Kuyamba: Filosofi ya Matanthauzo a Malamulo

Kumasulira ndiko nzeru yalamulo imene imasunga tanthauzo la lemba la Konsichushoniyo imaikidwa panthaŵi yake. Mmalo mosamalira chikalatacho monga chipangizo chamoyo chokhudza mfundo zachikhalidwe, akatswiri oyambirira amatsutsa kuti oweruza ayenera kumasulira malamulo mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira la anthu. Kuzindikira kuti munthu wolingalira bwino akanakhalapo panthaŵi imene anatengedwa. Kufikira kumeneku kwakhala mphamvu yaikulu yowongolera ufulu wa anthu, kusonkhezera chilichonse kuchokera ku ufulu wachinsinsi kuti alamulire, ndi kuchotsa ufulu wa ku ku kuyankhula mwaufulu ku machitidwe a upandu. Mwa kutsutsa malamulo a mbiri yakale, cholinga choyambirira cha kuletsa kuweruza milandu ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo la lamulo likhalabe logwirizana ndi mawu ndi dongosolo la kukhazikitsa chikalata. Malamulowo a ufulu wa anthu, onse aŵiri amatetezera ufulu wa anthu, monga momwe ali otetezera ufulu wambiri m’mbiri ndi osazindikira bwino ufulu wa kuyenera kuyenera kwa kuimbidwa m'mbiri.

Kutsutsana pa kuyambirira sikuli kokha maphunziro. Kuli ndi zotulukapo zenizeni za dziko kaamba ka mmene makhoti amatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense motsutsana ndi boma mochenjeredwa. Ochirikiza amanena kuti chiyambi cha Mulungu chimapereka maziko okhazikika ndi otsimikizirika operekera ufulu wa anthu, kuletsa oweruza kuŵerenga malamulo awo aumwini ku Malamulo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhale cholimba, kutsekera m’malingaliro achikale ndi kulephera kuŵerengera za kupita patsogolo kwa mayanjano. Monga chotulukapo chake, chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala ndodo ya mphezi m'Nkhonde zotsimikizira za Supreme Court, maphunziro a zamalamulo, ndi udzu udzu umachita ntchito yake m'kusintha kwa ufulu wa anthu nchofunika kwa aliyense wokondwerera ufulu wa anthu m’tsogolo ku America.

Maziko a Malingaliro Oyambirira

Chiphunzitso choyambirira monga chiphunzitso chotchedwa kuti chotchedwa kuti Chiphunzitso chinatuluka chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, koma maziko ake anzeru anayambira ku Chiyambi. Oweruza oyambirira a Bwalo Lapamwamba, monga Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, kaŵirikaŵiri anagwiritsira ntchito cholinga cha Aframes pomasulira makonzedwe a lamulo. Mu 1970 ndi 1980, pamene Bwalo lamilandu linakulitsa ufulu pansi pa Warren ndi Burge Courts, akatswiri a zamalamulo monga Robert Bork ndi Anton Scalia adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri kumbuyo kwa kutsutsa zimene anawona kukhala zoweruza. Scalia, makamaka, anachirikiza [FLT:] tanthauzo lachiyambiriro [FLT:] pa cholinga chapamwamba [FLT:] [FLT] [FF:3], kutsutsa kuti malemba adziŵike ndi mmene angadziŵikire ndi kusiyanitsa kwa anthu ambiri, Sctalian, posagwirizana ndi kumasulira kwa mbiri yakale.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira

Zingwe ziwiri zoyambirira za mfundo yoyamba . Zoyambirirazo zimapereka tanthauzo losiyana la ufulu wa anthu. Cholinga choyamba chimadalira pa zolinga ndi zikhulupiriro za AFramers. Mwachitsanzo, woweruza amene akugwiritsa ntchito cholinga chake angafunse kuti: Kodi James Madison analingalira chiyani za Second Amendment? Mosiyana, tanthauzo loyamba limafunsa kuti kodi munthu wamba mu 1791 atha kumvetsa motani kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula manja. Njira yoyambirira yapezanso magawo ambiri, chifukwa chakuti imapeŵa vuto la mafrars ambiri ndi mbali ina chifukwa chakuti imayendera malamulo a lamulo lakumasulira mawu. Akatswiri otereŵa amasinthasintha ndi kuteteza koyambirira. [FL:] ndi kuwonjezera kuteteza kwa BFLT [FL:]

Makambitsirano anthanthi ameneŵa si amaphunziro chabe. Iwo amasonkhezera mmene maloya amanenera ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya ufulu wa kulankhula, munthu woyamba angadalire kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa “ufulu wa kulankhula” mu 1791, kumene kunaphatikizapo chitetezo cha kutsekereza kusanabwere komanso kulola chilango cha kuukira boma. Munthu wosakhala woyamba angasumike pa cholinga cha ufulu wa kulankhula m’chitaganya cha demokrase kapena ntchito ya kulankhula m'dziko laumwini. Kusankha kwa kumasulira njira zamakono kungatsimikizire zotsatira za nkhani, makamaka ngati tekinoloji kapena miyambo yatsopano ya kakhalidwe ka anthu singavomereze mapu ya mbiri yakale.

