Ntchito ya maboma a m'dziko n’njaikulu pa ntchito ya chitaganya cha democracy. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma a boma ndi a boma ayang'anira chitetezo cha dziko, malonda a mayiko, ndi malamulo aakulu, maboma a m'maderawo amagwira ntchito pamlingo wapafupi kwambiri ndi nzika. Zimenezi zimawatheketsa kupereka mautumiki ogwirizana, kulabadira mofulumira zosoŵa za anthu, ndi kuyesa ndi njira zatsopano zimene ulamuliro waukulu sungatengere mosavuta. M’nkhani ino, tidzapenda maluso apadera a maboma a boma ndi zimene angakwaniritse maboma a bomawo.

Malo Apadera a Maboma Akumaloko

Maboma a m’maderawo ndiwo mabungwe olamulira amene amalamulira madera ena monga mizinda, matauni, matauni, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera. Iwo amapatsidwa ulamuliro kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, komabe kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi nzeru zambiri m'njira imene amasamalira nkhani za kumaloko. Mpangidwe wa ulamuliro woyenerera umenewu umapatsa akuluakulu a boma mphamvu kupanga zosankha zimene zimayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika .

Chifukwa chakuti amakhazikika m'midzi imene amatumikira, maboma akumeneko ali ndi malo apadera omvetsetsa zikondano za kumaloko, chikhalidwe, ndi zitokoso zokakamiza. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumapanga njira yovomerezeka imene ingachititse kulamulira kukhala ndi chivomerezo chokulirapo ndi kusinthira kuposa mabungwe a boma akutali. Monga momwe National League of Cities , maboma a kumaloko ali malaboratorishoni a demokrase , kuyesa malamulo amene pambuyo pake angavomerezedwe pa mlingo wapamwamba.

Ntchito Yoona Maboma Akumene Akupambana

Maboma a kumaloko amachita ntchito zambiri zimene sizimachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi akuluakulu a boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito zimenezi zimawoneka bwino ndi kukhudza moyo. Pansipa pali madera angapo kumene maboma akumaloko ali ndi ulamuliro komanso amasonyeza mapindu ake oonekera bwino kuposa a boma.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu Onse ndi Uchigawenga

Madipatimenti a apolisi akomweko, mautumiki a moto, ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala amayang'aniridwa pafupifupi kotheratu ku mlingo wa mzinda kapena chigawo. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo onga FBI kapena DHS akugwira ntchito m'dzikolo, koma sangathe kuyang'anira madera 911, kuyankha mafoni, kapena kukulitsa chidaliro kwa anthu a m'madera osiyanasiyana m’njira yomwe nduna zakomweko zingatero. Mabungwe a boma a boma . Mabungwe a boma akukhala ndi anthu okhala pafupi, ndipo akukhala pa malo othandizira kukonzanso upandu.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Nthaka ndi Kuumba

Maboma a boma amakhazikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zosungira malo koma satha kukhazikitsa malo osungiramo zinthu. Mabungwe a boma ndi makampani a m’madera osiyanasiyana amasunga mamepu osonyeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’deralo, monga kuteteza madera a m'mbuyo kapena kulimbikitsa zigawo. Maboma a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a malo osungira zinthu zachilengedwe koma satha kukhazikitsa malo amene sitolo kapena sukulu ingamangidwe. Mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe a mizinda amachititsa kuti anthu azimvana ndi kukonza mapu amene amapanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’dzikolo, monga kuteteza madera akale kapena kulimbikitsa zigawo zina. Kukhoza kukonza malo ndi chinthu chimene mabungwe a boma sangachite chifukwa chakuti ali kutali ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko.

Maphunziro Akumaloko

Maphunziro a boma ku United States ndi udindo wakomweko. Magawo a sukulu oposa 13,000 omwe amalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma koma amalamulidwa ndi mabungwe osankhidwa a m'deralo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga zosankha za sukulu (ndi miyezo ya boma), ma bajeti a sukulu, kulembedwa ntchito, ndi kukonzedwa kwa malo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Dipatimenti ya Education imapereka ndalama ndi kuyang'anira nkhani zonga ufulu wa anthu, sayendetsa sukulu, kapena amasankha mapulogalamu a tsiku ndi tsiku. Kulamulira kwa madera a kumaloko kumalola anthu kugwirizanitsa maphunziro ndi miyezo ya kumaloko ndi zofunika.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri

Maboma a boma amayang'anira zinthu zofunikira kwambiri zimene nzika zimadalira tsiku lililonse: madzi, mankhwala otayidwa, zosonkhanitsidwa, makwalala akwawo, mapaki, ndi kutumiza kwa anthu. Mabungwe a boma monga Environmental Protection Agency amakhazikitsa miyezo ya madzi ndi kupereka ndalama, koma mafakitale enieni, mapaipi, ndi malole ndi amakampani ali a makampani kapena a chigawo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti zosankha za anthu a m’deralo zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka, kuwonjezeka kwa utumiki, ndi ndandanda yosamalira imapangidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma amene amayankha mwachindunji kuvota, osati ndi ma Bureaucrates . U.S. . maofesi a bungwe la Centreast akusimba kuti maboma akugwiritsa ntchito anthu oposa 14 miliyoni, anthu ambiri, a polisi, ndi mautumiki ena.

