Chiyambi: Kudzutsidwanso kwa Achinyamata andale

Japan imapereka chotsutsana chapadera m'kufufuza magulu andale amakono. Ndi dziko lokhala ndi chikhalidwe chozika mizu cha mayanjano ndi dongosolo la ndale zadziko lolamulidwa ndi gulu limodzi kwa nthaŵi yaitali, komabe nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi labuka ndi zitsutso zamphamvu kwambiri ndi zapachiyambi m'dziko la demokrase. Magulu ameneŵa, kuyambira pa kusonkhanitsa kwa ma 1960 mpaka ku kuchuluka kwa ma 1960 kwa maprojekiti a ma 2020, atsutsa mobwerezabwereza kuima kwa chitaganya ndi kukakamiza magulu andale kusinthira. M'dziko lina lomalimbana ndi anthu okalamba ndi likulu la Rehovation kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi, mawu a achicheperewo ali oyenera kuyendera limodzi ndi osokoneza dongosolo landale. Kuzindikira mmene zisonkhetso zimenezi zikulepherera mphamvu ya matokoso a gulu landale.

Unansiwo suli wongofuna ndi kukwaniritsa. Zipani zandale za ku Japan, makamaka za Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), nzotchuka ndi zotchuka ndi kudalira pa magulu a anthu okondwerera okhazikika. Komabe, magulu a achichepere akhala akugwira ntchito yapadera ya kunja kwa chitsenderezo, kuloŵetsa nkhani zatsopano m'macheza a dziko lonse ndi kuchititsanso mamembala a Diet osankhidwa ndi osankhidwawo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mbiri, njira, ndi malamulo otsimikizirika a magulu a achichepere pa mapulatifomu a ndale a Japan.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera ku Anto Kukafika ku Zenkyto

Njira ya kumenyera nkhondo ya achichepere pambuyo pa nkhondo inapekedwa m’Japani poyambitsa Nkhondo Yamawu. Gulu la ophunzira silinali lopatulidwa koma mbali yaikulu ya moyo wandale zadziko wa Japan kwa chifupifupi zaka makumi aŵiri.

Kufufuza kwa mu 1960 kwa Ampo: Mbadwo Womakwera

Kuyesa kwakukulu koyamba kwa mphamvu ya ndale zadziko ya achichepere kunachitika mu 1959-60 ndi zitsutso zazikulu zotsutsa kukonzedwanso kwa Chikalata cha Security cha U.S.-Japan. Anatsogozedwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa ophunzira a dziko lonse Zengakuren [1], mazana a ophunzira ndi achinyamata analoŵa m'makwalala a Tokyo m'mipatuko yowonjezereka ya kutsutsana. Anaukira nyumba ya National Diet ndi kukangana ndi apolisi. Zing'onozikulu za mbiri yamakono ya Japan, zinalephera kukakamiza kuchotsedwa kwa Nduna ya Prime Busus Buski Kieshi ndi kudula mlandu wolinganizidwa ndi Pulezidenti Eisenhower. Anpo anaopera anaoka mbewu za gulu la ochirikiza nkhondo la ochirikiza nkhondo.

Zenkyto Era (1968 - 969): Campus Revolts ndi Kumanzere Kwatsopano

Kumapeto kwa 1960 adawona funde lachiŵiri, lamphamvu kwambiri la ophunzira. Zenkyoto (Makomiti Olimbana) linayamba kudutsa yunivesite za Japan. Mosiyana ndi Ampo zitsutso, zimene zinali za dzikolo, Zenchoto anasumika maganizo pa nkhani za mkati yunivesite, kuyang'anira za aschile, ndi kuloŵerera kwa a cademia m'nkhondo ya Vietnam. Pa Yunivesite ya Tokyo, ophunzira anatsendedwa m'Yasupaifiroya kwa miyezi yambiri. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasonkhezera malire a nkhani zandale, kuyambitsa mphamvu ya anthu ogula ndi a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti pomalizira pake gulu lachiwawa (kuyambitsa magulu onga Red Tokyo), inagawiridwanso ndi boma lapamwamba. Ilo linawonjezeranso kutsutsa ulamuliro wapamwamba wa za maphunziro a zachitukuko. [FF]

Zaka Zaka Zotaika ndi Kusalabadira Kokulira

Pambuyo pa mapeto achiwawa a Zenkyoto, kuchita machitachita a achichepere a ku Japan kunaloŵa m'nyengo yaitali yachisanu. Ma 1970, 80, ndi ma 90 anadziŵika ndi zimene akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu anatcha "pachinyamata chandale" (]seichiki shyunki )) . "mbali ya moyo kumene achichepere anayembekezeredwa kukhala okondweretsedwa ndi apamwamba ndi kupita patsogolo kwaumwini, osati ndale. Kugwa kwa kasupe wa zachuma mu 1991 kunatsutsa zimenezi. "Lost Detiquence" inalenga mbadwo wa achichepere [1] "masunts" ndi "ETS" anali odetsedwa ndi "a zachuma ndi oipitsidwa kwambiri ponena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale zadziko.