Chisonkhezero cha Kuyamba pa Malo Okhala ndi Malo a Chiŵeniŵeni

Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zina zidzakhalako mwa kuyambitsa mabodza a ufulu wa anthu m’njira zodziŵika bwino ndiponso zodabwitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri zogwirizana ndi zotulukapo zosasintha, monga kuchepetsa kutaya mimba kapena kukulitsa ufulu wa mfuti, kwagwiritsiridwanso ntchito kulungamitsa chitetezo cholimba cha ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi zoyenera za katundu. M’munsimu muli nkhani zazikulu zimene zikusonyeza mbali ya kuyambirira ya kukhazikitsa lamulo la ufulu wa anthu.

Ufulu wa Zachuma ndi Ntchito Yoyambirira

Pasadakhale New Deal, Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa malamulo a zachuma mokhazikika mwa kuchonderera ku luntha loyamba la Access Classical ndi Commerce Claus . Lochner v. New York (1905], Khoti linavomereza kuti lamulo loletsa kugwirira ntchito maola oyenera kwa ophika maulalo linaswa ufulu woperekedwa ndi madetimenti a 1450 Classical ndi Commeter . Ngakhale kuti silina kuyambitsana nzeru, Khoti linadalira malingaliro a odziikitsa malonda a malonda a malonda. [Collet] Coftion: "Crective , Controctive , Convective , (193) kuti chiganice cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamulo cha chinza cha chinza cha chinza cha chinza chamakono, "Finnernernerner] kuti chiletsenso pa kumvetsetsa chaku

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Malamulo Achiŵiri

Palibe mbali ya ufulu wa anthu yopangidwa mwachindunji ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kuposa kukhazikitsa kwachiŵiri. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kukonzanso kunamvedwa mofala kutetezera kokha kuyenera kwa gulu logwirizana ndi ntchito ya magulu ankhondo. Koma katswiri wa zaumulungu, makamaka ndi profesa walamulo Sanford [Sanson] [[FLT] [[FLT]] [1] ndipo pambuyo pake ndi [malamulo a] Halopok [malamulo] [malamulo] [kapena kuti,], pamene tanthauzo loyamba laponseponse la “kusunga ndi kunyamula zida] likutsimikizira kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense. Kumasulira kumeneku kwa mu [malamulo oyambirira ndi kugaŵikizidwa ndi kumbuyoku, kuyang'anizana ndi kumbuyo kwa chiganinkhoma cha chivomezi cha chivomezi chachi. [make] Hellarpt: "6] (ma 1:2008], pamene Chigalamu cha Chigamu chachikulu cha Chigani cha Chigamu chachikulu cha Scka Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Chipulumezi) china

Ufulu Wobalanso ndi Lamulo la 14

Nkhani ya ufulu wochotsa mimba imapereka kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuyambirira ndi moyo wa malamulo a boma kuyandikira. Roe v. Wade[FL:1] [1973], Khoti linapeza lamulo lalamulo la kuchotsa mimba pansi pa GStree Procesme Claus .Iku kuyenera kusatchulidwa mwachindunji m'malemba. [Chigamulo cha Harry Blackmun ndi chachiyambi cha ufulu wa munthu, chimada chikhulupiriro cha “Pulomu" ndi“ cha kusudzulidwa ndi Grisw v. Connecticut , kumene kunavomereza kuyenera kwa kuletsa. Osuliza ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo akatswiri oyambirira, anaukira [FFON:] [F2] [FOF:3] monga njira yochitira zinthu zoweruza popanda maziko a mbiri. Kwa zaka makumi angapo oyambirira, Supersona mfundo yoyambirira ya kuchotsa chigamu cha kumbuyo ya chigawa cha chigawa cha chigamu. Oma Chipangano chakumbuyo chakuchotsapo chakuchotsapo chaku