Kodi Nchiyani Chimapangitsa Maboma Adziko Kukhala Osiyana ndi Maboma Aakulu?

Kuwonjezera pa udindo umene ali nawo, maboma a m’maderawo ali ndi zinthu zimene zimawasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi mabungwe a boma.

Kusintha kwa Vuto la Mchira

Malamulo a Federal ndi amodzi okha ofunikira. Programu ya dziko kapena zoyendera yopereka ntchito yofunsira siingapereke chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu kwapadera, malo, kapena maziko a zachuma a mzinda wina. Maboma a m’dzikolo angapange zothetsera zimene zingayenere kuyenererana ndi mwambo. Mwachitsanzo, tauni ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ingaikemo kusinthika pamene chigawo cha alimi cha m’dzikolo chiyang'ana kusungitsa madzi. Mzinda wamitundumitundu yosiyanasiyana ungawonjezere mautumiki othandizira kutembenuza anthu, pamene chitaganya chakumidzi chingagogomezere kuwonjezereka kwa madera akumidzi. Kusoka kwa kumaloko kumawongolera bwino ndi kupeŵa ziŵiro zotayidwa zimene zimabwera ndi ziŵiro zosayenera za boma.

Kuŵerengera Mlandu Mwachindunji

Akuluakulu a boma amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi anthu amene amatumikira. Mayina awo amaonekera pa mapepala zaka ziŵiri kapena zinayi zilizonse, ndipo zosankha zawo zimafufuzidwa pa misonkhano ya m'holo ya tauni, malo oulutsira nkhani za m'malo, ndi manyuzi a zaumoyo. Ubwenzi umenewu umachititsa kuti munthu adzakhale ndi mlandu waukulu: meya kapena bungwe limene limanyalanyaza kuopsa kosankhidwa pa udindo. Akuluakulu a boma, makamaka amene akuchokera kumadera akutali, sangakhale ndi muyezo umodzi. Kubwezera kwachindunji kumalimbikitsa maboma a m’deralo kukhala ovomereza, opeputsa zinthu, ndi ofunitsitsa kusintha njira pamene malamulo alephera.

Kulimba ndi Kuyesa

Chifukwa chakuti amagwira ntchito pamlingo wochepa ndi kuyang'anizana ndi mipata yochepa ya boma, maboma a m'maderawo angachitepo kanthu mofulumira kwambiri. Pamene vuto laumoyo libuka, dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya mzinda ingapereke chilolezo cha kumaloko kapena kutsegula malo oyeserapo m’masiku angapo. Pamene luso latsopano monga galimoto zodziimira, boma la boma lingayendetse programu pa makwalala angapo mmalo mwa kuyembekezera malamulo a boma. Kulimba kumeneku kumachititsa maboma a kumaloko kulowa m'matauni ndi m'magawo onse. Mawuwo [FLT: 0]“ Oyang'anira democracyism a democracy [1] Ofotokozedwa poyamba, koma lerolino akugwira ntchito mwamphamvu monga kumizinda ndi magawo.

Kuloŵa M’gulu

Maboma a kumaloko amalimbikitsa kutengamo mbali kokhala ndi tanthauzo. Nzika zingapezeke pa misonkhano ya olinganiza, kutumikira pa mabungwe olinganiza, kapena kuchitira umboni pamaso pa bungwe la mizinda pa nkhani zimene zikuyambukira m'mabanja awo. Mlingo umenewu wa pangano sungakhale wofala pamlingo wa boma, kumene kulinganiza kwa munthu aliyense payekha kungapange mawu ooneka ngati opanda pake. Kudzipereka kwa anthu ambiri kumakulitsa chidaliro, kumawonjezera chidziŵitso cha boma, ndi kutsogolera ku zotulukapo zabwino chifukwa malamulo akusonyeza chidziŵitso cha moyo. Maboma a boma satha kutengera kugwirizana kwa gulu lapafupi kapena kumvetsera kwa anthu onse pa pulaka yatsopano.

Kufufuza za Kusintha kwa Boma Lakumeneko

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ntchito ya m’dzikolo imathandiza kuti zinthu ziyende bwino kwambiri kuposa mmene boma limachitira.

