Table of Contents
Chiyambi: Kusamala Zakudya
Chakudya chilichonse chimene munthu amadya chimadutsa ndi kamangidwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachokera ku mafamu ndi kusonkhanira mafamu, malo ogaŵira, ndi masitolo. Kutsimikizira kuti chakudya cha pa platiyo n’chotetezeka, chabwino, ndi cholembedwa bwino kumafuna uyang'aniro womwe uli wamphamvu ndi wofuna. Pamtima pa dongosolo limenelo ndi madipatimenti a za ulimi ndi thanzi la anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe a boma monga [FL:0] U.S. Zakudya ndi mankhwala (FLT) [FLT [F:1] ndi njira yoyang'anira zakudya za kumaloko, ndi Food Safety ndi Intetiontiontions in Services (FSIS) yothandiza anthu onse, imayang'anira malamulo aakulu a zaungwe, ndipo imayang'anira malamulo oyendera malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi kuthandizira ntchito yaumoyo, ndi kuthandizira ntchito ya anthu.
Ntchito ya madipatimenti a boma yakula kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa pamene kupangidwa kwa chakudya kukufalikira kwambiri, tizilombo tatsopano timayamba, ndipo ogula amayembekezera kuti kuonekera kwa kuchuluka kwa kuonekera. Nkhani ino ikufotokoza mmene madipatimenti a boma amakwaniritsira ntchito yawo . Kuyambira pa kufufuza ndi kuonetsetsa maphunziro a boma ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu a m'boma.
Mathayo a Dipatimenti Yoona za Zakudya Zam’dziko
Madipatimenti a boma amagwira ntchito molamulidwa ndi dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya boma, dipatimenti ya zaulimi, kapena bungwe logwirizana. Udindo wawo umachokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka chakudya, ambiri a iwo amatsanziridwa ndi lamulo la FDA Food Code . Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi maudindo aakulu amene amapanga chakudya ndi kuwonjezera ntchito.
Kulemba ndi Kulembetsa
Madipatimenti a boma asanayambe kuyendetsa ntchito ya chakudya, ayenera kulandira laisensi kapena kulembetsa kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti makampani afunikira kusamala chakudya asanayambe. Madipatimenti a boma amayang’anira kulembetsa kumeneku, kupenda mapulani a malo atsopano, ndi kukonza mathekisha amene amathandiza kuti atsatire mbiri yakale. Nthaŵi zambiri ofufuza ndiwo mwayi woyamba kwa ofufuza kuti aphunzitse olemba ntchito awo pansi pa boma ndi lamulo la boma.
Kufufuza Ngozi ndi Malo Oika Moyo Pangozi
Kufufuza kudakali maziko a maprogramu a kutetezera chakudya cha boma. Ofufuza amachezera malesitilanti, masitolo, masitolo, malo okonzera chakudya, nyumba zosungira zinthu, ndi makhichini a boma kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto ndi pulogalamu yabwino. Amafufuza ngati pali kuchepetsa koyenera, kuletsa kusungunuka kwa mtanda, kuchuluka kwa malo otsutsira manja, kuyang'anira tizilombo, ndi ukhondo wathunthu. Maboma ambiri tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira pangozi: kuyang'anira anthu ovutika ndi otetezeka kapena osamalira nyukiliya yotsika kwambiri. Kutero kumalola kuti ziwitso zochepetsera zinthu zimene zingawathandize kwambiri kukonza kuti apeze thanzi la anthu.
Pakafufuzidwa, akatswiri a zaumoyo amatsimikiziranso kuti antchito a ntchito za chakudya ali ndi maphunziro oyenera ndi kuti njira zonse zoyendetsera chakudya zilipo. Amasonkhanitsa zitsanzo za kufufuza m'laboratori pamene kuli koyenera, kupenda mavairasi monga Salmonella , [FLT], [FLT]] Literacia Monocytogenes , kapena E. [[FLT:] O157]: H7]. Zopezedwazo zalembedwa m'malipo zofufuza, zimene zapangidwa mowonjezereka kwa anthu opanga kupititsa patsogolo kuwala ndi kugula.
