Chiyambi: Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa cha Lamulo pa Ulamuliro wa Ochirikiza Ndalama za ku America

United States Constitution, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1788, idakali lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kukhazikitsa ndi malamulo mkati mwa mabungwe onse a boma. Pakati pa ntchito zake zambiri zimene zimanyalanyazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ntchito yake kukonza dongosolo la ndalama la dziko ndi banki lapakati. Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni siitchula banki yapakati ndi dzina, imayala maziko a bungwe loterolo mwa kupereka mphamvu, malamulo a boma, ndi dongosolo la zoyendera ndi zolinganiza. Kumvetsa malamulo a dziko nkofunika pomvetsa mmene Federal Reserves imachitira malamulo a ndalama, malire ake, ndi chifukwa chake mapangano ena a za malamulo oterowo monga awo pa ufulu wa F kapena ufulu wa dziko lamphamvu lake lamphamvu.

Mfundo 8, Gawo 8 Clause 5 ya Malamulo amapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu “Kukhoma Ndalama, Kulamulira Phindu Lake, ndi la Chikole cha Kunja, ndi kukonza Servet of Weights and Magees . Chiganizo ichi, pamodzi ndi Chithandizo Chabwino ndi Chabwino cha Clause (Clause 18), chimapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo ufulu waukulu kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amachitheketsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za ndalama zimenezi. M’zaka za zana lapita, ulamuliro wa malamulo a malamulo a boma umenewu wakhala maziko a Federal Reserve Act of 1913, umene unachititsa Federal Reserve . Fed Creed system . . . . . . .INT.INAMENE GALAMULO lothandiza kuyendetsa ntchito ndalama, ndi mitengo yodalirika, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe onse opanga mfundo za malamulo omasulira mfundo za malamulo, ndi malamulo, ndi mabungwe andale.

Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene malamulo a m'malamulo asinthira Federal Reserve ndi kachitidwe kake ka za ndalama. Tidzapenda maziko a malamulo a banki yapakati mu United States, mikangano ya mbiri yakale imene inatsogolera ku kulengedwa kwa Fad, ziletso zalamulo pa zochita zake, ndi matanthauzo a masiku ano a malamulo ameneŵa. Mwakutero, timafuna kupereka chidziŵitso chokwanira cha chifukwa chimene Federal Reserve imagwira ntchito monga momwe imachitira [1] ndi chifukwa chake mfundo za malamulo a malamulo akupitiriza kuonekera m’kukambitsirana za kusintha kwa ndalama, Fded, ndi malire a mphamvu ya boma.

Malamulo Oona za Kumanga Banki ku United States

Malamulo savomereza mwachindunji kupangidwa kwa banki yapakati. Mmalomwake, limapatsa mphamvu zotchulidwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi Tenth Amendment ikukhazikitsa mphamvu zina zonse ku maboma kapena anthu. Funso la kaya ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke lamulo ku banki ya dziko lonse(ndiponso kuwonjezera, banki yapakati inakangana mowopsa m'Republic yoyamba. Chigamulo cha mkanganowo chinakhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa Federa Reserve lerolino.

Mfundo I, Chigawo 8: Mphamvu za Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Monetary

Malamulo alamulo ogwirizana ndi Federal Reserve amapezeka m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 8. Pambali pa mawu a thayo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ilinso ndi mphamvu ya kubwereka ndalama pa ngongole ya United States, kuyendetsa malonda ndi maiko akunja ndi pakati pa maiko angapo (Chommerce Claus), ndi kupanga malamulo onse amene afunikira ndi oyenera kuchititsa maulamuliro otchulidwawo kupha. Onseŵa, malamulo ameneŵa amapereka maziko alamulo a banki lalikulu limene lingapereke ndalama, kuyang’anira dongosolo la ndalama la dziko, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a ngongole.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, Konsichushoni imaletsanso kukhazikitsa ndalama, kutulutsa ngongole, kapena kupanga ndalama zina kusiyapo golidi ndi siliva ndalama zolipirira ngongole (Article I, Chigawo 10). Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti ulamuliro wa ndalama uli thayo la boma, kuchotsa chipwirikiti cha mabizinesi a boma amene adawononga nyengo ya Kukonzanso. Federal, monga banki yapakati ya dziko, imagwira ntchito m'manja mwa boma limeneli la kukhazikitsa kwake ndalama.

