Maboma ndiwo maziko a dongosolo la zaumoyo la United States, akugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wa malamulo kutetezera ndi kuchirikiza ubwino wa nzika zawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko ndi kupereka ndalama, maboma ali ndi thayo la kuyendetsa tsiku ndi tsiku, kusungitsa, ndi kukonza malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu. Kuchokera ku kuyendetsa njira zaumoyo kuti ziyang'anire matenda ndi kukonza maphunziro a zaumoyo, maboma amagwira ntchito kutsogolo kwa thanzi la anthu. Nkhani imeneyi yofutukulidwa ikufotokoza za chiyambi cha malamulo a mphamvu ya boma ya zaumoyo, kulongosola maprogramu a zaumoyo, kupenda mavuto osatha, ndi kugogomezera mbali yokhudza za boma poteteza thanzi.

Malamulo Olamulira za Umoyo wa Boma

Kuzindikira chifukwa chake maboma akukhala ndi mphamvu zaumoyo wa anthu zochulukirapo kotero kumafuna kuyang'ana pa Malamulo a U. . Kusungidwa kwa Tenth Amendment ku maulamuliro onse amene saperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma la boma. Pakati pa maulamuliro apadera ameneŵa pali mphamvu ya boma .

Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lachirikiza mosalekeza mphamvu zapolisi m'thanzi la anthu. Milandu ya m'mapepala yonga Jaconson . Massachusetts [1] (1905) inatsimikizira kuti maboma angalamulire katemera kuletsa nthomba, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chikupitirizabe kusonkhezera lamulo la zaumoyo wa anthu lerolino. Monga chotulukapo, maboma a boma angakhoze:

  • Licy ndi kuyang'anira osamalira zaumoyo [[FL:1] (adokotala, manesi, zipatala, zipatala)
  • Manda a thanzi ndi chitetezo kaamba ka chakudya, madzi, ndi malo antchito
  • Malamulo a katemera wopimira pa sukulu [[FL:1]
  • Anthu a Quarantin kuletsa matenda kufalikira
  • Kusanthula ndi kusanthula ziŵerengero zofunika kwambiri [ (kubadwa, imfa, malipoti a matenda)

Ufulu umenewu wa malamulo umatanthauza kuti njira zaumoyo wa anthu zikhoza kusiyana kwambiri m’boma limodzi ndi lina, kusonyeza makhalidwe a kumaloko, mikhalidwe ya ndale zadziko, ndi kusoŵa kwa anthu.

Mathayo a Maboma m’Zaumoyo Zapoyera

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma ndi mabungwe achita mbali yaikulu ya mathayo amene amagwira mbali iliyonse ya ubwino wa chitaganya. Ntchito zimenezi zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri m'malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Pansipa pali kuyang'ana mozama pa mbali zazikulu za thayo la boma la zaumoyo.

Maphunziro a Zaumoyo ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo

Mayiko amayesetsa kudziŵitsa anthu za matenda ndi makhalidwe abwino. Kampeni za kusuta fodya, masewera olimbitsa thupi, chakudya, ndi kugonana kotetezeka n’zofala. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ambiri amayendetsa ntchito zolimbana ndi tobacco zofalitsa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani zofalitsa matenda mothandizidwa ndi ndalama zolipirira kapena kupereka ndalama kuchokera ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Maphunziro a zaumoyo othandiza amachepetsa vuto la matenda aakulu ndi kupatsa anthu mphamvu zosankha zochita mwanzeru.

Kuteteza Matenda

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyang'anira matenda owonjezereka kuti aone kuyambika kwa matenda opatsirana onga fuluwenza, chikuku, TB, ndi ChoVID . Amagwirizanitsa kupima kope, kufufuza, kujambula, ndi kutumiza uthenga kwa anthu. Maprogramu a kutumiza ndi mwala wamwala: amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso za katemera kuti aloŵe m'sukulu, amakhazikitsa kusungitsa mayeso, ndi kuyendetsa makiliniki otetezera anthu. Malinga ndi CDC [1], kujambula kwa katemera kwa boma kumasinthasintha, kugogomezera mphamvu ya malamulo a dziko ndi kutuluka kwa mapulogalamu a dziko.