Kulankhula Kwaufulu ndi Mlandu wa Chatsopano

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambika kwa chipembedzo chasonkhezeranso chiphunzitso chaufulu, makamaka m'nkhani zoloŵetsamo kulankhula pa Internet kapena m'zofalitsa zina zatsopano. Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997), Bwalo linagonjetsa Kulankhulana kwa Malamulo, koma machiweruzo anapeŵa kwambiri kusanthula kwachibadwa chifukwa chakuti opangawo sanayembekezere malo okhala. Zochitika zina, monga Packingham v. North Carolina[FLT:] [2013]), (2017]), yodziŵika monga kufalikira kwa anthu kwamakono kwa , koma malingaliro a Khoti anali ozikidwa pa kuyerekezera kwa mwambo wamwambo. Zochita zachiyambikazo. Zotsatira za m'mbuyo zina za kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a mbiri yakale zina za m'mbiri kumbuyo kwake, zinawonjezera kutanthauza kuti kubwereranso ku Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chiyambi cha Chiyambi, Chikho cha Chikho cha Chikunja cha Chikuwonjezera cha Chikuwonjezera cha Chikuwonjezera cha Chisinthiko, Chi

Kuyamba m’Gulu la Malo Ofala

Pambuyo pa milandu ya khoti lililonse, kuyambirira kwasonkhezera njira za mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu, zopanda phindu lalamulo, ndi magulu a kulera. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), yogwirizana ndi kukhalira ndi malamulo a boma, m’zaka zaposachedwapa yagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyambirira m'madera ena, monga kulankhula kwaufulu m’makoleji ndi kukonzanso ufulu wa anthu ophwanya malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ACLU yanena kuti tanthauzo loyamba la American Leandermend Remendition limaletsa kuphedwa kwa ana ndi anthu olemalakwa. Mofananamo, Cato Institute ndi Institute ya Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chiyambi cha Chiyambi cha kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zothandizira ufulu wa zachuma ndi ufulu wa katundu. Kugwiritsira ntchito koyambirira kwa kugaŵa ufulu ndi chidale chalamulo kumasonyeza mphamvu yake monga chipangizoni chogwirizana ndi chipangizonetsa chofala ndi chida cha ndale.

Ufulu Wachipembedzo ndi Tanthauzo Loyambirira la Kudzilimbitsa

Free Execs Classias ya First Amendment yakhala nkhondo ya kumasulira koyambirira. [[FLT: 0]] M'kumvetsa kwake koyambirira kuti atsogoleri achipembedzo sangalole malamulo otsatizana. Chigamulochi chinapangitsa kuti pakhale kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chipembedzo. Chigamulochi chija cha m’mbuyo, ndipo chinkaperekedwa ndi Religious Reformation Active Act (RRA) kuti abwezere chitetezo chachikulu cha chipembedzo. Oyambirira amapitiriza kutsutsana ndi [FOFOT:] [F.FF] [FF]

Kulephera kwa Kuyamba Kutumikira pa Chipulumutso cha Anthu Anzawo

Mosasamala kanthu za chisonkhezero chake, kuyambirira kuli ndi kusuliza kokulira kwa akatswiri ndi ochiritsa. Chiphunzitso china chachikulu nchakuti kuyambirira kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa mkhalidwe wa kusankhidwa kwa mbiri yakale. Tanthauzo loyambirira la Malamulo lotetezera mowonjezereka, lolola ukapolo wa fuko, ndi kukana akazi kuyenera kwa kuvota. Ochirikiza amayankha kuti kusintha monga ngati masinthidwe a 14 ndi 195 anasintha tanthauzo loyambirira la makonzedwewo, ndipo chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimatsekerera mmalo a kusoŵa kwa lamulo lokulira. Koma vuto la kusiyanitsa mitundu ya akazi ndi kutembenuza malamulo a m'Chilamulo limatanthauza kuti chiphunzitso cha Chipembedzo chingasinthe anthu ochepa pamtengo wa mapangano a anthu.

Vuto la Kukhulupirira Mbiri Yakale

Buku lina la mbiri yakale ndilo lakuti, Chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu chimadalira pa mfundo zotsutsana. Akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale angaŵerenge umboni umodzimodziwo ndi kufika pa mfundo zosiyana ponena za tanthauzo loyamba. Heller , mwachitsanzo, Jasitis Stevens anatsutsa kuti mbiri ichirikiza lingaliro lakale la ankhondo, osati kumasulira kwa Scalia kwa munthu mmodzi yekha. Zonena kuti chiphunzitso cha Scalia chimapereka cholinga, njira yosaloŵerera imatseguka maganizo. Pochita zimenezi, oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito zolembedwa za m'mbiri kuti apeze zotsatira zogwirizana ndi zimene anaziyambazo. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti ena atchule mfundo zandale. Komabe, akatswiri oyambirira akutsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chilichonse chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi ubwino wake woyambirira.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana ndi Anthu Ena Ndiponso Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe

Maufulu a anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amalinganiza kutetezera magulu opatulidwa ku chitsenderezo cha andale. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti kuyambirira, ndi kuyang'ana kwake kwachimbuyo, kungalephere kutetezera ufulu umene ukubuka monga kukwatira kwa kugonana, kapena kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi, kapena kubisa za foni. Obergefell v. Hodges [2011] (2011], Khoti lizindikiridwa ndi ukwati wapakati pa mlingo wofanana ndi Sucrective Classioces ndi Actives , koma Jastical Scalia adatsutsa kuti palibe chirichonse m'zifunsition ya kutsimikizira koyambirira kwa Hand Remplifices, yolembedwa ndi Justicedy Kennedy, yosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kudalira pa kudalirana nzeru zachiza ufulu wa anthu. Otsutsa chiphunzitso cha Chiyambi cha Chidziŵitso cha Chiyambi chivo.

Kupeputsa: Kuyambirira ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu Lamakono

Lerolino, kuyambirira kuli maziko aakulu a ku Supreme Court. Zigamulo zisanu ndi chimodzi mwa zisanu ndi zinayi za oweruza a Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gormoth, Brett Kavataugh, Amy Coney Barrett, ndi John Roberts . zasonyeza madigiri osiyanasiyana a pangano la kuyambirira. Mapangano a Khoti ku [FORT: 0] [FLT] [2], [FLT] Bruen, , ndi [FLT] mavuto a [[FLT:] [FLT] [ma:] [mavuto]. [mavuto] Aŵiri] Aŵiri] ndi kutsimikizira ndi kuyamikira chitukuko cha mbiri yakale. Pamene kuli kuyamikira kwachidutswa kwa chivomezi chambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapangano owonjezera a mbiri yakale amapanga chikalata cha Least Revisssssss (makences)

Kuyamba Kuyambirira ndi Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni m’Makhoti Aamunsi

Kupyola pa Supreme Court, kuyambika kwa , kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka ndi oweruza a boma ndi adera. Ambiri ali alembere a oweruza oyambirira kapena aphunzitsidwa m'njira zoyambirira pasukulu za lamulo monga Harvard, Yale, kapena Yunivesite ya Chicago. Izi zatsogolera ku mlingo wa malamulo ovuta a malamulo a boma, malamulo a malo okhalako, ndi masiteshoni a za mayanjano a anthu pa malo oyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti ang'onoang'ono angapo adalira pa Bruen kugwetsa ziletso za mfuti m'malo omvera, monga ziletso ndi malo osungiramo anthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, oweruza ena agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya ulamuliro, monga nkhani zophatikiza chiphunzitso kapena kuchotsa a boma. Oweruza a boma ayamba kutembenuzatsanso ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito maulamuliro a boma, ndi oyendetsa ntchito a boma, makampani ndi makampani a boma.

Zinthu Zina Zofufuzanso

Oŵerenga amene akufuna kwambiri kumira pansi angaone kuti mfundo zotsatirazi zingathandize:

Kumaliza

Kuyambirira kwasonkhezera kwambiri kuyambitsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, lagwiritsidwa ntchito kufutukula ufulu m'malo ena (monga ngati kukhala ndi mfuti) mpaka kutsutsana kwamakono. Mwa kumasulira tanthauzo lapoyera la malamulo, kuyambirira kumapereka njira imene imanenera kuti iletsa kuweruza ndi kusunga ufulu wa demokrase. Limeneli ndi likulu la kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu. Linagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera ufulu m'madera ena (monga ngati kukhala ndi mfuti) ndi kugwirizanitsa ena (monga kuchotsa mimba). Kukwera kwake kwasintha kwa kalembedwe kalembedwe ndi kupendedwe ka mbiri yakale m'lamulo la ku America. Pamene kuli kovuta kukonza, mphamvu ya ufulu wa anthu a m'dziko ndi malamulo a boma kugamula. Kumvetsetsa, mbiri yake, ndi kuweruza, oweruza, ndi ofufuza ufulu wa dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko.

Pamene chiphunzitso choyambirira chikupitiriza kuumba makhoti ndi ntchito yalamulo, mbali yake m’ufulu wa anthu idzakhalabe nkhani ya mkangano waukulu. Kaya munthu aiwona kukhala chitetezero kwa ozembera milandu kapena chopinga ku chilungamo, kusintha kwa chiyambi kwasintha kotheratu malo a ufulu wa anthu. Mafunso amene imadzutsa / / ponena za malemba, mbiri, ndi mbali yoyenera ya judicary / poyerekezera ndi kuyesayesa kwa maiko a ku America kopitirizabe ndi democracy.