Kufunika kwa Claus ndi Mphamvu Zake Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Chikalata cha Factal ndi Seant Classia (Malamulo ndi Family Classia I, Chigawo 8, Claus 18) chakhala nkhani ya zigamulo za Services Supreme Court zimene zimayambukira mwachindunji kuikidwa kwa lamulo la Federal Reserve. Mcloch v. Maryland[FLT] [1819] [Chilamulo] [Chigawo] [1819]), Mfumu John Marshall , yotchuka ya Malamulo anali ndi mphamvu zomveka zoposa za ondandandal , kuphatikizapo mphamvu zosonkha misonkho, ndalama, ngakhale kuti kubweretsedwa kwa Marylandland kumbuyo kwa Bank Yachiŵiri ya United States, woyambirira ku Fed. Khoti inalamula kuti banki inali “yoyenera ndi njira yothandizira kutulutsa mphamvu za Congresstion (kutenga ndalama), ndi kubweretsa ndalama, ngakhale kuti malonda anali osatchulidwa mu lamulo la boma.

Lamulo la maulamuliro oyenerera limeneli ndi maziko a lamulo amene Federal Reserve imakhala. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka mfundo yofananayo mu 1913, inadalira pa mfundo iyi: kukhazikitsa banki yapakati inali chiŵiya chothandiza ndi chothandiza pogwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wake walamulo pa ndalama, ngongole, ndi dongosolo la kubanki. Kutsatira milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu, monga ngati United States v. Butler [196] ndi Wickard v. Filburn [1942] , yawonjezeranso mphamvu ya boma pansi pa Klasko, kupereka chichirikizo chowonjezereka cha lamulo kaamba ka ntchito ya zamalonda a m'mainda ya za zachuma za dziko.

Nkhani Zake: Kuchokera ku Banki Yoyamba Kupita ku Federal Reserve Act

Kuyamikira chisonkhezero cha lamulo pa Federal Reserve, nkothandiza kumvetsetsa chisinthiko cha mbiri yakale cha banki yapakati mu United States.

Mabanki Oyamba ndi Achiŵiri a ku United States

Alexander Hamilton, monga Mlembi wa Treasure, analinganiza Bank Yoyamba ya United States mu 1791. Anatsutsa kuti Kufunikira kwa Malamulo ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus adalola Congress kupanga banki ya mtunduwo monga chiŵiya choyang'anira ndalama za mtunduwo. Thomas Jefferson ndi James Madison adatsutsa banki, akumatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni sinapatse Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti George Washington anagwirizana ndi Hamilton, kusayina bankiyo m'lamulo. Banki yoyamba inagwira ntchito kufikira pamene tchala lake linatha mu 1811, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kuloŵetsedwa kwa boma m'banki.

Bank Yachiŵiri ya United States inavomerezedwa mu 1816, pambuyo pa kutha kwa ndalama kwa Nkhondo ya 1812. Lamulo lake linatsutsidwanso, koma chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Mcloch v. Maryland [1] adatsimikizira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke banki. Komabe, Andrew Jackson, wotsutsa kwambiri Banki yachiŵiri, adapanganso kayendetsedwe kake mu 1832, akumati inali yosagwirizana ndi mphamvu zake ndi kuti siinali “yoyenera ndi yoyenera koma yoyenerera. Jackson ndi kugwa kwa Bank yachiŵiri yopanda United States kwa zaka 80.

Kuda Nkhawa kwa 1907 ndi Kufuna Kusintha Zinthu

Kusoweka kwa banki yapakati ku Ulaya ndi kulimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa ndandanda ya kusokonezeka kwa zachuma, makamaka Panic ya 1907, imene inavumbula kuphophonya kwa dongosolo la kubanki la dzikolo. Poyankha, Congress inakhazikitsa National Monetary Commission, yomwe inaphunzira za madongosolo apakati a banki ku Ulaya ndi kuvomereza kupangidwa kwa banki yapakati. Federal Reserve Act ya 197 inali chiwiricho cha ndawala ya ndale zadziko ndi malamulo. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti malonda a Malamulo ndi mphamvu za ndalama zina zochirikiza kupangidwa kwa dongosolo lapakati la banki kuti zipereke ndalama zomangika, zopimira, zogulitsa malonda, ndi kutumikira monga wobwereketsa ndalama zomalizira. Otsutsa, adanena kuti bungwe la Jervinian, linanena kuti bungwe lotero lizi lizi lizisunge mphamvu ndi kupitirira malire a malamulo a malamulo a boma.