Kupeza Thanzi Ndiponso Ubwino

Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limayang'anira Medicare ndi kuyang'anira malo a zamalonda a Affordcable Care Acts, maboma ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa kupezeka kwa mankhwala. Iwo amalola zipatala, nyumba zosamalira okalamba, ndi malo ochitira opaleshoni yothandizira opangidwira, kutsimikizira kugwirizana ndi miyezo yachisungiko ndi yapamwamba. Maboma amatsogoleranso Medicaid, programu ya boma yogwirizana yoperekera anthu ndi mabanja olandira ndalama zochepa. Malamulo oyenerera, mapindu ophindulidwa, ndi ndalama zolipirira zimaganizidwa pamlingo wa boma mkati mwa malangizo a boma. Ndiponso, malamulo a inshuwansi ya za za zaunishuwalensi, kuphatikizapo ndalama zoyendetsera ndi maawero a maawero.

Kukonzekera ndi Kulabadira kwa Mwadzidzidzi

Maboma ndiwo mabungwe otsogolera zangozi zaumoyo wa anthu m'malire awo. Amapanga ndi kusunga makonzedwe a zamwadzidzidzi, kusunga mankhwala (monga ngati akatemera ndi mankhwala oletsa matenda), ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko, zipatala, ndi othandizira oyamba. Mkati mwa masoka achilengedwe (matenda achilengedwe, miliri yamoto, mafunde) kapena miliri, maboma amakhazikitsa malo ochitirako opaleshoni, kutumiza zipatala, ndi kutulutsa kapena kutulutsa malamulo a malo osungirako. Public Health Emedying Expluency (PH) programu ya za zachiŵereji ya zamphamvu ya boma, yochirikizidwa ndi CDC, imachirikiza mphamvu za boma zimenezi.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo wa M’malo Okhala

Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amatetezera anthu ku ngozi za malo okhala. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira mpweya ndi madzi abwino, kuyang'anira kutaya zinyalala, kufufuza malesitilanti ndi maiweya osambira, ndi kuyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala a maindasitale. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi mabungwe awo otetezera malo okhala amene amakhazikitsa miyezo yolimba kwambiri kuposa ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, California ikufuna machenjezo pa zinthu 65 zimene zili ndi mankhwala odziŵika kuti angachititse kansa kapena kuvulaza kubala. Zochita za boma zimenezi zimachepetsa mwachindunji kuwonongeka ndi kuteteza matenda.

Kuteteza Matenda ndi Kuwasamalira

Kuwonjezera pa matenda opatsirana, mayiko amathandizana ndi matenda a mtima, a shuga, ndi a khansa. Amapeza ndalama zopimira mapulogalamu (m’njira yachidule, a m’mawere ndi m’mawere), amalimbikitsa anthu kuti azidya bwino ndi kuchita zinthu zina mwa kusintha kwa malamulo, ndiponso amathandiza maprogramu oteteza matenda a shuga. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito yochepetsa kusoŵa kwa thanzi kwa anthu otsala.

Maprogramu Aumoyo Wapoyera Olamuliridwa ndi Maboma

Maboma ali ndi maprogramu ambirimbiri amene amalimbana ndi mavuto a anthu ndi a thanzi.

Maprogramu Othira Mankhwala

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amayang'anira ntchito zaukhanda ndi zauchikulire. Amagula akatemera pamlingo wosafunika kudzera m'programu ya boma ya Ana (VFC), kuwagaŵira ku zipatala zothandizira anthu, ndi kutumiza katemera. Mayiko ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala a pa Intaneti a katemera amene amalola opereka mankhwala a katemera ndi masukulu kutsimikizira mbiri ya mwana. Kutsatira mliri wa Covid , malo otetezedwa ndi boma anakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya katemera wa dziko lonse.

Mautumiki a Zaumoyo wa Ana ndi Azachipatala

Zikalata za Udindo V za Social Security Act zimapereka ndalama ku boma za zaumoyo wa amayi ndi ana. Mayiko amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimenezi pothandiza kuti mayi abereke asanabadwe, poyendera kunyumba, poyeza ana obadwa kumene matenda achibadwa, ndiponso pothandiza kuti achedwe msanga. Maprogramu amenewa amathandiza kuti ana azifa, ana azibereka bwino, ndiponso kuti ana akhale ndi thanzi labwino.

Kuletsa Fodya ndi Kum’teteza

Maprogramu oletsa fodya a boma amaphatikiza maphunziro, mautumiki a boma, ndi malamulo. Maboma ambiri akweza msinkhu wocheperapo wogula fodya kukhala 21, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo a mpweya wa m’nyumba, ndi ndudu zokhomedwa kwambiri. Makhoma a msonkho wa fodya ndi nyumba zozembera milandu kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza mpikisano woletsa. Malinga ndi CDC Ofesi ya Kusuta ndi Thanzi , maulamuliro ndi maprogramu oletsa fodya owonjezereka amawona kutsika kwa kusuta kwa achikulire.