Kupanda chidwi kumeneku kunagawanika pa mapulatifomu a mapani. LDP, yotetezeka mu mphamvu yake, yosasamala nkhani za achinyamata. Otsutsa, omwe anasweka ndi osagwira ntchito, analephera kupereka njira ina yomveka. Zaka za 1990 ndi 2000s zinaona kukwera kwa intaneti, koma kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa intaneti, mawu a achinyamata sanapezeke ku malo andale, ndi zipani zankhondo za 1995 zotsutsa U.S. ku Okinawa pambuyo pa kugwiriridwa chigololo kwa mtsikana wa zaka 12, amene anasonkhezera kukwiya kwa anthu ambiri koma anagwidwa ndi boma lapakati.

Chilichi Chinayambanso Kusintha M’chaka cha 2010

Chaka cha 2015 chinasonyeza nthaŵi yosokonezeka ya kuchita mpikisano wa achichepere a ku Japan. Nduna yaikulu Shinzo Abe's inakakamiza kumasuliranso Malamulo kulola "kudzisonkhanitsa wekha" ndi kudutsa kwa ndalama zatsopano za chitetezo kunadzutsa kubwezera kwakukulu. Panthaŵi ino, gululo linawoneka losiyana kotheratu.

NYANJA YA NYANJA NDI MMENE BUKU LA MALO A KUTHETSEKA LINASINTHA

Gululo Studefied Act ya Liberal Democracy (SEALDs) linakhala chitsutso. Mosiyana ndi magulu a ophunzira a democracy a m'ma 1960, SEWLDs anali olinganizidwa bwino, atolankhani-shavy, ndipo osakhala mbali ya boma. Iwo anakhazikitsa chitsutso chawo osati m'ma Barstomsism koma m’chinenero cha democracy. Kutsutsa kwawo kunali kowonekera bwino "magulu a ophunzira okhala ndi zizindikiro m'Chijapani ndi Chicheŵa, omvetsera mosamalitsa mawu ndi nyimbo. Anagwiritsira ntchito mwaluso kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa zipata zamwambo. Pamene kuli kwakuti analephera kuletsa chitetezo cha lamulo la lamulo, anakhoza kuswa chinthu china chofunika kwambiri: kuwonjezera kuloŵerera kwa andale zadziko. Anawo anasonyeza kuchuluka kwa anthu andale, ngakhale kuti anakonda kutchuka kwambiri.

Kuchoka M’misewu Kupita ku Bokosi la Ballot

Press Selads inasintha kuchoka pa kutsutsa ndi kutomerana kwa osankhidwa. Magulu onga Palibe Uchichepere wa Japan No "asumika maganizo pa wovota. Iwo adachita "mavoti" m'masukulu apamwamba ndi mayunivesite ndi kugwiritsira ntchito otchuka ndi osonkhezera kulimbikitsa kuvota. Chitsenderezo chimenechi chinasonkhezera magulu otsutsa. Chipani chatsopano cha Constitution Democratical Party of Japan (CDP) ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha Japan (JCP) chinayamba kujambula poyera achichepere, kulonjeza malamulo a maphunziro, ngongole, ndi chilungamo cha anthu. Chiwonjezeko cha Rewa Shinssen [F.FFFF: [FFFF:3] chipani cha Atsutso cha Yaordoma (Jor) ndi Chika cha Chika cha jamo) chisonyezero cha ndale cha ndale kwambiri, chisonyezero cha ndale chiwo cha ndale cha Rewa chiwochi, chiwo chiwo chiwochiku . Chilunga chaku

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chisonkhezero: Mmene Magulu a Achichepere Amakhalira ndi Magulu Osinthana

Si kuti achinyamata amangochita zinthu mwangozi chifukwa chakuti atsogoleli awo amasintha.