Congress anaipereka ntchitoyo, ndipo Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson anasaina m'lamulo. Federal Reserve System inalinganizidwa kukhala banki yapakati yolemekezeka .Ili ndi kulolerana pakati pa awo amene anawopa ulamuliro wapakati ndi awo amene anafuna ulamuliro wamphamvu wa ndalama. Dongosololo linaphatikizapo 12 a Federal Reserve Banks a m'chigawo, Boma la Bwana ku Washington, D.C., ndi Federal Open Marketment Komiti (FAMC), yomwe imakhazikitsa malamulo a za ndalama. Malamulo ameneŵa anasonyeza nkhaŵa za boma ponena za kugonjetsedwa kwa mabanki a boma ndi kuimira chigawo cha boma.

Malamulo a Federal Reserve ndi Maulamuliro

Federal Reserve Act, monga momwe inasinthidwira, imandandalika zolinga ndi mphamvu za Fed . Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo salamulira zonulirapo zalamulo, amakhazikitsa dongosolo limene Congress amatumiza ulamuliro ku Fad. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, Msonkhano wawongolera lamulo la Fed, makamaka ndi zisinthiro zimene zinapanga chilamuliro cha mu 1977.

Kugwirizana: Ntchito Yochuluka ndi Mitengo Yosatha

Federal Reserve imafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala ndi “lamulo lachibadwa”: kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yaikulu ndi mitengo yokhazikika. Lamulo limeneli lachokera ku ulamuliro wa malamulo a Congress wa kuyang'anira zamalonda ndi ndalama. Malamulo ake satchula ntchito kapena kukhazikika kwa mtengo, koma Congress anagamula kuti zolinga zimenezi nzofunika kuti zikwaniritse mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Lamulo la malamulo ndilo kulongosola kwa malamulo a malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka chuma ndi ubwino wa onse.

M’zochitika, Fed imamasulira “ntchito yolemera kwambiri” monga mlingo wapamwamba wa ntchito yogwirizana ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu. “Mitengo yosinthasintha” imafotokozedwa monga chiŵerengero cha kukwera mtengo kwa 2% pa nthaŵi yaitali, monga momwe yapimidwira ndi Personal Consumentures Expenditures (PCE). Zida za Fed za ntchito zamalonda . Zogulitsa za msika zotsegulira ndalama, ndi zofunika zoikizira ndalama zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonkhezera ziwongola ndi ndalama zoperekedwa pokwaniritsa zolinga zimenezi. Chilungamiso cha malamulo a malamulo a boma a pa mfundo yakuti Nyumba za Malamulo zakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Fed kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a za ndalama m'lamulo.

Kudziimira pawokha ndi Kuyang’anira kwa Gulu la Mabungwe

Chimodzi cha mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za kaimidwe ka lamulo ka Federal Reserve ndicho kudziimira kwake. Fed si dipatimenti ya kabungwe; ndi bungwe lodziimira lokha m’boma. zosankha zake pa malamulo a ndalama siziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi Pulezidenti kapena Congress, ngakhale kuti mamembala ake amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathetse Federal Reserve Act panthaŵi iliyonse.

Ufulu umenewu wazikidwa pa malamulo a malamulo a kusiyanitsa maulamuliro ndi mayeso ndi malingana. Oyambitsawo anamvetsetsa kuti kulamulira ndalama ndi ngongole kukhoza kugwiriridwa ndi zisonkhezero zandale zadziko. Mwa kutetezera banki yapakati ku zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko zazifupi, Fed ingapange zosankha zozikidwa pa mikhalidwe ya zachuma mmalo mwa kusanthula. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Malamulo a boma amafuna kuti mphamvu zonse za boma ziperekedwe pakati pa dongosolo la kuŵerengera mlandu. Malipoti ake a Fad nthaŵi zonse kwa Congress, ndemanga zake za za za zachuma zimaŵerengeredwa, ndipo akuluakulu ake amachitira umboni pamaso pa makomiti oyang’anira.

Khoti Lalikulu lachirikiza ufulu wa Fed m'nkhani zingapo, ngakhale kuti latsimikiziranso mphamvu ya Congress ya kusintha kapena ngakhale kuchotsa bungwelo. Mu Lovev v. United States (1988) ndi milandu ina, khoti lazindikira kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zingapereke ulamuliro kwa mabungwe a nthambi malinga ngati zimapereka lamulo lomveka lotsogolera ntchito zawo.

Ziphunzitso za Malamulo pa Lamulo la Moleary

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ndi maziko a Federal Reserve, iwo amaletsanso zinthu zina.