Kukakamiza ndi Zochita Zowongolera
Pamene kuswa malamulo kwapezedwa, madipatimenti a boma ali ndi zida zambiri zosungitsa. Kwa nkhani zazing'ono, ofufuza amatumiza chidziŵitso cha kuswa lamulo ndi kufuna kuwongolera mkati mwa frame ya nthaŵi yakutiyakuti. Mavuto aakulu kwambiri . Onga ngati kusakaza kwamphamvu, kusoŵa madzi odzisungira, kapena umboni wa matenda obwera ndi chakudya, amatsogolera ku kutsekedwa mwamsanga kwa malo. Olakwa angayang'anizane ndi faindi, kutsedwa, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa laisensi yawo ya ntchito. Makampani a boma alinso ndi ulamuliro wa kulanda ndi kuwononga zakudya zoipitsidwa. Ntchito zimenezi siziri za kusungidwa kaamba kake kake; iwo amalinganizidwa kuletsa chakudya kuti chisatetezedwe kukafika kwa ogula ndi kulimbikitsa chivomerezo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
Kuposa njira zoperekera chilango, mabungwe ambiri a boma amapereka chithandizo chaufulu. Zikalata zotsogolera, makampani ophunzitsa, ndi maukwati operekera mabizinesi kuti amvetsetse ndi kukwaniritsa zofunika. Kufikira kwa aŵiriwa pamodzi ndi maphunziro kwasonyezedwa kukhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa njira zina zonse.
Kufufuza Kochititsa Chidwi ndi Kulabadira
Pamene magulu a matenda ofalitsidwa ndi chakudya asimbidwa, madipatimenti a boma ndiwo oyamba kuyankha. Akatswiri a matenda a anthu akubwerera kumbuyo ku malo odziŵika bwino, pamene akatswiri a zaumoyo akuchita kufufuza koopsa m'mafakitale a zakudya ndi ogulitsa. Nyumba zopimira zaumoyo wa anthu onse zachipatala ndi masamu a chakudya kuti aone mliri wotengera ndi kulingana nawo. Ntchito imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imachitidwa m'kugwirizanitsa kogwirizana ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1] ndi FDA monga mbali ya Foodbotbery Diseasease Outbrial Surveillance Sy System.
Kufufuza kwa mlingo wa boma kuli kokakamiza kwa thanzi la anthu. Zimafunikira kutumizidwa mofulumira, kulankhulana kwamphamvu, ndi kukhoza kufunsa odwala ndi kusanthula mabukhu pansi pa chitsenderezo. Maphunziro ophunziridwa kuchokera ku projekiti iliyonse adziŵitsa masinthidwe ku malamulo ndi maindasitale, kuthandiza kuletsa zochitika zamtsogolo.
Ntchito Yokonza Mabungwe ndi Kugwirizana ndi Mabungwe a Maboma
Madipatimenti a zachitetezo cha chakudya samagwira ntchito modzipatula. Mabungwe a boma a United States ndi mgwirizano, ndipo mlingo uliwonse wa boma umachita mbali yake. Mabungwe a boma amakhazikitsa miyezo yofanana ya chakudya chopangidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zochokera kunja. Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro pa chakudya chimene chimapangidwa ndi kugulitsidwa m’malire awo, ndiponso kugulitsa zakudya. Komabe, malirewo si okhwima; mapangano ogwirizana amalola kuti anthu aungwe ndi kuyang’anira ziungwe za boma.
Pansi pa FDA [FFA:0] Food Safety Moderniza Act (FSMA) , maboma apatsidwa ntchito zatsopano zoyendera mafamu ndi ziwiya zimene zalembetsedwa ndi FDA. FSMA inalamulanso kukhazikitsa bungwe loteteza chakudya m'dziko lonse, limene limadalira pa mayiko kuchita mbali yaikulu ya kufufuza kwa m'nyumba. Kuchirikiza zimenezi, FDA imapereka ndalama, maphunziro, ndi njira zoyendetsera kuti itsimikizire kuti chakudya cha m'dzikolo chikhale chogwirizana.
Mofananamo, bungwe la USDA FSIS limafufuza nyama, nkhuku, ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi mazira, koma mayiko ambiri alinso ndi maprogramu awoawo a kusanthula nyama pa kachitidwe kakang’ono kapena ka mwambo. Maprogramu a boma ameneŵa ayenera kukhala “olingana ndi” miyezo ya boma, ndipo ofufuza a USDA nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi amawapenda kuti atsimikizire kuti atsatire.