Thandizo la Zakudya ndi Kutetezera Kunenepa Mopambanitsa

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito Special Nutrition Program ya Akazi, Ana, ndi Ana (WIC), kupereka chakudya chomanga thupi, kuyamwitsa bere, ndi kupatsa thanzi. Amayang'aniranso njira yothandizira anthu ovutika ndi matenda a kuchepa kwa thupi yogwirizana ndi USDA. Kuyesa kuletsa kunenepa kumaphatikizapo kupititsa patsogolo mabala a saladi m'masukulu, kuchirikiza misika ya alimi imene imavomereza SNAP, ndi kupanga malamulo a malo okhala omwe amalimbikitsa kuyenda ndi kugwedera.

Thanzi Lamaganizo ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zomwe Amafunikira

Maboma a zaumoyo amayang'anira njira zaumoyo za anthu onse, kuphatikizapo zipatala za boma za anthu amaganizo, zipatala za anthu a matenda a maganizo, ndi njira zothandizira anthu ovutika maganizo. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma awonjezera njira zochiritsira zothandizira opioid kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi zoperekedwa kuchepetsa mautumiki owononga maganizo monga naloxone. Maboma onse amayang'anira kuletsa mankhwala ndi njira zochiritsira zimene zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku Substance Abuse and Menta Health Administration (SA).

Kuletsa Matenda Opatsirana ndi Kuchuluka kwa Matenda

Malaboratori a zaumoyo a boma amayesa mipata yambiri ya tizilombo ta matenda, kuyambira pa matenda opatsirana kufikira ku Zika kachirombo. Iwo ali ndi thayo la kusimba matenda odziŵika ku CDC ndi kuchititsa kufufuza kwa kayendedwe ka zinthu. Madongosolo ofufuza a magetsi amayang'ana maulendo angozi ndi chidziŵitso china cha panthaŵi yeniyeni chakuzindikira njira zachilendo zimene zingawonetse kuyambika kwa. Kuthekera kumeneku kunatsimikizira kukhala kofunika mkati mwa mliri wa H1N1 ndi tsoka la CHOVID.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Madongosolo a Zaumoyo a Boma

Ngakhale kuti maboma ali ndi mbali yaikulu, amalimbana ndi zopinga zazikulu zimene zimasokoneza luso lawo loteteza thanzi la anthu.

Chizoloŵezi Chosaledzeretsa

Mabungwe a zaumoyo a boma ayang'anizana ndi kuchepetsa bajeti kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Malinga ndi kufufuza kochitidwa ndi American Public Health Association , kuwonongera kwa anthu thanzi la anthu kwachepa m'mayiko ambiri kuyambira pa Great Recession. Panthaŵi yosakhala ya madesiki, thanzi la anthu kaŵirikaŵiri ndilo malo oyamba kuwonongeka pamene bajeti ya boma ikugwiritsidwa. Kugwedezeka kumeneku kumafooketsa antchito, maziko, ndi maprogramu otetezera. Mliri wa CHOVID wasintha kanthaŵi ndi kusokoneza kamodzi ndi kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa boma, koma maiko ambiri ayesayesa kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo kuchirikiza kuyendetsa ndalama zamwayikiridwa kwamwadzidzidzi.

Kupereŵera Ntchito ndi Kupsa ndi Ntchito

Kupereŵera kwa akatswiri a zaumoyo a boma odziŵa bwino ntchito za anthu, akatswiri a zaumoyo, akatswiri a zaumoyo, akatswiri a za malo okhala . Mabungwe a boma a malipiro ochepa okhudzana ndi antchito aumwini, ofuna kuchuluka kwa ntchito, ndi kusokonezeka maganizo kwa anthu okhudzidwa ndi ngozi kuthandizira kwambiri. Bungwe la de Beaumont Foundation’s Public Health Work Forticessions and Needs Survey (PH WINS) nthaŵi zonse amapeza kuti antchito oposa 40 peresenti ya makampani a zaumoyo akukonza zosiya ntchito zawo m’zaka zisanu. Kusamukaku kumachititsa kuti ntchito za bungweli kukhale kokumbukira ndi kupitirizabe kwa pulogalamu.

Kusintha kwa Zandale ndi Zamoyo

Zigamulo za zaumoyo za anthu zikuwonjezereka. Masikiti olamula, zofunikira, ndi masukulu otsekedwa mkati mwa mliriwo zinakhala malo ongoyerekezera m'nkhani za m'nyumba ndi m'makhoti. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a zaumoyo kukhazikitsa malo opatulidwa kapena kufuna kuti apereke katemera. Kugaŵana koteroko kungatsogolere kutsatsatsa kusagwirizana kwa malamulo a boma ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro cha anthu pa zaumoyo. Maboma ayenera kudutsa m'malo ovuta kumene zikalata zozikidwa pa umboni zingawonjezene ndi zitsenderezo zandale.

