amene amalola kuzenga mlandu kotsatizana kapena chilango m’mikhalidwe ina.
Chiphunzitso cha Uchifumu Chogwirizana
Chosiyana chachikulu kwambiri ndicho chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa aŵiri. Pansi pa lamulo limeneli, maulamuliro odziimira osiyana monga boma la boma ndi boma, kapena maboma aŵiri osiyana, angapereke mlandu munthu mmodzi pa kachitidwe kamodzimodziko ngati khalidwelo liswa malamulo onse aŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu alanda banki mwalamulo, boma lingalamulire kubanki, ndipo boma lingaikire mlandu wa kuba. Khoti Lapamwamba likhoza kuyang'anira kulanda konyamula mfuti. Khoti Lali lakhala likuchirikiza chiphunzitso chimenechi mobwerezabwereza, posachedwapa kwambiri mu .Ggaiting v. United States . . . . . . [FLT:]
Mavuto Ndiponso Zofunika
Ngati mlandu utha poweruza mlandu, ngozi yoŵirikiza siimatsekereza kuweruzanso. Komabe, mlanduwo uyenera kusonyeza "kufunikira kwenikweni" kwa mlandu, monga ngati juli yoikidwa jaji (Hult jaji) kapena kusachita bwino ndi woimbidwa mlandu. Ngati mlanduwo unachititsidwa ndi apolisi kapena kulakwa kwachiweruzo popanda chilolezo cha woimbidwa mlandu, kuweruzanso kungaletsedwe ngati boma lichita mpandu wa chikhulupiriro choipa kusonkhezera woimbidwa mlanduyo kusumira m'kupitira ku mlandu wolakwa. Zimenezi zinakhazikitsidwa mu . [OLT:] Orgin. Kennedy [[FL:2] [2]
Kukopa kwa Kuzengedwa Chilango
M’mikhalidwe yochepa, boma lingapereke chilolezo cha kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu woikidwa asanalakwe kapena chigamulo chapambuyo pake chimene chimachititsa kukhululukidwa. Ngati woimbidwa mlandu apezanso chigamulo pa apilo ndipo mlanduwo wakonzedwanso, ngozi yoŵiri siichitika mwangozi kukonzanso pulogalamu ya kutsegulidwa kwa makompyuta . popanda kubwezera kumbuyo chifukwa cha umboni wosakwanira, umene uli wofanana ndi kukhululukidwa. Mofananamo, ngati chigamucho chikhoza kugwetsedwa pa maziko a propidi, boma lingatsutse woimbidwayo. Koma ngati khotilo lipeza kuti umboniwo uli wosakwanira kuchirikiza chitsimikiziro, woimbidwayo sangabwezedwenso.
Kuyesa Kumodzimodziko (Tawuni)
Makhoti a Jeopardy Claus amaletsa kuweruza kotsatizana kokha kaamba ka "kulakwa kuŵiri. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito sitburger kuyesa: "Umene kachitidwe kapena malondawo amapanga kuswa malamulo aŵiri osiyana, mayeso oyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsimikizira ngati pali milandu iŵiri kapena imodzi yokha ndi yakuti makonzedwe alionse amafuna umboni wa chenicheni chimene wina sakufuna. Ngati lamulo lililonse limafuna mbali imene siichita, mlanduwo umalingaliridwa kukhala wosiyana, ndipo milandu yosiyana imaloledwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuukira ndi kuukira kungabuke ponse paŵiri kuchokera ku chochitika chimodzi koma pali mbali zapadera, chotero zingayesedwe mosiyana. Komabe, ngati lamulo linalo limaphatikizapo mlandu wakupha wina. (kuphedwa, kulakwa kochepa) ndiko kuphana.
Kulandidwa Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Chigaŵenga
Malamulo a Boma Aŵiri a Jufay Reoparde amagwira ntchito pa zilango zaupandu, osati ku zilango za boma. Boma lingaumirize kulandidwa kapena kuperekedwa kwa malipo a boma ozikidwa pa mkhalidwe umodzimodziwo umene unatsogolera ku mlandu waupandu, malinga ngati kupitirizabe kwa anthu sikuli kulanga kwa chilengedwe kwakuti kungaonedwe kukhala upandu. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu [[FLT:] [B] United States v. Ursery [1] (1996] [196] imavomereza kuti kutayikiridwa ndi malamulo a boma kuletsa kulakwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo sikunapanga chilango cha zifukwa ziŵiri ngati kulakwako kunachitidwa kwakukulukulu (g., kuchotsa katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'palezedwa m'malamulo.
Maupandu Ochititsa Chidwi
Blockburger v. United States (1932)
Ashe v. Sunson (1970)
Nkhani ya Ashe v. Sunson adatsimikizira kuti Jeopardy Claus [1] Imaphatikizapo lamulo la kuyang'anira kopestol estopel . Mlandu anayesedwa chifukwa cha kuba mmodzi wa oseŵera asanu ndi mmodzi a poker. Pambuyo pa kulephera kudziŵikitsa, boma linayesa kumubera woseŵera wina pa chochitika chimodzimodzicho. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti kukhululukidwako kugamula kuti Sasbe mmodzi wa mbala .so boma silingafotokozenso mfundo yakuti m’kuzengali kwachiŵiri. Chigamulochi chinawonjezera chitetezero cha ngozi kuŵirikiza nkhani zenizenizo kuletsa nkhani zoganizikana pa chigamukomera m'yanima.