Kugaŵana chidziŵitso pakati pa boma ndi maukwati a boma kwakulitsidwa kwambiri ndi mapulatifomu onga ngati FoodSHIELD ndi magwirizanidwe a [FDA] Food Religistry [1]. Kulankhulana kwa Rapid mkati mwa magububu, mafoni, ndi mapepala osindikizira otulutsa [1] ziwopsezo zisanachitike. Madongosolo a Factive Food Religistry , komanso amaikanso mtolo wolemera pa mabungwe kuti asungebe ndi kusungabe ndi kuyang'anira ndi zofunika za bungwe la U.
Luso la Zaluso ndi Kusintha m’Maprogramu a Kupimidwa kwa Boma
Madipatimenti a boma akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri luso la zopangapanga kuti athandize kuteteza chakudya. Mabungwe ambiri asamuka kuchokera ku mapulogalamu oyendera zinthu zamagetsi kupita ku makompyuta, ndipo alola ofufuza kutumiza mauthenga pa Intaneti komanso kutumiza malipoti a kampaniyo panthawi yeniyeni. Zimenezi sizimangochepetsa uyang'aniro wapamwamba komanso zimathandizanso kuti zinthu zizipendedwa mofulumira m’madera osiyanasiyana.
Zida zangozi zoneneratu za ngozi, monga ngati maajensi a FDA [FDA:0] Ofufuza za Ngozi za Kuopsa kwa Kusintha Kokhala Kotsatira Malo Otsatira Otsatira Omwe Akhoza Kuwagwiritsa Ntchito (PREDICT) , zikusinthidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'banja. Mayiko ena akuyesa kuphunzira maajensi a makina amene amafufuza zochitika m’mbiri, madandaulo, ndi zinthu zimene zimapanga malo okhoza kuswa.
Kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta akutali a zinthu zina, makompyuta otha kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu oyendera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi mapulogalamu a m'manja omwe amathandiza anthu kuona zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi kusimba nkhaŵa zawo kwa oyendetsa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ambiri tsopano amapereka makompyuta ofufuzira pa Intaneti kumene anthu angapezeko zotsatirapo zaposachedwapa za malesitilanti ndi ogulitsa zakudya.
Sayansi ya laboratory yapindulanso ndi njira zatsopano. Maselo oyendera DNA ndi ziwiya zoyesera mofulumira zimatheketsa ofufuza a m'dziko kudziŵa tizilombo ta matenda m’maola m’malo mwa masiku, kufulumizitsa kufufuza kwa matenda. Tsopano genome yonse yakhala muyezo wa golidi woyezera kusiyanitsa chakudya, ndipo malaboratoriya aumoyo a boma ndiwo othandizira kwambiri ku bungwe la CDC.
Kuphunzitsa ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo Ntchito
Antchito ophunzitsidwa bwino ngofunika kuti ayang'anire bwino chakudya. Madipatimenti a boma amawononga kwambiri ntchito yopititsa patsogolo akatswiri awo, akatswiri a zaumoyo, ndi antchito a m'laboratori. Mabungwe ambiri amafuna kuti ofufuza apeze chikalata pansi pa [FDA:0] Standard ya Zakudya Zachiteteko [1] ndi kumaliza maphunziro a chaka ndi chaka a nkhani monga kutulukira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, aldergen Control, ndi masinthidwe aposachedwapa.
Kuwonjezera pa maphunziro a antchito, madipatimenti a boma amapanga ndi kupereka maprogramu ophunzitsa anthu a makampani a zakudya. Maboma ambiri amafuna makampani a zakudya kuti akhale ndi woyang'anira chakudya wovomerezeka pa antchito. Zikalata zimenezi zimapezedwa mwa pulogalamu yovomerezeka, ndi makalasi amene kaŵirikaŵiri amaphunzitsidwa kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya boma. Maboma akuperekanso maprogramu ophunzitsa odzifunira oyendetsa chakudya chapanyumba, amalonda a a alimi, ndi maboti a chakudya, kuthandiza anthu aang'ono amalonda kutsatira malamulo a zachitetezo pamene akusunga mabizinesi awo.