Kugaŵanika kwa Zinthu ndi Njira Zopangira Zinthu

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa makompyuta akale amene sagwirizana ndi makompyuta a boma, a kumaloko, ndi a m’chipatala. Mafotokozedwe osokoneza, kuchedwa kusimba, ndi kulephera kuvomereza mwamsanga kutuluka kwa ziwopsezo. Mkati mwa Chovid-19, maboma ambiri anayesetsa kumanga mabodi amakono oyang'anira ndi njira zoika mankhwala kuchokera ku ku kuthyoka. Kusungidwa kwa makompyuta a zaumoyo amakono kumakhalabe chinthu chofunika kwambiri m’tsogolo.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Molakwika kwa Anthu Onse Ndiponso Kuphunzira za Thanzi

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo awononga kwambiri ntchito yolimbana ndi nkhani zonama, koma kuchuluka kwa njira zolankhulirana pa Intaneti kumalepheretsa anthu kulankhulana ndi boma. Anthu ambiri akuyesetsa kuteteza khalidwe lawo komanso kutsatira malangizo a zaumoyo. Maboma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu odalirika komanso njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu odalirika kuti athetsere mavutowa.

Kusalingana Zaumoyo ndi Kulingana

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa thanzi pa zotulukapo kukupitirizabe m'maufuko, fuko, malo, ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu ya kuukira chuma cha anthu osungidwa, koma kaŵirikaŵiri maprogramu a zaumoyo achitidwa popanda magalasi achilungamo. Mwachitsanzo, madera akumidzi angakhale opanda njira yopezera chisamaliro chapadera, ndipo madera ochepa angayang'ane ndi zothodwetsa za kuipitsa. Maboma akulandira mowonjezereka thanzi m’madongosolo onse a kukambitsirana mwadongosolo la kuletsa kwa thanzi la anthu, koma kupita patsogolo kumakhala kosagwirizana.

Kuloŵerana Pakati pa Boma ndi Malo a Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Maboma samagwira ntchito popanda kanthu. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama, chithandizo cha zopangapanga, ndi utsogoleri wa dziko kudzera mwa mabungwe onga CDC, National Institutes of Health, ndi Food and Drug Administration . Maboma ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma monga HiPAA ndi Clinical Laboratory Reconciliation Amendments (CLIA). Komabe, maboma asunga ufulu waukulu wa kuyambitsa. Mayiko ena apanga malamulo aulere waulere, maprogramu ansalu, ndi kulipira ndalama zopatsa zikalata zothandizira kuyendetsa ntchito za boma. Ukwati wa boma umenewu ubale wa boma unachititsa kuti uchite zinthu zina. Nthaŵi zina, wotsutsana ndi wokonda kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu onse.

Kuyang’ana Kutsogolo: Kulimbitsa Mphamvu ya Boma ya Umoyo Wapoyera

COVID-19 inavumbula zonse ziŵiri mphamvu ndi kusokonezeka kwa madongosolo a zaumoyo wa boma. Kupita patsogolo, opanga malamulo pamilingo yonse amazindikira kufunika kwa ndalama zochirikizidwa, madongosolo a makompyuta amakono, mapaipi amphamvu a ntchito, ndi malamulo amene amachirikiza ntchito yaumoyo wa anthu onse panthaŵi yake popanda kuswedwa kosafunikira. Magulu onga [[FLT:] National Association of State Himpin Information Arectorers [NASCIO)] ndi kuchirikiza kwa moyo wa anthu onse. Kulimbikitsa mkhalidwe waumoyo sikuli vuto la tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku la chiwo.

Kumaliza

Maboma ndi ofunika kwambiri m'makampani a zaumoyo ku United States. Maulamuliro awo a apolisi a malamulo a boma amawatheketsa kulamulira zaumoyo, kuletsa matenda, kulimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino, ndi kukonzekera zamwadzidzidzi. Komabe kusoŵa kwa ntchito, kusoŵa kwa ntchito, kusungunuka kwa ndale, ndi kusoŵa kwa makompyuta kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu. Kumvetsa mphamvu ndi malire a boma ndi kulimbikitsa malamulo amene amachirikiza zaumoyo wa anthu onse. Monga mzera wa zaumoyo wa anthu onse ku America, mayiko ayenera kukhala ndi zida zofunikira kukwaniritsa chuma, Ibusa, ndi kuchirikiza zinthu zonse ziŵirizo ndi ziwopsezo.