Malamulo a M’dera la Richmond, ku California

Kumayambiriro kwa 2000, Richmond California, inali imodzi ya mizinda yachiwawa kwambiri m'dzikolo. Mmalo moyembekezera ndalama zothandizira kuukira upandu za boma kapena za FBI, boma la mzinda, pansi pa mkulu wapolisi Chris Magnus, linayambitsa chitsanzo cha apolisi a chitaganya. Oyang'anira boma anafunikira kumanga ubale ndi anthu a m’deralo, kupezeka pa zochitika za m'chitaganya, ndi kugwirizana ndi mautumiki a anthu a m’chitaganya kuti athetse zisonkhetse upandu. Homicite zagwa ndi oposa 70% pa zaka khumi. Bungwe la boma silinachitenso chipambano chimenechi chifukwa chakuti silinadalire kukhulupirika ndi kulolera kwa magulu aupandu a ku Richmond ndi chikhalidwe.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo M’tauni

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma asintha nthaŵi zambiri m'ma 2030, mazana a mizinda ya United States atengera njira zapadera za nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, Portland, Oregon, amakhazikitsa cholinga chodula mpweya wa carbon 50% podzafika 2030 kudzera m'maprogramu monga zisonkhezero zobiriwira zomanga, kukonzanso mphamvu zomanga, ndi kukulitsa njira za njinga za magetsi. [[FLT:] Austin, Texas[FFLT:3], yaika mphamvu zowonjezereka kwambiri kupyolera kupyola kuunika kwake kwa makampani ake. Nthaŵi zambiri zoyesayesa zimenezi zimakhala zofulumira ndi zowonjezereka kuposa maprogramuziro a boma kapena a boma, chifukwa chakuti mabungwe a mzindawo akhoza kuchita popanda kuyembekezera mzere wa pulogalamu. [FFF:]

Malipiro Opereka Malo Osungira Nyumba Olemera

Maboma ambiri apanga mitsinje ya ndalama zopatulidwa , monga kutumiza msonkho wa katundu kapena ndalama zothandizira kumanga nyumba. Kuthandiza Trust Fund ku Montgomery County, Maryland , mwachitsanzo, apanga nyumba zikwizikwi za nyumba zotsika ndi zopitira ndalama kuchokera pamene anakhazikitsa. Nyumba za boma monga chigawo 8 rectiferers ndi zofunika, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa ndalama zapachaka za appropriates , Maryland , posiyana ndi, kupereka chuma cha kumaloko chimene chingayendetsedwe ndi nyumba za anthu osoŵa nyumba. Monga momwe zimakhalira zokhalira zokhalira zokhalira kwa aphunzitsi ndi nyumba zosowa ndi malo osamalira nyumba.

Zolephera ndi Zopinga Zoyang’anizana ndi Maboma Akumaloko

Ngakhale kuti maboma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, m’pofunikanso kuti azikhala ndi maganizo oyenera pa nkhani ya ulamuliro wa m’dzikolo.

Kupereŵera kwa Zinthu Zamoyo

Maboma a m'dzikolo amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya katundu, misonkho, ndi ndalama. Nthaŵi zambiri zinthu zimenezi sizikuchitika ndipo sizikukwanira kukwaniritsa ntchito zimene anthu akumidzi akufunika. Mamudzi ambiri, makamaka a kumidzi ndi opeza ndalama zochepa, akulimbana ndi ndalama zothandizira ntchito monga kukonza zinthu zofunika, thanzi la anthu, ndi nyumba zokwera mtengo. Sangasiye ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zimene boma lingapereke, ndipo amayang'anizana ndi zofunika zolinganiza bwino za ndalama. Malamulo a ndalama angachepetse ngakhale malamulo atsopano kwambiri a m'dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungafune kuyambitsa programu ya padziko lonse ya P. pulogalamu ya KK koma ulibe msonkho kuti aichirikize.

Kugaŵanika ndi Kuyesedwa

United States ili ndi mabungwe a boma oposa 90,000, kuphatikizapo mizinda, magawo a sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera. Kugawikana kumeneku kungatsogolere ku kutengera kumbuyo kwa mautumiki, kutengerana mautumiki, ndi malamulo osagwirizana m'mayiko ena. Ndiponso, maboma ambiri achititsa kuti boma lichotse ulamuliro wakomweko pa nkhani monga malipiro ochepa, kuletsa mfuti, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Kutha kwa boma kungagonjetse zosankha za kumaloko ngakhale pamene zosankhazo zisonyeza kuti zikuchirikiza kwambiri chitaganya. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wotukuka umene ukufuna kukweza malipiro a ndalama zochepera $18 pa ola limodzi ndi lamulo la boma loletsa kulipira. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa ufulu wa dziko ndi ulamuliro wa dzikolo ndi ulamuliro ndi chipani cha chipani cha chipani.