Kuonda ndi Magawo a Zigawo za Sung

Pamene kuli kwakuti voti ya achichepere yonse ndi yaing'ono kwambiri kuposa voti lakale, njovuta kwambiri. Ovota achichepere sagwirizana kwambiri ndi mwambo wa mwambo ndipo ali othekera kwambiri kulanga anthu opangika. M'dongosolo loyamba la malemba lokhala ndi mipando yambiri yotetezereka, ngakhale kusintha kwa 5-10% pakati pa achichepere osankha m'madera aakulu angapo a m’tauni angasankhe chisankho. Magawo onga CDP ndi Reiwa asankha anthu ameneŵa, pamene LDP yakakamizidwa kufeŵetsa mafano ake ndi kupereka zopereka zoikitsa zophiphiritsira, monga momwe Koike amanenera pa "mapanga a ntchito" ndi kukonzanso makompyuta.

Malo Oonetsera Zinthu pa Intaneti

Kale, mapulatifomu a bungweli anakonzedwa ndi akulu a chipani ndi malamulo awo "mafuko" ( zoku giin [1]. Lerolino, magulu a a pa wailesi ndi makampani achitapo kanthu pa nkhani zenizeni. A hashtag angakakamize mlembi wa gulu la anthu kufalitsa chikalata. Kagulu ka anthu ka K , kamene kanato', kamene kanatoto kutsutsa akazi ofunikira kuntchito, komwe kanayamba monga kuchonderera kwa pa Intaneti ndipo mwamsanga kuonetsa poyera magulu otsutsa, amene analonjeza kuletsa kusiyanitsa. Kachitidwe kapadera, pamene kunali kukambirana poyera lamulo, kotsutsana ndi lamulo.

Mapiko a Achinyamata ndi Kubwereranso M’mbuyo kwa Gulu Lawo

Magulu onse aakulu ali ndi magaŵano aunyamata apadera (m., LDP's ] Unict ). M'mbiri, ameneŵa anali makalabu a anthu ndi masulo a ndale zadziko. Komabe, pamene mkhalidwe wandale wasintha, mapiko ameneŵa akhala owopsa. Mamembala achichepere a Diet kuchokera ku mibadwo ya achichepere (mbadwo waung'ono (m. g., i "HIKI" mbadwo wa LDP kapena "Tubasa" mu CDP) kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga ochirikiza a ausinkhuna awo. Iwo amasonkhezera akulu kuti atengere zigamu zapamwamba pa zoyenera za ndandanda, kusintha, ndi nkhani za kakhalidwe kuti asunge ufulu wawo wodzisankhira ufulu.

Nyumba Zomanga Zokhala ndi Malo Osungiramo Anthu

Anzake a achinyamata ndi otsogola. Iwo amapanga mgwirizano ndi NGOS yokhazikitsidwa, yokhudza matabwa ena m'mapulatifomu a pagulu. Mwachitsanzo, 350. org Japan ndi masiku a m'Zamtsogolo Japan Agwira ntchito ndi ophunzira kuti ayesetse anthu onse kuteteza (monga ngati malamulo oletsa 2030 kutulutsa mpweya ndi kuwonjezera). Magulu a ufulu wa anthu monga Kudziimira kwapadera kwa Kuthandizana ndi zipani kuti zipani zonse zikhale zodzitetezera (mo ngati malamulo olimbana ndi 201). Magulu a ufulu a anthu monga [FLTCT:4] Sakugwiritsa ntchito ntchito njira zina zodziwirira kuti zikhale zodziwirira.

Malo Osinthira Kusintha kwa Mfundo za M’chigwirizano ndi Uchinyamata

M’madera ena, achinyamata amasinthasinthasintha kwambiri moti m’madera ena, achinyamata sapita patsogolo.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Lamulo la Kumalo Okhala

Young people are the demographic most concerned about climate change in Japan. In the 2021 general election, the CDP and JCP ran on ambitious platforms calling for an end to coal-fired power and a swift transition to 100% renewable energy. The LDP, historically reliant on the coal and utility industries, responded with its "Green Transformation" (GX) plan. While heavily criticized by activists as insufficient, it represents a significant rhetorical shift from the LDP's previous denial and foot-dragging. The youth movement has successfully made climate a non-negotiable issue for any party claiming to be progressive.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Kusintha Ntchito

Kuwonongeka kwa "ntchito yanthaŵi zonse" ndi kukwera kwa ntchito zosakhazikika ([FLT: 0] hisiki koyo ) kwachititsa mbadwo wokhala ndi malipiro osakhazikika ndi chisungiko cha ntchito. Reiwa Shinsengumi ndi gulu la mwana lachindunji la kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Pulogalamu yake . Kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachisungiko a antchito otsika, kuletsa "kuchotsa antchito osakhalitsa" ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti vuto la zachuma la achichepere. Ngakhale LDP yakakamizidwa kulankhula zimenezi, kukhazikitsa "mapanga malamulo a ntchito yosintha zinthu" owonjezereka ndi owonjezereka, posachedwapa, kulonjeza kuchotsa ndalama pakati pa antchito wamba, osalunjikizana ndi antchito, osalunjikizana ndi nkhaŵa ya zachuma.