Benton . Maryland (1969)
Benton v. Maryland [1] adaphatikizapo Jeopardy Claus Wachiwiri kutsutsana ndi maboma kupyolera mwa Dokotala Wachifatse wa 144th Claus. Pasadakhale, zitetezero za ngozi zoŵirikiza zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku boma ndi boma. Khoti linagamula kuti mawuwo ali ofunika kwambiri pa chiweruziro cha chilungamo cha ku America ndipo motero amagwira ntchito kukhazikitsa milandu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinkatsimikizira chitetezo cha boma kwa olakwa onse, mosasamala kanthu za zimene boma limayesa.
United States ndi DiFrancesco (1980)
Mu Diansco, Khoti Lapamwamba linalankhula nkhani ya zigamulo zowonjezereka pa apilo la boma. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti pepala la Jeopardy Claus silimaletsa boma kukopa chigamulo ngati lamulo la apilo lilola, malinga ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo sanapezebe chiyembekezo cha kutha kwa imfa" m’chilango. Zimenezi zimalola zigamulo zina kuwonjezera pambuyo pa chigamulo, malinga ngati moyo kapena chiŵalo cha woimbidwayo sichikuikidwanso pangozi.
Mbali ya Kupha Koŵiri m’Chilungamo Chamakono
Maupandu aŵiri akukhalabe chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kwa ochenjeredwa ndi boma. M'nyengo imene lamulo ndi oweruza amalamulira chuma chochuluka, kuyenera kwa kumaliza pambuyo pa chigamulo kumatsimikizira kuti anthu omasulidwa satsatiridwa kosatha. Chiphunzitsocho chimakakamizanso boma kupereka nkhani yake yabwino koposa pozenga mlandu, kuchirikiza kukhoza bwino ndi kusaphonya. Popanda kuopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri. Oweruza angagwiritsire ntchito ziyeso mobwerezabwereza kwa mboni zokakamiza, kutulutsa oimbidwa mlandu, kapena kuswa malamulo osagwirizana ndi umboni [1] Chochitika chimene chingachotseretu chidaliro cha anthu onse m’dongosolo lino.
Komabe, mavuto amakono ayesa malire a Claus. Asayansi ayamba kuyambitsa nkhani (m’chitsanzo, umboni wa DNA) yokhudza kuyesanso kuimbidwa mlandu pamene umboni watsopano uchitika. Pakali pano, Khoti Lalikulu laona kuti kutsekeredwanso kwa ngozi kuŵiri pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa ngakhale atapeza umboni watsopano. Otsutsa atsutsa zimenezi angalole anthu a mlanduwo kuti adzimasule, koma ochirikiza kuti kulolera kutaya pomalizira kudzakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Kupereka chigamulo chimene chilibe chomaliza. Kuwonjezera apo, ulamuliro wachiŵiriwo sukhalapobe, makamaka m'nkhani zokhudza boma ndi boma zotsutsa za khalidwe lofanana, monga nkhanza zapolisi kapena kuphwanya ufulu wa boma. Mlanduko zingayang'anidwe ndi milandu iwiri, zimene ena amalingalira kuti kutetezako kuweruza kochitidwa ndi kuweruza kotsatira.
Malo ena osintha ndi ubale pakati pa ngozi ziŵiri ndi chuma cha anthu. Pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kwa mpandu, boma likhozabe kulola kulandidwa katundu wa boma wogwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito ya upandu . Zimenezi zachititsa zinenezo za "kulakwa pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa" monga kutha kwa kuyendera ku Demendment yachisanu. Khoti Lapamwamba laletsa kachitidweka, koma malamulo a boma akusintha mowonjezereka kulandidwa malamulo ofuna kuti apandu achotsedwe asanatengedwe.
Kuchuluka, ngozi ziŵiri zimatumikira monga kupenda mphamvu ya oweruza ndi chitsimikiziro cha ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Chimaphatikizapo lamulo lakuti boma siliyenera kuloledwa kuvutitsa nzika m'mayeso obwerezabwereza. Kwa ophunzira ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo, kuzindikira zonse ziŵiri chitetezo ndi zosiyanazo nzofunika. Chiphunzitsochi chikupitirizabe kusintha monga makhoti olimbana ndi mfundo zatsopano, koma cholinga chake chachikulu chakuletsa chilango choŵirikiza ndi kutsutsidwa kwa kaŵiri pa chochitika chimodzimodzicho .
Kumaliza
Lamulo la kuwopsa koŵirikiza limachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kutetezera anthu ku milandu yobwerezabwereza yofananayo. Yokhazikitsidwa m'zaka mazana ambiri a mwambo walamulo ndi kuikidwa mu Firstment yachisanu, imatsimikizira chilungamo, kumaliza, ndi kuletsa mphamvu ya boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitsocho chimazindikira kusiyana kwakukulu kosiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro, kulakwa, ndi kuyesa kumodzi , ndi kuyesa kumodziko , ndipo kuyesa kofananako sikululuza chitetezo chapamwamba. Maupandu onga aumba kulephera kwamakono, kuwonjezera kulakwa kwake ndi kuwonjezera kulakwa kwake, [[FLT:], [FLT:] [2] [ayeyeza], ndi chiwonjezero chopiti cha chiwonjezedwa chachi, chopitikana cha chiwonjezedwa chachi, chowonjezereka kutsutsana ndi chiwopsezo cha chiwonjezero, chika, chiwonjezekire cha chiwopsezo cha chika, chiwonjezo cha chika chika, choikidwa chaunyikiro chachimwi cha chika cha chika, chika chau
Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa ngozi ziŵiri, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information's shopence ndi Development of Justice pa Kaŵiri Jeopardy . Zopereka zimenezi zimapereka chitsogozo chodalirika cha ponse paŵiri ndi phunziro.