Udindo ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Maboma ang'onoang’ono a m'madera monga kusanthula za makompyuta, kugula, kapena kupenda malamulo. Anthu odzipereka pa mabungwe a m’tauni sangakhale ndi nthaŵi kapena maphunziro oyendera makampani osiyanasiyana a boma ofunsira kapena kuyang'anira zaumoyo wa anthu. Kulephera kumeneku kulepheretsa maboma kupeza chuma cha boma kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti mizinda ikuluikulu ingakhale ndi madipatimenti omanga bwino, madera akumidzi nthaŵi zambiri amagwira ntchito ndi antchito angapo.

Kutopa kwa Pagulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti pangano la anthu onse lili lolimba, lingakhalenso mtolo. Misonkhano yapoyera yosalekeza, kutsutsana, ndi timagulu tating’ono tamawu tingatsogolere ku kuchititsa zilema kapena “NIMBY" (Sim’ Backyard). Akuluakulu a boma angayesetse kulinganiza zolinga za anthu ndi ubwino wa anthu. Maboma a Federal, kutali kwambiri, nthaŵi zina angapange zosankha bwino kwambiri chifukwa sadziŵerengera mwachindunji za ndale zadziko za m’dera lawo.

Tsogolo la Ulamuliro wa Malo

Zinthu zambiri zimene zikuchitika m’dzikolo n’zimene zidzayambitse ulamuliro wa boma m’zaka makumi zikubwerazi, n’zimene zikuyambitsa mavuto atsopano.

Mizinda Yanzeru Ndiponso Zipangizo Zamakono

Maboma akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kuti athandize kupititsa patsogolo ntchito komanso kuti nzika zikhale ndi ufulu wopereka ntchito. Magetsi okongola, makampani ogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopaka pa Intaneti, mapulogalamu a magetsi oyendera magalimoto, mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti alola kuti makampani onse ayambe kulowa pansi pa boma. Maboma a boma angakhazikitse malamulo kapena ntchito za ndalama zoyendetsera ndege, koma ntchito yeniyeni yoyendetsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo imachitika mumzinda. Pamene luso la zopangapanga zinthu likukula, maboma a m’dziko adzafunikira kulinganiza ndi zinthu zachinsinsi ndi zofunika zachinsinsi zomwe zingathandize kudziŵa bwino za makhalidwe a anthu.

Kugwirizana kwa M’deralo

Zitokoso zambiri . "kutembenuza, nyumba, kuteteza malo okhala . Maboma akupanga mgwirizano wa chigawo ndi maulamuliro a mayiko amodzi kuti athetse nkhani zimenezi pamodzi. Mwachitsanzo, Puget Sound Council Transport [1] ku Washington kugwirizanitsa zoyendera ndi zoyendetsa za kuchuluka kwa malo anayi. Maboma ameneŵa amalola maboma a m’maderawo kusonkhanitsa chuma ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo pamene akusunga kusinthika kuti achitepo kanthu. Maboma a boma samachita nawo ntchito imeneyi, kusiya ntchito ya kumaloko kuti akwanire mpatawo.

Kulankhula za Kupanda Tsankhu

Maboma a boma ali patsogolo pothetsa kusalingana kwa dongosolo. Kuyambira pa kukonzanso malo ndi kulinganiza ndalama, mizinda yambiri ikuyesa malamulo amene cholinga chake n’kugawa mphamvu ndi chuma mofanana. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wochuluka, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwa dziko kumasankha ngati ufulu umenewu udzakhala weniweni m'nyumba, polishi, kapena maphunziro. Pamene mikangano ya chilungamo cha mafuko ndi zachuma ikukula, maboma a m'dziko apitirizabe kukhala malo amene zinthu zimasinthako.

Kumaliza

Maboma a m’dzikolo ndi ofunika kwambiri pa demokalase ya ku America. Amachita ntchito zimene maboma a boma sangakwanitse . Chifukwa chakuti ali oyandikana, odziŵerengera bwino, osamala kwambiri, ndiponso odziŵa bwino zinthu. Kuchokera pa ntchito yapolisi ndi maphunziro ndi kukonza za nyengo ndi nyumba zokongola, atsogoleri a m'maderawo ali ndi luso la kupanga njira zoyendera zimene zingagwirizane ndi anthu a m’dera lawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti amayang'anizana ndi zinthu zofunika, mphamvu za boma, mphamvu zawo zidakali zofunika. Kumvetsa luso lapadera la maboma kumatithandiza kuzindikira ntchito yofunika imene amagwira m’moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, ndiponso kukhoza kwawo kukonza tsogolo labwino, limodzi panthaŵi imodzi.