Kukula kwa ntchito kumaposa luso la zopangapanga. Mowonjezerekawonjezereka, mabungwe a boma akusumika maganizo pa kulankhulana ndi chikhalidwe kuti atumikire bwino anthu osiyanasiyana. Ofufuza amene angafotokoze zofunika ku Spanish, Chitchaina, kapena Chivietnavia, mwachitsanzo, angakulitse kukhulupirira ndi kuwongolera kugwirizana kwa anthu a m'madera kumene Chingelezi si chinenero chachikulu. Kumanga mapaipi a akatswiri atsopano a zachitetezo cha chakudya kudzera m'magulu ankhondo ndi mayunivesite ndiko chinthu china chofunika, chopatsidwa ukalamba wa antchito ofufuza amene alipo.
Maphunziro a Anthu Onse ndi Kupeza Anthu Ogula
Madipatimenti a boma akudziwa kuti boma ndi limene liyenera kuteteza chakudya chawo poteteza anthu kuti asadwale matenda chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zopatsa thanzi.
Nkhani za maphunziro ofala a anthu ogula zimaphatikizapo "Kulimbana ndi BAC !". Malamulo [1] Kuyera, Kulekana, Cook, ndi Chill , komanso malangizo a kupeŵa zakudya zowopsa panthaŵi ya kukhala ndi pakati, kuzindikira masiku a chakudya, ndi njira zotsutsira m'manja. Madipatimenti a boma amafalitsanso chidziŵitso pa Food Safety Education Month (Stember) ndi mnzake wa sukulu kuti agwirizanitse kutetezeka kwa chakudya ku maseŵero a zathanzi.
Pambuyo pa kukumbukira kapena kubuka, madipatimenti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo magwero odalirika amene anthu amatembenukira ku chidziŵitso cha masiku ano. Amasindikiza, kukonzanso mawebusaiti awo, ndipo nthaŵi zina amakhazikitsa mapulogalamu otentha kuti ayankhe mafunso a ogula. Kulankhulana kwa anthu kwabwino sikumangothandiza anthu kudzitetezera okha komanso kumachepetsa kuthekera kwa kuopa kapena kufalitsa zinthu zolakwika.
Kuchokera pamene anatulukira njira zamakono, mayiko ena ayambitsa mapulogalamu atsopano monga “amene amachitira makhadi a zakudya, mameseji odziŵitsa anthu za zinthu zimene alemba, ndi makompyuta ophunzitsa ophunzira chakudya pa Intaneti.
Mavuto Amene Makampani Oona za Ubwino wa Zakudya a M’dzikolo Akukumana Nawo
Mosasamala kanthu za kudzipatulira kwawo ndi ukatswiri, madipatimenti a boma amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu zimene zimatsekereza kukhoza kwawo kusunga miyezo yapamwamba ya chakudya. Vuto lopitirizabe ndilo ndalama. Ndalama zambiri za boma zopezera chitetezo cha chakudya sizinayendere limodzi ndi kukwera kwa mitengo kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zimenezi zachititsa kupereŵera kwachikhalire kwa antchito oyendera, mphamvu za m'laboratori, ndi zipangizo zophunzitsira. Maboma ena akakamizidwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyendera kwa kachitidwe, kudalira pa njira zodandaula kapena kuthekera.
Kupereŵera kwa antchito kumakula chifukwa cha mavuto a kulembetsa ndi kusunga akatswiri. Ntchito ya woyang’anira zachitetezo cha chakudya imafuna ndalama zambiri, imafunikira chidziŵitso cha zolembedwa zaluso, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito madzulo kapena kutha kwa mlungu kuti igwirizane ndi ndandanda ya malo. Panthaŵi ino, ntchito za magulu a anthu okha odalirika ndi kusamala chakudya zingapereke malipiro owonjezereka ndi maola otsimikizirika kwambiri. Monga chotulukapo chake, mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ndi kusoŵa ntchito, kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito zotsala ndi kuwonjezera ntchito kupsa ndi kupsa ndi ntchito.
Vuto lina ndilo kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwecho. Njira zatsopano zopangira chakudya . Zonga kuchuluka kwa hydroponic, mapuloteni a maselo, ndi kuperekedwa kwa chakudya pa Intaneti , sizinakhalepo pamene malamulo ambiri a boma alembedwa. Olamulira ayenera kumasulira malamulo omwe alipo kuti agwirizane ndi zochitika zatsopano, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda chitsogozo chomveka bwino cha boma. Kukwera kwa malonda a mwachindunji a malonda a a alimi ndi alimi ochirikiza chitaganya kumasokonezanso malire a pakati pa malonda ndi makampani, kukweza mafunso.
