Kupereka chithandizo cha zaumoyo ku United States kumadalira ntchito yocholoŵana ya boma, boma, ndi akanema akomweko. Mwa ameneŵa, maboma akwawo(ofera, maakasitala, ndi madera a zaumoyo apadera ) n’ngofunika kwambiri kwa okonza malamulo a boma ndi kukonza zaumoyo. Ndizo mabungwe amene anthu akukumana nawo pofunafuna mankhwala, kufufuza za malo okhala, chithandizo chachikulu cha zamankhwala, ndi kudalira kwambiri kwa anthu. Kuzindikira ukulu, mavuto, ndi ntchito zaumoyo m'boma n’kofunika kwa opanga malamulo, akatswiri a zaumoyo, ndi ochirikiza anthu a m'dera limodzi.

Maboma a boma losamalira zaumoyo asintha kwambiri m'zaka 100 zapitazi. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m’deralo athandiza kwambiri pa zaukhondo, kutseguka kwa anthu, ndi kuchepetsa matenda. Masiku ano, madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m’deralo (LHD) amayang'anira malo aakulu amene amaphatikizapo kuteteza matenda osatha, amayi ndi ana, mautumiki a zaumoyo, ndi kukonzekera kwadzidzidzi. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'dzikolo amagwira ntchito ku United States, ndipo amatumikira anthu kuyambira zikwi zingapo kufika kumiyandamiyanda. Mabungwe ameneŵa ndi amene ali otetezeka kwambiri kwa anthu osatetezeka ndi otetezedwa, ndipo amapangitsa ntchito yawo kukhala yofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhalidwe abwino.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri kwa Umoyo wa Boma la Kumeneko

Maziko a kuloŵetsedwa kwa boma la kumaloko m’kusamalira zaumoyo akuyambira ku zaka za zana la 19, pamene mizinda yokhazikitsidwa ya umoyo wolimbana ndi cholera, chikasu, ndi kubuka kwa TB. Kupangidwa kwa dipatimenti yoyamba ya zaumoyo ya m’boma ku Baltimore mu 1798 kunazindikiritsa mwamsanga kuti boma linali ndi thayo la kutetezera thanzi la anthu. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ukulu wa mathayo ameneŵa unakulitsidwa kuphatikizapo kuyang’anira madzi abwino, kupima chakudya, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo a sukulu.

Zaka za zana la 20 zinabweretsa masinthidwe. Social Security Act ya 1935 inapereka ndalama za boma za mautumiki a zaumoyo wa amayi ndi ana, zimene zambiri zinaperekedwa kupyolera mwa madipatimenti a zaumoyo ndi akwawo. Chikalata cha Community Mental Act cha 1963 chinasintha chisamaliro kuchokera ku mabungwe aakulu kupita ku madongosolo a anthu, kupereka zofuna zatsopano kwa maboma a m'dziko. Posachedwapa, bungwe la Afford Care Act (ACA) linawonjezera kufotokoza ndi kuletsa, ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko akuyendetsa ntchito yothandiza anthu ndi kupanga makonzedwe a zaumoyo.

Masiku ano, maboma a m’maderawa ayenera kuyendera malo ozungulira chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa thanzi, ukalamba, matenda opatsirana, ndiponso zotsatira za mliri wa Chovid-19. Mliriwu unavumbula mphamvu ndi mphamvu za ntchito zaumoyo za anthu, zimene zimachititsa kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zikhale zodalirika.

Ntchito Zokhudza Umoyo wa Anthu Masiku Ano

Maboma a m'dziko achita ntchito zaumoyo zimene zimateteza anthu onse. Nthaŵi zambiri ntchito zimenezi zimalinganizidwa kuzungulira madesiki khumi a zaumoyo a bungwe la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Malo ofunika kwambiri a

  • Kufufuza kwa za mliri ndi miliri: matenda omveka, kupenda kusintha kwa zinthu, ndi kufalitsa miliri isanafalikire.
  • Lamulo la zaumoyo: [[FLT] Kuyang'ana malesitilanti, maiwe osambira, njira zosambira, ndi madzi akumwa kuti apeŵe matenda.
  • Kukweza ndi maphunziro a Health: Kupanga ndi kutumiza mkupiti pa nkhani zonga ngati katemera, kusuta fodya, ndi ntchito yathupi.
  • Kukula ndi kusungitsa: Kusanthula akuluakulu osankhidwa pa malamulo okhudza thanzi ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu.
  • Kukonzekera ndi kuyankha: Kulinganiza za masoka achilengedwe, kubuka kwa matenda, ndi zochitika za uchigaŵenga.

Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu Kusintha Matenda

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko ndiwo oyamba kuzindikira njira zachilendo za matenda m'mudzi. Mwakufufuza m'laboratori, kusimba, ndi kufufuza za matenda, amazindikira kuyambika kwa matenda ochititsidwa ndi chakudya, matenda a katemera, ndi kubuka kwa ziwopsezo zonga ngati kachirombo ka West Nile kapena Kusiyanasiyana kwa Chovid . Kuyang'anira kumeneku kumadalira pa njira zopimira ndi kugwirizana ndi osamalira zaumoyo, masukulu, ndi malaboraboti.

Akuluakulu a zaumoyo a m’derali amathandiza kuti azitha kukhazikitsa malamulo oteteza anthu, kudzipatula, kapena kutseka malo amene anthu sangakhale bwino.

Thanzi la Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo

Umoyo wa malo okhala udakali umodzi wa ntchito zowoneka ndi zautali kwambiri za boma la kumaloko. Osamalira ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo amayang'anira malesitilanti, masitolo, ndi malo okonzera chakudya kuti atsimikizire kuti chakudya chili bwino. Amayang'aniranso dongosolo la kuyera, kupima madzi abwino, ndi kuchepetsa ngozi za mtovu m’nyumba. M'madera ambiri, maboma amayendetsa maprogramu oletsa tizilombo kuti achepetse udzudzu ndi anthu a m’malere amene amafalitsa matenda onga Lyme ndi West Nile.

Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezera mavuto a zaumoyo. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akulimbana ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi kutentha, kuwala kwa mpweya kuchokera ku utsi wa moto, ndiponso mavuto a nyengo yoopsa. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumafuna kugwirizana kwatsopano ndi madipatimenti okonza zinthu, mabungwe oyendetsa zangozi, ndi mabungwe a zachilengedwe.

Kupereka Chisamaliro cha Umoyo

Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu, maboma ambiri akumaloko amayang'anira mwachindunji zipatala ndi maprogramu amene amakwaniritsa mipata yovuta m'dongosolo la zaumoyo. Mautumiki ameneŵa ali ofunika kwambiri makamaka m'madera akumidzi ndi m’matauni kumene malo osamalira anthu apadera ali osoŵa.

Malo Osamalira Zaumoyo a M’dera Lonse ndi Makiliniki Otchedwa Safety-Net

Maboma a m'derali amathandizira ndi kuyendetsa malo a zaumoyo a anthu omwe amapereka chithandizo chachikulu, mano, malangizo a zaumoyo, ndi mankhwala pamlingo wa malipiro opitikizidwa ndi kampani. Malo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa monga Federal Marmonomone Health Center (FQHCs) kapena FQHC imawoneka ngati, kuwathandiza kupatsidwa ndalama zambiri ndi boma ndi kulembedwa molakwika. Mu 2022, maofesi a zaumoyo a anthu anatumikira odwala oposa 30 miliyoni ku United States, ambiri a iwo sanasungidwe kapena kulembetsedwa ku Mdi.

Zipatala za m'chigawochi zimapanganso njira ina yoperekera ntchito mwachindunji. Pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya zipatala zonse za ku United States ndizo boma kapena maboma a dziko. Malo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga malo othandizira ovulala, kuphunzitsa zipatala, ndi makampani a ukonde amene amapereka chisamaliro chosayenerera kwa opeza ndalama zochepa ndi osasamalidwa. Odwala a zachuma m’zipatala za m'chigawo cha United States awonjezeka chifukwa cha kutsika kwa ndalama zolipirira, kukwera kwa ndalama zosamalira zosoŵa ntchito, ndi kusoŵa kwa ntchito.