Kulingana kwa Mabanja ndi Ufulu Wachimuna

Imeneyi ndi mbali ya kusintha kwakukulu. Zaka khumi zapitazo, ukwati wa kugonana ndi kugonana sunali pa pulatifomu ya gulu lililonse lalikulu. Lerolino, CDP, JCP, ndi Komeito (anzake a LDP ang'onoang'ono) akuchirikiza. M'chigawo cha 2023 G7 chokhala ndi dziko la Japan, LGBTQ + zoyenera zinakhala zochititsa manyazi zazikulu za dziko lonse kwa LDP. Ochirikiza a achichepere, kugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo, anakhazikitsa kuukira kwa kulingana kwa ukwati. Pamene kuli kwakuti pulatifomu yalamulo idakali yosasinthasintha, gulu linakakamizidwa kupitirira "LBTQult Understation Act" mu 2023, chotulukapo cha chitsenderezo chochirikiza. Kuo ana a ku Kuo adakakamiza kutsutsa ufulu wa zandale.

Mtendere, Chisungiko, ndi Mfundo 9

Imeneyi ndi malo ovuta kwambiri. Gulu la SEALDS linalephera kuletsa kumasuliranso Mfundo 9. Komabe, mkangano umene unayamba sunathe. Mbali yaikulu ya voti ya achinyamata idakali yosagwirizana ndi nkhondo, mfundo yakuti kutsutsa kwa mapulatifomu. CDP ndi JCP zakhala zotsimikiza kuti n’zogwirizana ndi "kumasulira kwa mwambo" kaganizo ka 9 ndi "kapeka" kaimidwe ka "ndiyeni". Kaguluka kapanganso mphamvu yolimbana ndi KLDP'kapanga kuyesayesa kwachibadwa kwa kukhazikitsa malo ankhondo achiwawa. Achinyamata ayesa kukonza mfundo 9 mwachipambano polimbana ndi demokrase, kukuchititsa kuti kachitidwe kachitatu kotsutsana ndi kugawana kwa demokrase, komwe KLD P, ngakhale kuti kali ndi nkhani yaikulu, kamphamvu kwambiri, kanga kamodzi kokhudza zaka zaposachedwapa.

Ufulu Wosankha Zochita pa Intaneti

"Mbadwo wa anthu a chipani cha " umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani za kuyang'anira zinthu pa Intaneti, zachinsinsi za makompyuta, ndi ufulu wolankhula. Kukakamiza "Digal Agency" kunali kotchuka pa bungwelo, koma achinyamata olimbikira akhala ofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa kuteteza ufulu wa anthu m'makompyuta a Japan. Iwo atsutsa njira ya boma ya khadi lachinsinsi la khadi la zachinsinsi la magetsi ndipo akakamiza malamulo okhwima pa zitsutso zazikulu zamakono. CDP ndi Reiwa achitapo kanthu mwa kuphatikizapo mfundo za uchifumu wa boma ndi maplatifomu oletsa uchifumu wa dziko la Japan.

Kupenda Mlandu: Chisankho cha 2024 cha ku Tokyo cha Kugayira Gubernator

Chisankho cha 2024 ku Tokyo chotchedwa gubernatorial chimagwira ntchito monga kufufuza kophunzitsa za kusonkhezera achichepere m'nyengo ino. Mpikisanowu unasonyezedwa mu Yuriko Koike (LDP-aligned), wotsutsa Renho, ndi wodziimira yekha Shinji Ishimaru. Ishimaru, yemwe kale anali meya wa mzinda waung'ono, sanachirikize chipani cha dzikolo koma anali ndi manyuzi otchuka a za chikhalidwe. Mkupiti wake unali wodzipereka, wochirikizidwa ndi zopereka zazing'ono, ndipo ana ang'ono omwe anagwiritsidwa mwalansidwa ndi magulu aakulu.