Kutenga Claus ndi Kum’patsa Lamulo la Kutenga Magazi

Kusintha kwa Fite Ecstandss Premime kwa Kutenga Claus . Kuletsa kugula katundu waumwini popanda malipiro a anthu. Nthaŵi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi ntchito za Federal Reserve . Mwachitsanzo, malamulo onga kuchepetsa (kugula ndalama zochuluka) asulizidwa chifukwa chakuti ndalama zotere zimatha kuwonongeka ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zosunga ndalama. Komabe, akatswiri a zamalamulo atsutsana ngati zotsatira zake n’zokhudza “kutenga zinthu. Makhoti nthaŵi zonse anena kuti malamulo a za ndalama zimene zikukhudza mtengo wa ndalama sagwirizana ndi kugula zinthu, chifukwa chakuti ndi kugwiritsa ntchito koyenera kwa bungwe la Malamulo. Komabe, mfundo ya malamulo amathandiza monga chikumbutso chakuti F ayenera kuchita zinthu m’malo a zinthu zaumwini.

Kutsatira Makonzedwe ndi Kukhazikitsa Ulamuliro wa Federal Reserve

Komiti ya A Claus (Acts Procession) ya Findrence Commergate imagwiranso ntchito ku Federal Reserve pamene ipereka malamulo okhudza mabanki, mabungwe azachuma, ndi anthu. Fed ayenera kutsatira njira zauyang'aniro, kupereka chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka ndemanga, ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ake sali ongopeka kapena osasintha. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Fad akhazikitsa zofunika kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ziyeso zotsendereza, ayenera kuchita zimenezo m’njira yogwirizana ndi ufulu wa malamulo wa maulamuliro amene amalamulira. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a chikhalidwe a Chilungamo sachokera ku mfundo zachilungamo.

Gulu la Mafuko ndi Magawo a Zilumba Zotchedwa Fed

Malamulo a boma amakhudza ntchito za Feed m’njira zosadziŵika bwino. Mabanki khumi ndi aŵiri a Federal Reserve Bank adapangidwa kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a zachuma amasonyeza mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya zachuma m'dziko lonselo. Banki iliyonse ili ndi pulezidenti amene amatenga nawo mbali m'misonkhano ya FOMC ndipo imathandiza kuona zinthu m’chigawo. Kapangidwe kabwino kameneka kamasonyeza chikhumbo cha opanga zinthu kuti aletse mphamvu pamalo amodzi.

Nkhani za Malamulo Zamakono Zozinga Chisungiko cha Malo Osungirako

Nkhani zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimazikidwa pa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa Federal Reserve wangozi wa Federal, mbali yake m’malamulo a zachuma, ndi kuwonekera kwa zochita zake.

Kugula Zinthu Pansi pa Chigawo 13(3)

Pa nthawi ya mavuto a zachuma mu 2008, Fedd adafunsidwa kuti apereke kawirikawiri kawiri ka bungwe la Federal Reserve Act (3) kuti apereke ndalama ku mabungwe a zachuma osakhala a m'mabanki ndi a zamalonda. Lamulo la Malamulo lakuti mamembala a boma ayambe kuyambitsa mabungwe a Congress afunsa ngati ndalama zobwereketsa ndalamazo sizikuperekedwa pa za boma popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi boma. Mapangano a Dodd-Frank Act a 2010 anakhazikitsa ziletso zatsopano pa Chigawo 13(3), ofuna kuti Fend alandire chilolezo ndi kutsimikizira kuti maprogramungwe obweretsa ndalama azikhala olemekezeka kwambiri m’malo mwa ku makampani osiyanasiyana. Masinthidwewawa amasonyeza kuti akusonyeza kuti mfundo za ufulu wa kugawa ndi kuyendetsa chikwama cha Bomakulu.

Deutsche Bank National Trust Co v. Federal Reserve Bank ya New York [1] (2013) ndi milandu ina, makhoti ambiri achirikiza mphamvu yamwadzidzidzi ya Fed yopereka ulamuliro, akutchula nzeru yaikulu yoperekedwa ndi Congress. Komabe, kusagwirizana kwa lamulo kukutsala: kudziimira kwa Fed m’zandalama kuyenera kulinganizidwira kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa Congress kuti avomereze ndi kulongosola malire a mphamvu ya boma.