Maprogramu a Zaumoyo wa Ana

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amasamalira maprogramu osiyanasiyana a zaumoyo wa amayi ndi ana operekedwa ndi bungwe la Theort V lopereka ndi boma. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa kwa chisamaliro chapanyumba, kuyendera mabanja a pasadakhale, kupima ana, ndi kupima kwa ana adakali aang'ono. Akazi, Ana, ndi Ana (Wic) programu ya boma ya chakudya chopatsa thanzi [1] imagwira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumalo, kupereka chakudya chowonjezera, maphunziro a chakudya, ndi kuyamwitsa maŵere kuti athandize kupezera ndalama zochepa kwa akazi oyembekezera ndi ana aang'ono.

Komabe, ndalama zimene anthu amapereka sizikukwera ndi kukwera kwa mitengo, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu ogwira ntchito azilephera kugwira ntchito m’madera ena.

Kuyamba Kukhala Wathanzi Kwapoyera ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo Thanzi

Kuti anthu akhale ndi thanzi labwino pamafunika njira zothetsera matenda ndi kuvulala.

Kuletsa Matenda Opatsirana

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti apereke katemera. Amagwiritsa ntchito zipatala zothandizira akatemera a boma, amasamalira sukulu zopimira, ndipo amayankha ku kuyambika kwa matenda a katemera monga chikuku ndi peressis . Panthaŵi ya mliri wa Covid-19, LHDs inagwirizanitsa mpikisano wa katemera, kufikira anthu ovutika kudzera m'zipatala za m'magalimoto, mayanjano a m'chitaganya, ndi kupikisana.

Mitengo ya katemera wa Routine kwa ana ndi achikulire imakhalabe njira yaikulu yochitira katemera kwa madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko. Programu ya CDC ya Ana (VFC) imapereka mankhwala aulere othandizira ana oyenerera, ndipo LHD kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo makampani aakulu a VFC m'madera osasungidwa. Kusungabe katemera kumafuna maphunziro a anthu onse, kulonjezana, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Kuteteza Matenda Osatha

Matenda osachiritsika monga matenda a mtima, matenda a shuga, kansa, ndi kupuma amachititsa 70% ya imfa zonse ku United States. Maboma amalo amagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu ochirikiza ntchito yathupi, kudya kwathanzi, ndi kusuta fodya. Magulu ambiri atengera njira zothandizira kupeza zakudya zatsopano, kupanga malo abwino ochitirapo maseŵera olimbitsa thupi, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a fodya.

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amagwiritsiranso ntchito maprogramu opima kansa ya maŵere, chibaliro, ndi ma abulumu, kaŵirikaŵiri akulimbana ndi ndalama zochepera ndi akazi osayambukiridwa kupyolera m'CC National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Dectifion Program. Maprogramu oletsa matenda a shuga, njira zosamalira kuthamanga kwa mwazi, ndi maprogramu ochezera nyumba ndi kuwona ndi matenda osachiritsika.

Mavuto Aakulu Amene Amakumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti maboma a m’maderawo ali ndi mbali yaikulu, amalimbana ndi mavuto opitirizabe amene amalepheretsa kukwanitsa kuchita ntchito zosamalira thanzi.

Kupereka Zofunika Ndiponso Mavuto a Pabanki

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amadalira ndalama zosiyanasiyana za boma, ndalama, kufunsira thandizo, ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu akomweko. Ndalama zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimangodalira pa mapulogalamu enaake, ndipo sizingakwanire kukwaniritsa ntchito zina. Pakati pa 2010 ndi 2019, ndalama zimene munthu aliyense amawononga pa zaumoyo wa anthu zinachepa m’mayiko ambiri, kulepheretsa LHDs kuti atherepo ntchito zamwambo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito zamasiku onse ziyende bwino.

Mliriwu unabweretsa ndalama zambiri za boma kudzera mu CareS Act and American Resort Plan Act, koma ndalama zambiri zimenezi n’zosagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zamakono. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo tsopano akuyang'anizana ndi chigwembe chachikulu pamene ndalama zimenezi zikutha, kukakamiza zosankha zovuta ponena za ntchito ndi mapulogalamu.

Kupereŵera Ntchito ndi Kupsa ndi Ntchito

Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo a anthu onse akukalamba, ndipo antchito ambiri oyenerera kupuma pantchito. Kulephera ntchito ndi kusasamala zinthu kumachititsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa malipiro a thanzi la anthu ndi ntchito za anthu, kuchepa kwa mwaŵi wa ntchito, ndi mikhalidwe yopanikiza ya ntchito. Mliriwo unakulitsa kupsa ndi ntchito kwa antchito a zaumoyo, amene anayang’anizana ndi kuvutitsidwa, kutsenderezedwa ndi ndale zadziko, ndi zokumana nazo zowopsa m’mbali za ntchito.