Kukonzekera Ishimaru kunachitidwa ndi "Umate" (Ima!) gulu , wopanda mtsogoleri, Web site-driven akukakamiza kuchotsa malowo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Ishimaru pomalizira pake anaikapo lachitatu, iye anavota oposa 1.6 miliyoni, kusonyeza kuthekera kwa kusanthula kwa achichepere kumene kumapitirira nyumba zamwambo. Zimenezi zinatumiza kudabwa kupyolera mwa LDP ndi CDP. Kusonyeza kuti wogwirizana wopanda chichirikizo m'gulu koma ndi chisangalalo champhamvu cha masamu ndi achichepere angapikisane. Magulu tsopano alembedwa ndi kampeni ya "Irur", odziimira pa Intaneti, ndi otsutsa, ogwirizana pa Intaneti.

Magulu a Achinyamata amatsutsana ndi Magulu Onyenga: Nkhondo Yomanga

Nkovuta kukambitsirana chisonkhezero cha achichepere popanda kuvomereza chitokoso chachikulu cha kukalamba kwa anthu a ku Japan. Oposa 29% a anthu akukhala ndi zaka zoposa 65. "demokrase" imeneyi ikupanga mphamvu yamphamvu yokopa anthu a m'magulu kulinga ku zikondwerero za okalamba: kusungitsa dongosolo la penshoni yooloŵa manja, kuchepetsa chisamaliro cha thanzi kwa okalamba, ndi kuletsa kukwera kwa misonkho. Chigwirizano chapakati cha ndale zadziko chakhala chitetezero cha "chitetezo" kwa okalamba, amene amavota m'ziŵerengero zazikulu.

Chifukwa chake, magulu a achichepere amagwira ntchito m'malo otsutsa kwambiri. Ayenera kukhala ofuula kwambiri ndi ogwira ntchito kuti amve phokoso la padesiki. Chisonkhezero chawo kaŵirikaŵiri si kusintha mwachindunji papulatifomu ya LDP ndi kusintha kwambiri makambitsirano anthaŵi yaitali ndi kupanga malo a ndale zadziko kwa magulu otsutsa. Mphamvu ya kuvota kwa achichepere siikhala mu ukulu wake koma m'malo ake monga "kukwera". M'masankhoti, gulu limene lingakhoze bwino kugonjetsa kukhumudwa ndi chiyembekezo cha achichepere. Zimenezi zimakakamiza magulu onse kupereka ntchito yapakamwa yaukali pa nkhani za achichepere, ndipo mowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo malamulo apamwamba a m'zochitika mwawo.

Kumaliza: Mkupiti Wosatha wa Mbadwo Wotsatira

Ntchito ya magulu a achichepere ku Japan imamvedwa bwino kwambiri monga mphamvu ya katswiri, yosinthasintha. Si njira ya kufalikira kosalekeza koma kuphulika kwa mabomba kumene kumasintha malo andale kwa kanthaŵi kamodzi asanabwerere. Kutsutsa kwa mu 1960, Zenkytoto kuukira, gulu la SEALDS, ndi masankho 2024 alionse akuimira chizindikiro cha madzi a unyamata wa achichepere.

Kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri m'nyengo ino ndiko kusintha kwa makompyuta ndi luso la kachitidwe ka zinthu. Magulu a achinyamata amakono sagwirizana kwambiri ndi maulamuliro a anthu komanso sachita mabwana ambiri. Iwo amayang'ana kwambiri pa kulembetsa ovota, kukonza makampani a pa Intaneti, ndi kumanga mgwirizano ndi NGOs. Zimenezi zimawathandiza kuti akhale ndi mphamvu yosalekeza, yosasinthasinthasinthasintha zinthu, komanso yothandiza kuti zinthu zisinthe. Gululi siliyenera kusintha. Kuseŵera kwaposachedwapa ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe ndi mfundo zake zolimbikitsa mfundo za masamu, ndi mbali yaikulu, kuyankha kuti likhalebe ndi anthu 30 miliyoni pansi pa zaka 40.

Pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu cha Japan chikupitiriza kukula, chisonkhezero cha achichepere chidzangokula kukhala chofunika kwambiri. Kusalinganizika kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu sikungachirikize kosatha. Magulu andale amene adzapulumuka ndi kufalikira m’zaka makumi atatu zotsatira ndi amene akumvetsera, kumanga, ndi kugwirizanitsa zofuna za achichepere m'mapulatifomu awo amakono. Mawu a mbadwo wotsatira sakhalanso sewewere pa zipata za mphamvu . [1]