Chomalizira, kusintha kwa nyengo kukuyambitsa maupandu atsopano a kutetezereka kwa chakudya amene madipatimenti a boma akungoyamba kulimbana nawo. Kutentha kwa mer kumapeputsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Vibrio m'nkhono, pamene zochitika zanyengo zoopsa zingagonjetse dongosolo lakuchiritsa la madzi ndi kuwononga mbewu. Makonzedwe a boma ayenera kuyambika kuti athetse ziwopsezo zimene zikubuka.
Zitsogozo ndi Malingaliro Atsogolo
Pozindikira mavuto amene ali patsogolo, madipatimenti a boma akufunafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira maprogramu awo a zakudya. Ambiri akuchirikiza kaamba ka ndalama zowonjezereka ndi zosasintha kuchokera ku nyumba zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi boma lopereka maprogramu. Food Safety ndi Inspection Service (FLT) [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] Environmental Association Environmental Health Association [FLT]'S]
Patsogolo pa luso la zopangapanga, kugwiritsa ntchito madongosolo otsatizana ozikidwa pa kutsata kukufufuzidwa kuti alole kutsalira kwa zinthu zofunikira pa nthaŵi ya kubuka. Kunenera kwa mphamvu ya luntha lopanga kungathandize mwamsanga maboma amene akuneneratu kumene kulakwa kungachitike, ngakhale madandaulo asanaikidwe. Maseŵero amene amatheketsa kufufuza kwakutali [1] kugwiritsa ntchito vidiyo kuti aone zimene zikuchitikadi panthaŵi yeniyeni . Makompyutawa anayesedwa pa nthawi ya kuyambika kwa mliri wamakono ndipo angakhale chida chothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu ena otsatapo.
Madipatimenti a boma akuikanso makampani a sayansi ya yolamulira kuti ayendere limodzi ndi zakudya zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akuyendera limodzi ndi mayunivesite kukafufuza maupandu a tizilombo togwirizana ndi nyama yochokera ku zomera, tchizi chotsekedwa, ndi zinthu zodyedwa za kansa.
Njira ina yotsimikizira ndiyo [[FLT: 0] kugwirizanitsa chakudya ndi njira zaumoyo wa anthu. Maboma ena akugwirizanitsa zakudya ndi mafakitale a zachipatala kuti aone zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda, kapena kugwirizana ndi maprogramu a madzi abwino othandiza kuipitsa malo okhala amene amawononga chakudya. “Umoyo umodzi . Umazindikira kugwirizana kwa anthu, nyama, ndi thanzi la chilengedwe.
Pomalizira, maulamuliro akugogomezera kufunika kwa kusalondola ndi kusamvana [1] m'zakudya. Kutsimikizira kuti anthu osamukira kumaiko ena, alimi a m’midzi, ndi anthu opeza ndalama zochepa ali ndi chidziŵitso ndi ziŵiya zokulira. Ziŵiya zokhoza kuyendera, mayuniti oyendera, ndi mayanjano ndi magulu a anthu akuthandiza mabulone.
Mapeto ake: Kuteteza Anthu, Kuwafufuza pa Nthaŵi Imodzi
Ntchito ya madipatimenti a boma kutsimikizira kuti chakudya n’chotetezeka ndi kufufuza sizingatchulidwe mopitirira. Ndi maso, makutu, ndi manja a dongosolo la zakudya za dzikolo. Mwa kuyang'anira chakudya, kuyang'anira, kuonetsetsa, kufalikira, maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kuwongolera kopitirizabe, mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito zolimba kutsimikizira kuti chakudya chimene timadya n’chotetezereka. Komabe, zimene zimafunidwa pa izo zikukula, pamene chuma sichili. Madipatimenti oteteza chakudya cha boma (kuchirikiza ndalama zokwanira), zida zamakono, ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu wa zamakono . (si si nkhani yongotsatira lamulo la zaumoyo wa anthu onse ndi mphamvu ya zachuma). Monga mmene dongosolo la chakudya likupitirizirabe, kudzipereka kwa madipatimenti a ntchito yawo yosasintha, kutsimikizira kuti asungidwe ndi kusungika kwa kusungika kwa chakudya kwabwino kwa chakudya cha chakudya.