Malinga ndi kupenda kwa 2023 kwa National Association of County and City Health Offalisas (NACCHO), pafupifupi theka la madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko anasimbidwa kukhala oyenerera kukwera kwa antchito. Kupereŵera kwakukulu kuli m’kusamalira, kupha kwa matenda, thanzi la malo okhala, ndi malo a zaumoyo.

Kusankhana Makhalidwe ndi Makhalidwe Abwino

Maboma akupitirizabe kuyang'anira za thanzi . Mfundo yakuti aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi wa kukhoza kwake kwathanzi. Izi zimafunikira kulimbana ndi anthu monga kusakhazikika kwa nyumba, kusatetezereka kwa chakudya, kutsekeredwa kwa zoyendera, ndi udani wa anthu. Komabe, madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri alibe chuma ndi ulamuliro wa kusonkhezera mbali zazikulu za chitaganya ndi zachuma.

Kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a nyumba, magawo a sukulu, mabungwe a zoyendera, ndi maofesi opititsa patsogolo chuma n’kofunika kwambiri koma n’kovuta kuti asunge. Kupereka chidziŵitso cha zinthu zokhudza kusagwirizana kwa thanzi kukuthandiza, koma anthu ambiri a LHD satha kutembenuza chidziŵitso kukhala masinthidwe oyenera.

Ntchito Zothandiza Ena

Chifukwa cha kulephera kwa boma, kugwirizana kwakhala maziko a dongosolo losamalira zaumoyo logwira mtima.

Kugwirizana kwa Onse

Maboma akuwonjezera ntchito ndi madongosolo a zaumoyo aumwini, mabungwe ogwirizana ndi chitaganya, ndi kulinganiza zosamalira zopereka mautumiki. Mwachitsanzo, dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya m'chigawocho ingagwirizane ndi chipatala cha kumaloko kuti chikhale ndi malo a zaumoyo a chitaganya, kapena popanda phindu kuti apereke chithandizo cha mankhwala kwa anthu opanda pokhala. Magwirizano ameneŵa angawongoletse chipambano, ukatswiri wa makampani, ndi kuchepetsa mautumiki.

Kuŵerengera anthu monga mapangano ogwirizana ndi ntchito, kupima thanzi la anthu, ndi kukonza maselo a m’thupi kumathandiza kuti maukwatiwo akhale ogwirizana ndi zolinga za thanzi la anthu onse osati zolinga za munthu mwini za kupeza phindu.

Kuphunzira ndi Kufufuza

Madipatimenti ambiri a zaumoyo akumaloko amene ali ndi mayunivesite kuti alimbitse umboni wawo ndi luso la zaumoyo. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo, ochirikizidwa mwa zofufuzira, akatswiri ndi ophunzira ku LHD kuchititsa mayeso ofunika, kupenda maprogramu, ndi kuyambitsa mabodipoti a zolemba. Magwirizano ameneŵa amakulitsa kulimba kwa njira zaumoyo wa anthu onse pamene akugaŵira mipata yofunika kwambiri yophunzitsira a akatswiri a zaumoyo a anthu onse.

Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti pakhale umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira kuti njira zothandizira anthu ovutika m’deralo ndizo zimene zilipo.

Mawonekedwe Osintha ndi Kupenda Kachidindo

Maboma ambiri apanga njira zatsopano zoperekera chithandizo chamankhwala zimene zimapereka maphunziro a zamankhwala.

Ku Louisville, Kentucky, dipatimenti ya zaumoyo inakhazikitsa bungwe loona za umoyo wa anthu la Center for Health Equity mu 2013, ndipo linakhazikitsa malamulo onse okhudza malo ochitira zinthu.

Mu San Francisco, Department of Public Health Effect Health San Francisco, programu ya zaumoyo imene imapatsa chisamaliro choyamba, mankhwala operekedwa kwa dokotala, ndi chisamaliro cha m’chipatala kwa nzika zopanda makampani. Programuyo imagwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo cha mankhwala, kugwirizanitsa wotengamo mbali aliyense ndi wosamalira wokhazikika. United States San Francisco wapeza kuwongoleredwa kokhoza kuwongolera kwa njira za matenda osatha ndi kuchepetsa maulendo apadera odziwitsa.