Kufeŵetsa Malamulo ndi Kuchepetsa Ufulu

Fade atasankha kugula ndalama zambiri za boma ndi kubwezera ngongole pambuyo pa 2008 . ndi kachiŵirinso mliri wa CHOVID-19 wayambitsanso mkangano wa malamulo a boma. Otsutsa ena amanena kuti kupeputsa kusokonezeka pakati pa malamulo a ndalama ndi malamulo a zachuma, kulola kuti Fed ipereke ndalama popanda chilolezo cha lamulo la boma. Oteteza Fad akungogwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wake walamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi kuti Constantive avomerezetse ntchito zimenezi mwa kuchirikiza Federal Reserve Act kulola chiwongola ndalama pa zosungira zinthu zosungidwa.

Funso la lamulo limasintha pamlingo umene zochita za Fad zimapitira m’malo osungidwira Nyumba Yamilandu.

Kupangira Mphero Yosonyeza

Mutu wina wa malamulo ndi kuonekera. Kutetezera kwa First Amendment kwa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza, limodzi ndi lamulo la kuŵerengera boma, zifuno za kuonekera kwapadera. Mu 1993, Khoti Lapamwamba lomwe linasungidwa mu Firedal Open Market Committee . Merrill [1] kuti FOLT:1 sinafunikire kuvumbula malamulo ake a nthaŵi yomweyo, koma kusintha ndi malamulo kwatsatira kwawonjezera kumasuka kwa Fed's. Lerolino, Fed atulutsa mphindi za msonkhano, malongosoledwe a zachuma, ndi mapepala ndi zaka zisanu. Otsutsa ena amatsutsa kuti kuonekera kwakukulu sikufunikira kutsimikizira kuyankha kwa democracy; ena amatsutsa kwambiri kuwona kuthekera kwa kulinganiza kumeneku.

Malamulo ndi Tsogolo la Chisungiro cha Federal

Mwachitsanzo, pamene chuma chisintha, padzabuka mafunso atsopano a malamulo a boma. Kukwera kwa makompyuta kumachititsa kuti Nyumba ya Ufumu ikhale ndi mphamvu yokhoma ndalama komanso ngati Fid ingapereke ndalama za kampani (CBDC) pansi pa lamulo lomwe lilipo. Ochirikiza mfundo zachinsinsi ayambitsa nkhani za Kusintha kwa Kachinayi pankhani ya kuyang’anira ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu pa pulogalamu ya pakompyuta.

Mofananamo, malingaliro a kusintha kuswedwa kwa Fed . monga ngati kukhazikitsa lamulo la ndalama limene likagwirizanitsa chiwongola dzanja ndi lamulo lalamulo / "kufunsa mafunso a gulu la mphamvu za lamulo . Ngati Congress adaletsa nzeru za Fed kumamatira kwambiri, kungawonedwe kukhala kuphwanya kopanda lamulo pa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma; ngati ilo lingaposetse chiphunzitso chosagwirizana ndi malamulo, chimene chimafuna kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lipereke mfundo yomveka bwino. Khoti laposachedwapa liperekenso lingaliro lakuti milandu ya m’tsogolo ikhoza kuyesa malire a ufulu wake.

Kumaliza: Mabungwe a Malamulo a Kayendetsedwe Kazachuma Kosinthasintha

Federal Reserve System ndi yopangidwa ndi Malamulo . Opangidwa pansi pa mphamvu zoŵerengedwa za Congress, zopangidwa ndi kulekana kwa maulamuliro, ndi kuumiriza ndi ufulu wa munthu ndi ulamuliro. Malamulo salamulira tsatanetsatane wa ndalama, koma amapereka malamulo a maseŵera amene Fad iyenera kugwira ntchito. Kuyambira ku Banki ya Alexander Hamilton kufikira ku FOMC yamakono, malamulo a malamulo a macheke ndi malingana, mphamvu zofunidwa, ndi kuŵerengera kwatsogolera kusinthika kwa ndalama ndi ngongole ya ku America.

Pamene tiyang'ana kutsogolo, Fed adzapitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi kupendedwa kwa lamulo. Kaya nkhaniyo iri kubwereketsa mwangozi, madigital perncrecrect, kapena malire a kudziimira kwake, Konsichushoni idzakhalabe chikalata cha maziko chimene ponse paŵiri chimapatsa mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa United States. Kumvetsetsa choloŵa cha lamulo chimenechi nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kutenga mbali ya Federal Reserve m'dongosolo la Amereka la ulamuliro.

For further reading, see the Federal Reserve’s official overview of its structure, the Constitution Annotated’s analysis of the coinage clause, the text of McCulloch v. Maryland, and the United States v. Butler decision on the spending power. These sources provide deeper insight into the constitutional issues discussed above.