Midzi ya m’midzi yakhalanso ndi njira zopangira zinthu. Ku Montana, Butte-Silver Department Bow Health inakhazikitsa kampani ya zaumoyo yomwe imapita ku madera akutali a migodi, ikupereka katemera, makompyuta a zaumoyo, ndi mankhwala othandizira. Programuyi imagwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamakono kugwirizanitsa odwala ndi akatswiri a m’mizinda, kugonjetsa zopinga za malo kuti adzisamalira.

Kugaŵana mlandu ndi njira ina yotsimikizira. Ku Wisconsin, madipatimenti angapo a zaumoyo ang'onoang'ono anapanga Wisconsin Public Health Colitinative, akugawana woyang'anira wa zachipatala, wodziŵa za matenda, ndi antchito a zaumoyo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anachepetsa ndalama za kuyang'anira, kuwonjezera mphamvu, ndi kutheketsa madipatimenti othandiza ntchito zimene palibe aliyense angakwanitse kuchita.

M’tsogolomu Mudzaperekedwa Malangizo Okhudza Umoyo wa Boma

Tsogolo la boma la zaumoyo la kumaloko lidzakonzedwa ndi zinthu zingapo: luso la zopangapanga, kusintha kwa anthu, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kusintha kwa njira zoyendera malo. Telehealth, yomwe inakula kwambiri m'nthaŵi ya mliriwu, imapereka mipata yoperekera chisamaliro chapadera m'madera osasamalidwa bwino. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akufufuza malo akumudzi, kuyang'anira odwala, ndi mautumiki a zaumoyo.

Kusintha zinthu kwamakono n’kofunika kwambiri. Ma LHD ambiri amadalirabe makompyuta ozikidwa pa mapepala kapena achilengedwe amene amachepetsa mphamvu yawo ya kuyendera njira zosiyanasiyana, kusamala anthu, ndi kufalitsa kwa boma ndi boma. Kusungitsa ndalama m'mafaelo a zaumoyo ogwirizana, malo oyendetsera matenda, ndi kutumizirana chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo m’chitaganya kungawongolere chipambano ndi chipambano.

Kusintha kwa malamulo pa chigawo cha boma ndi boma kudzakhudzanso ntchito za boma. Kupangidwa kwa thumba la zaumoyo wa anthu, lopangidwa ndi magulu ena a anthu odziŵa zaumoyo, kukhoza kukhazikitsa ndalama zokhazikika ndi zosinthasintha pa ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu. Kugwirizana kwambiri pakati pa thanzi la anthu, kupereka chithandizo cha zaumoyo, ndi mautumiki a kakhalidwe ka anthu, nthaŵi zambiri kumatchedwa kuti mapulogalamu otetezera anthu.

Kumaliza

Maboma a m'dzikolo ndi ofunika kwambiri pa njira za zaumoyo ku United States ndi padziko lonse. Amachita ntchito zofunika zaumoyo wa anthu onse, amayendetsa zipinda zotetezera, ndi kukonzanso njira zautsogoleri zaumoyo m’chitaganya chonse. Mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo . Kusoŵa kwa ntchito, kusoŵa kwa antchito, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mwa kuyendetsa malonda, kugwirizanitsa magulu a anthu, ndi njira zatsopano, maboma a m'malowo angapitirizebe kuteteza ndi kuwongolera thanzi la anthu awo.

Pamene dzikolo liyang'ana za dongosolo la zaumoyo lolimba ndi logwirizana, ntchito ya boma la kumaloko iyenera kulimba, osati kuchepetsedwa. Kuchirikiza madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko ndi ndalama zochirikizidwa, luso lamakono, ndi antchito aluso kuli kusungitsa maziko a thanzi la anthu. Midzi imene imapanga ndalama zaumoyo m’boma idzakhala yokonzekera bwino kwambiri kaamba ka mliri wotsatira, wokonzekeretsedwa bwinopo kusamalira matenda osatha, ndi kukhala ndi malo abwino opititsa patsogolo thanzi la nzika zonse.